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The Kerala Drug Control Department launched Operation Amrith (AMRITH - Anti Microbial Resistance Intervention for Total Health) recently. It is a strategy launched to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The initiative aims to reduce the use of antibiotics by conducting surprise raids on retail medical shops to detect the sale of antibiotics without a prescription.
04 February, 2024
Health
Recently, the Indian Immunologicals Ltd (IIL) a wholly owned subsidiary of National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) launched India’s first indigenously developed Hepatitis A vaccine ‘Havisure’ in Hyderabad. About Havisure vaccine It is a two-dose vaccine — first dose administered at above 12 months of age and the second at least six months after the first dose. The vaccine is recommended for children as part of the routine immunization as well as for individuals at risk of exposure or travel to the regions with high hepatitis A prevalence. In addition to this people with occupational risk of infection and suffering from chronic liver diseases also…
03 February, 2024
Health
BHISHM -Bharat Health Initiative for Sahyog, Hita and Maitri). It is a project that aims to provide immediate medical assistance during humanitarian crises or natural disasters. It is a joint project of the Indian Navy and the DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organisation). The project also includes the world's first indigenous portable hospital.
01 February, 2024
Health
The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has begun the process of revising the current National Essential Diagnostics List (NEDL) and invited relevant stakeholders to offer suggestions on adding or deleting diagnostic tests to the current list by the end of February. National Essential Diagnostics List The NEDL lists the essential and most basic tests that should be available at various levels of healthcare facilities in the country, including at the village level, in sub-health centres, health and wellness centres, and primary health centres. The ICMR had released the first NEDL in 2019 to make the availability of diagnostics an essential component of…
26 January, 2024
Health
The Union Health Minister and the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh jointly launched the Mannhit app recently. It is an initiative facilitating screening for mental health.
24 January, 2024
Health
Recently the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) in a study found that over half of the nearly 10,000 hospital patients surveyed were given antibiotics to prevent, rather than treat, infection. What is Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)? Antimicrobials - including antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals and antiparasitic - are medicines used to prevent and treat infections in humans, animals and plants. It is defined as resistance of micro-organisms to an antimicrobial agent to which they were first sensitive. Microorganisms that develop antimicrobial resistance are sometimes referred to as “superbugs”. Indian context- The present serious concern is that multiple types of bacteria like E. coli, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter,…
23 January, 2024
Health
Scientists are finding that the gut microbiota may be linked to heart health, some cancers, and even the colour of urine. Gut Microbiota The human gut microbiota refers to the trillions of microbes, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, that live in the human gut. Previously, people referred to the gut microbiota as the microflora of the gut. The gut microbiome is the environment they live in. Establishment of the human gut microbiota: Infants inherit their first gut microbes during vaginal delivery or breastfeeding (chestfeeding). Later, your diet and other environmental exposures introduce new microbes to your biome. The gut microbiota assists in…
21 January, 2024
Health
Indian government is set to roll out a human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination campaign for girls in the 9-14 years age group. Cervavac is an indigenously developed quadrivalent vaccine by the Serum Institute of India (SII) in Pune, is already available commercially. Immunisation drive – It will be conducted through schools and existing vaccination points, planned in 3 phases over 3 years and is likely to start from the 2nd quarter of 2024 for free. Currently, the 2-dose HPV vaccine is available commercially for about Rs 2,000 per dose. None of the HPV vaccines available globally recommend a single-dose schedule Target – Nearly 8 crore children between the ages of 9 and 14 years will…
17 January, 2024
Health
Recently ICD-11 was launched with the inclusion of Traditional Medicine Module 2. ICD-11 – International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision, the global standard for diagnostic health information. Launched by – World Health Organisation (WHO). Prepared by – WHO in collaboration with Ministry of AYUSH. Aim - To modernize Ayush medicine by integrating it with global standards in India as well as across the world. Inclusion of – Data and terminology relating to diseases based on Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani Medicine. Significance – It forms a link between traditional medicines with global standards and will expand India’s healthcare delivery system, research, Ayush insurance coverage, research & development, policy making system. These codes can also be used to formulate…
15 January, 2024
Health
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) said that blood at hospitals or private banks and centres is “not for sale” but allowed for a “processing charge”. The revised guidelines said that processing fees can be charged for blood or blood components, which ranges from Rs 250 to Rs 1,550. The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) is a statutory body established under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940.
14 January, 2024
Health
The Ministry is charged with health policy in India, which is also responsible for all government programs relating to family planning in India. Departments Department of Health and Family Welfare Department of Health Research Union Minister- Mansukh L. Mandaviya Health Missions National Health Mission (NHM) – It was launched in 2005 to provide accessible, affordable and quality health care to the rural population, especially to the vulnerable groups. Components Health System Strengthening Reproductive- Maternal- Neonatal - Child and Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A) Control of Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases Sub Mission Launch Year National Rural Health Mission 2005 National Urban Health Mission 2013…
06 January, 2024
Health
Experts have termed the zombie deer disease a slow-moving disaster and have urged governments to prepare for the possibility of it spreading to humans. The deadly and infectious chronic wasting disease (CWD), also known as zombie deer disease, affects cervids, which are deer, elk, caribou, reindeer, and moose. The neurological symptoms of the disease, which include weight loss, lack of coordination, lethargic behavior, listlessness, and drooling. It is brought on by a protein called a prion that is flawed and builds up in the brain and other tissues, leading to emaciation, behavioral and physiological abnormalities, and finally death. The US Geological…
31 December, 2023
Health
Recently, World Health Organisation (WHO) declared a pressing, albeit underappreciated, global health threat ‘loneliness’ in its report. What is loneliness? Definition – It is largely understood to be “the unpleasant experience that occurs when a person’s network of social relations is deficient in some important way, either quantitatively or qualitatively,” and is computed as an experience other than ‘social isolation. Vulnerable population World Health Organisation (WHO) – At least 10% of adolescents, and 25% of older people are lonely. The Global State of Social Connections– At least 25% of 4.5 billion people felt ‘lonely’ or ‘very lonely’ in 2023. Spread – WHO clarified in 2023 that loneliness…
30 December, 2023
Health
Scientists have discovered a new method to fight cancer using aminocyanine molecules. Aminocyanine molecules - These aminocyanine molecules are termed molecular jackhammers. These molecules show a remarkable capability to break apart cancer cell membranes when stimulated by near infrared light. The use of near infrared light holds significant importance, as it facilitates deeper penetration into the body. In comparison to their predecessors, these molecular jackhammers demonstrate over a million times faster mechanical motion. These molecules are commonly used as synthetic dyes in bio imaging. Bio imaging - It is a term that refers to a procedure in which there is no involvement…
30 December, 2023
Health
India recently reported a case of JN.1 from Kerala, as part of routine surveillance and genome sequencing by INSACOG. INSACOG is an Indian SARS-CoV-2 Genomics Consortium, a network of genomic laboratories. JN.1 - It is a descendant of the Pirola variant (BA.2.86), which itself stems from the Omicron sub-variant. It carries mutations in the spike protein that may increase its infectivity and ability to evade immune responses. The lineages are assigned by an international network called PANGO. The Pango nomenclature is being used to track the transmission and spread of SARS-CoV-2, including variants of concern. Continued growth of JN.1 - It is either more transmissible or better at evading our…
28 December, 2023
Health
Huntington's disease (HD) is a rare, inherited disease that causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain. It's also known as Huntington's chorea. HD attacks areas of the brain that help to control voluntary movement, as well as other areas. Symptoms usually start between the ages of 30 and 50. No cure exists, but drugs, physiotherapy and speech therapy can help manage some symptoms.
28 December, 2023
Health
Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895) was a French chemist and microbiologist who is known for his discoveries in vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization. He is considered one of the first scientists to discover the role of microorganisms in disease and how vaccines can prevent sickness. He developed the vaccine against Rabies.a
28 December, 2023
Health
Established by - Ministry of Health and Department of Biotechnology, Council for Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) and Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). Aim – To assess SARS-CoV-2 Variants in India. To generate Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) data of the virus which can be correlated with clinical epidemiological data for advanced preparedness for public health interventions.
28 December, 2023
Health
Drug firm USV and bio-tech company Biogenomics have launched INSUQUICK, India's 1st biosimilar Insulin Aspart recently. InsuQuick is a rapid-acting insulin that helps control blood sugar levels and treats diabetes mellitus in children over 2 years old. It is a 'Make in India' product.
27 December, 2023
Health
Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) has added the health challenge noma to its official list of neglected tropical diseases (NTD). It is a severe gangrenous disease of the mouth and face. Origin - Greek word “nom?”, meaning ‘to devour’, as noma eats away facial tissue and bones if not treated early. It is also known as cancrum oris or gangrenous stomatitis. Susceptible population – Children aged 2-6 years old. Spread – In developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. WHO website lists the ‘latest’ estimates 140,000 cases per year and a prevalence of 770,000 cases. However, the data dates back to 1998. Risk factors - Poor oral hygiene,…
26 December, 2023
Health
Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) has added the health challenge noma to its official list of neglected tropical diseases (NTD). It is a severe gangrenous disease of the mouth and face. Origin - Greek word “nom?”, meaning ‘to devour’, as noma eats away facial tissue and bones if not treated early. It is also known as cancrum oris or gangrenous stomatitis. Susceptible population – Children aged 2-6 years old. Spread – In developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. WHO website lists the ‘latest’ estimates 140,000 cases per year and a prevalence of 770,000 cases. However, the data dates back to 1998. Risk factors - Poor oral hygiene,…
25 December, 2023
Health
A case of JN.1, subvariant of COVID19 has been detected in Kerala, as part of surveillance activity by Indian SARS-CoV-2 Genomics Consortium (INSACOG) recently. It is a descendant of the Pirola variant (BA.2.86), carries an additional mutation on its spike protein. It is capable of spreading faster and evading immunity.
22 December, 2023
Health
Ketamine is an illegal recreational anaesthetic drug that has been listed as a hallucinogen by the US Drug Enforcement Administration. It is used to treat mental health treatments like depression and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
22 December, 2023
Health
The Indian government has ordered a probe into an allegation that poor Myanmarese villagers were being lured into giving their kidneys to rich patients. Regulated by– Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994. A transplant can be either From organs of deceased persons donated by their relatives From a living person the recipient knows Only 16% of the total transplants in the India use deceased organs. Types of donations Donations from close relatives Donations from unrelated persons (Altruistic donations) Donations from close relatives Donations from unrelated persons The 1994 Act allows living donations, in most cases, from close relatives (parents, siblings, children, spouse, grandparents, grandchildren).…
17 December, 2023
Health
AKTOCYTE is a nutraceutical developed by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) and IDRS Labs. The tablets are intended for radiotherapy patients, especially those with pelvic cancer suffering from radiotherapy-induced Cystitis (Blood in urine).
17 December, 2023
Health
U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved two treatments, Casgevy and Lyfgenia, representing the 1st cell-based gene therapies for the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD) recently. Lyfgenia is a cell-based gene therapy, uses a lentiviral vector (gene delivery vehicle) for genetic modification. Lyfgenia modifies a patient's blood stem cells to produce a modified version of the HBB gene. It is approved for the treatment of patients 12 years of age and older with sickle cell disease and a history of vaso-occlusive events.
16 December, 2023
Health
A new study assessed the circulation of the elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus Subtypes (EEHV) responsible for the recent rise in the disease, as well as its pathogenesis. Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) is a double-stranded DNA herpesvirus. It can cause a fatal hemorrhagic disease in young Asian elephants. The disease has a mortality rate of up to 85%.
08 December, 2023
Health
It is also known as Glycogen Storage Disease Type II. It is a rare genetic disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) (crucial for breaking down glycogen into glucose within the lysosomes of cells). Its prevalence estimates range from 1 in 40,000 to 1 in 300,000 births. Currently, there is no cure for Pompe disease and to improve quality of life Enzyme Replacement Therapy (ERT) is a standard treatment.
07 December, 2023
Health
According to a new study, India has 6 crore osteoporosis patients, of which 80% are women. It is a progressive disease that weakens bones, increasing the risk of fractures. Causes – Hormonal changes at menopause where oestrogen levels decline initiating bone loss as higher oestrogen protects bone strength in adulthood. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 30% of postmenopausal women suffer from osteoporosis. While the outcomes of disease are common in both genders, women are more vulnerable. Risk factors – Gender, advancing age after menopause, low body mass index (BMI), family history, poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, smoking and alcohol consumption. Symptoms – Usually, no symptoms in the…
04 December, 2023
Health
World AIDS Day is observed on December 1st each year, is an opportunity to highlight the work of eliminating HIV/AIDS. The theme for World AIDS Day 2023 is "Let Communities Lead". Nagaland tops the list of States India with the highest prevalence (1.61%) of AIDS. At 0.29%, Karnataka’s HIV prevalence rate is higher than the national average of 0.22%.
02 December, 2023
Health
Vector Borne diseases are the illness caused by the vectors. A vector is a carrier of the causative microbe for various diseases such as mosquitoes, ticks and fleas. The reproduction rates of vectors are influenced by climate and weather. Such diseases are widespread and found throughout the world. More than 700,000 patients die of vector-borne diseases. The major vector-borne diseases constitute about 17% of the infectious diseases in the world. The poorest populations of the tropical and the sub-tropical regions are highly affected by such diseases. Malaria is perhaps the best-known vector-borne diseases in the world. Let us have a look at…
01 December, 2023
Health
India has the biggest burden of deaths due to snakebites in the world, with most of the cases in rural India. Avoidable Deaths Network (ADN) has set up a hub in an Odisha village to look into lifesaving solutions for snakebites. ADN is a global membership network working on avoiding human deaths from natural hazards. In 2015, India ratified the WHO’s Snakebite Envenoming Strategy for Prevention and Control, along with UN’ Sendai Framework for halving the deaths by 2030.
01 December, 2023
Health
Vaccine maker Indian Immunologicals (IIL) has recently launched measles and rubella vaccine Mabella for children. It was launched as part of the 25th celebrations of the IIL division Human Biologicals Institute (HBI) in Udhagamandalam (Ooty), Tamil Nadu.
30 November, 2023
Health
Recently, World Health Organization (WHO) has requested China for a detailed report of a widespread outbreak of an undiagnosed pneumonia like respiratory illness affecting children. Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that affects the lungs. Causes – Infectious agents like viruses, bacteria and fungi Bacteria – Streptococcus pneumonia, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) Virus – Respiratory syncytial virus Transmission - By direct contact with infected people via air-borne droplets (cough or sneeze) and through blood, especially during and shortly after birth. Pathology – Alveoli (air sacs) are filled with pus and fluid, making breathing painful and limits oxygen intake. Symptoms – Wheezing is more common in viral infections. Severely ill may be unable to…
26 November, 2023
Health
The first therapy based on gene editing technology Crispr-Cas9 for sickle cell disease and thalassaemia has been approved in UK. What is sickle cell anaemia and thalassemia? About Sickle Cell Anaemia Thalassemia Disease An inherited blood disorder where people who inherit a pair of genes from both parents experience symptoms like severe anaemia. Effect on haemoglobin chain Caused by a mutation in the haemoglobin-β gene found on Chromosome 11 affecting only the beta chain Production of either the alpha or beta chains is reduced resulting in either alpha-thalassemia or beta-thalassemia Haemoglobin production Mutation in haemoglobin chains makes them into a crescent shape under low oxygen level Caused by reduced production…
26 November, 2023
Health
Ministry of Ayush has launched AGNI Initiative for physicians practicing in the field of Ayurveda. AGNI – Ayurveda Gyan Naipunya Initiative Objectives To provide a platform to Ayurveda practitioners for reporting their innovative practices in various disease conditions. To create of a database by identifying and collaborating with interested practitioners. To mainstream pragmatic practices through scientific validation and evidence-based appraisal. Nodal agency – Central Council for Research in Ayurveda Sciences (CCRAS). It will document and publish the reported practices in consultation with National Commission for Indian System of Medicine (NCISM) Central Council for Research in Ayurveda Sciences (CCRAS) An autonomous body under Ministry of AYUSH. Aim – To undertake, coordinate, formulate, develop…
24 November, 2023
Health
WHO and the Ministry of AYUSH signed the Traditional and Complementary Medicine 'Project Collaboration Agreement' recently. It aims to standardize Traditional and Complementary Medical Systems, integrate their quality and safety aspects into the National Health System, and disseminate them at the international level.
23 November, 2023
Health
Patients in India rely on the advice of unqualified medical shop sellers instead of doctors when buying medicines. What is the difference between generic and branded medicines? About Branded drugs Generic drugs Definition They are also called as the “Innovator drugs” and are at first available in the market as new chemical entities It is a pharmaceutical drug that contains the same chemical substance as a drug that was originally protected by chemical patents Trade name Sold under the manufacturer’s name Not sold under the manufacturer’s name Affordability High Cost Low cost Patent protection Produced by a company which holds the patent…
23 November, 2023
Health
The world’s 1st gene therapy “Casgevy” for sickle cell disease has been approved in Britain recently. It is made by Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. and CRISPR Therapeutics. Gene therapy for sickle cell disease uses a non-infectious lentivirus to silence the BCL11A gene. It approved the treatment for patients with sickle cell disease and thalassemia who are 12 years old and over. Both sickle cell disease (common in people with African or Caribbean backgrounds) and thalassemia are caused by mistakes in the genes that carry hemoglobin.
18 November, 2023
Health
Unhealthy diets, reduced physical activity and air pollution are posing a greater risk to morbidity and mortality in urban areas. Status of Urban India The number of people who live in places that are closer together and have a higher population density as compared to the rural areas is referred to as the "urban population." The urban population of India attained a value of 475 million people in 2021. India’s urban population is estimated to reach 675 million in 2035, the 2nd highest in the world. What are the multiple risks faced by urban India? Multi-scalar health risks- India’s urban inhabitants…
18 November, 2023
Health
Recently, the world’s 1st vaccine for chikungunya was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the U.S.A. It is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus that belongs to the alphavirus genus of the family Togaviridae. Chikungunya outbreak was 1st recognized in 1952 in southern Tanzania. Transmission to humans – By the bites of infected female ‘Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes’. CHIKV has been described as ‘an emerging global health threat’ and since 2004, the frequency and spread of outbreak increased, partly due to viral adaptations to be spread more easily by the Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Geographical spread – It has now been identified in over…
17 November, 2023
Health
According to the Global TB Report 2023, India accounts for 27% of the total TB cases in the world. It is annual report by World Health Organisation (WHO) since 1997. Global Tuberculosis Report 2023 – It provides a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of TB epidemic Progress in prevention, diagnosis and treatment At global, regional and country levels. Data source – Data from national ministries of health. Coverage – 192 countries and areas (out of 215) with more than 99% of the world’s population and TB cases reported data. Report Findings – TB remains the world’s second leading cause of death from a single infectious agent. The net reduction from…
10 November, 2023
Health
The Indian delegation is going to participate in the 2nd World Local Production Forum (WLPF) at the World Forum, The Hague in Netherlands in November 2023. WLPF is a platform to generate actionable recommendations to support local production of medicines and healthcare technologies. Created by – World Health Organisation (WHO). The 1st edition of WLPF was organized virtually in 2021. Aims To emphasize the importance of health product production as a vital long-term infrastructure. To promote strengthening local production of medicines and other health technologies. To improve timely and equitable access to quality assured health products. To strengthen global, regional, and national health security. Secretariat – The…
07 November, 2023
Health
Diagnostic Services in Healthcare - Availability and Geo-mapping of Laboratory services in India (DISHA) is a portal that helps the public access nearby diagnostic healthcare facilities. It was launched by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute of Pathology (NIP). The portal provides information on the type of facility, distance, test availability, test cost, and turn-around time.
06 November, 2023
Health
Karnataka has stepped up surveillance after a mosquito pool in Chickballapur was found to be positive for Zika virus. It is a vector-borne flavivirus. Zika virus is a mosquito-borne virus 1st identified in Uganda in 1947 in a Rhesus macaque monkey followed by evidence of infection and disease in humans in other African countries in the 1950s. Transmission – Primarily by the bite of Aedes mosquitoes, mainly Aedes aegypti and Aedes Albopictus. It is also transmitted from mother to foetus during pregnancy, as well as through sexual contact, blood transfusion and possibly through organ transplantation. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes also transmit dengue, chikungunya and urban yellow fever which mostly bite…
05 November, 2023
Health
R21 Malaria Vaccine With the clearance of the R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine, which was created by the University of Oxford and produced by the Serum Institute of India, Nigeria made medical history. After Ghana, it is the second nation to accomplish so. About The R21, also known as the Matrix-M malaria vaccine, is the second disease-specific vaccination ever created. In 2021, the WHO authorised RTS, S or mosquirix, the first-ever malaria vaccine. Nine nations, including the Maldives, Sri Lanka, Kyrgyzstan, Paraguay, Uzbekistan, Argentina, Algeria, China (2021), and El Salvador (2021), have received this certification from the WHO Director-General since 2015. About…
24 April, 2023
Health
Blastomycosis In the US, there were 100 confirmed or suspected cases of blastomycosis, including at least one death. It is an infection brought on by the fungus Blastomyces. The environment is where the fungus thrives, particularly in damp soil and in organic materials that is degrading, such wood and leaves. Transmission: Breathing in the minute fungus spores from the air can cause blastomycosis in humans. There is no airborne transmission of blastomycosis between humans or between humans and animals. Only very rarely have needlestick wounds, animal bites, or sexual contact resulted in the transmission of blastomycosis between sick people or…
20 April, 2023
Health
Digital Health Summit 2023 Recently, the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) held the Digital Health Summit 2023 in Goa. The CII is a non-profit, business-led, and industry-managed organisation. Major highlight It discussed the relevance of technological breakthroughs in health care, including robotics, bioinformatics, and genomics, and how they potentially enable revolutionary medical treatments. It attempts to create a framework for digital public goods to promote norms for privacy, data security, and interoperability. It emphasised the need for "citizen-centric" digital health systems that enable everyone access to high-quality services. It also emphasised the importance of preventative measures and the fact that…
19 April, 2023
Health
Duty Exemptions for Rare Disease medicine The National Policy for Rare Diseases 2021 lists all the rare diseases that must be treated, and the Central Government has granted complete exemption from basic customs duty on all pharmaceuticals and food imported for personal use. About The individual importer must present a certificate from the district's medical officer or civil surgeon, or the central or state director of health services, to be eligible for this exemption. The standard customs duty for medicinal products is 10%, although several categories of life-saving medicines and vaccines are subject to a concessionary rate of 5% or…
01 April, 2023
Health
Coronary Heart Disease Researchers are particularly concerned about coronary heart disease because it is the primary cause of death worldwide from cardiovascular illnesses. About Coronary Heart Disease Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a condition where the blood channels that bring oxygen-rich blood to the heart become constricted as a result of the accumulation of fatty deposits (plaques) inside the arteries. The arteries may stiffen and constrict as a result of these deposits over time, limiting the amount of blood getting to the heart. The main causes of coronary heart disease are unhealthy lifestyles, poor diets, physical inactivity, cigarette use, and…
17 March, 2023
Health
Erythritol Several studies have linked the popular Artificial Sweetener Erythritol to an increased risk of heart attack and stroke. What was the Research's Outcome? The study's findings showed that erythritol facilitated platelet activation and clot formation. The blood cells called platelets, which form clots when they group together, are activated by erythritol. Such platelet accumulation restricts blood flow in blood arteries located throughout the body. Cardiovascular events can be fatal or not when it occurs in blood arteries that feed blood to the heart or brain. Describe Erythritol It is a kind of sugar alcohol that is frequently used to…
14 March, 2023
Health
India’s First DNA Vaccine for Dengue The first and only Dengue Fever DNA vaccine candidate in India has been created by scientists at India's National Centre for Biological Sciences in partnership with nine other institutions in India, Africa, and the US. In early tests on mice, the candidate elicited a potent immune response and increased survival rates following illness exposure. About Dengue Vaccine The four strains of dengue are DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4. The most prevalent strain in India is DEN-2. Dengue vaccines are challenging to produce since they must be effective against all 4 strains. Only two dengue…
09 March, 2023
Health
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) With the virus undetectable in his body even 4 years after discontinuing the medication, a man from Germany has become at least the third person to have been cured of HIV. Main point: The third person to have an HIV "cure" after receiving a bone marrow transplant from an HIV-resistant donor is a 53-year-old German male. The transplant was done to cure blood cancer, and even four years after he stopped taking antiretroviral medication, the HIV infection was still undetectable in his body. The female donor who provided the patient's stem cells had an uncommon mutation…
06 March, 2023
Health
Blue Food According to a recent study, blue food from aquatic habitats can aid in reducing nutritional deficiencies, creating jobs, and increasing export revenue in India. About blue food: It is widely acknowledged that food systems need to change Rs 250 million people may be on the verge of hunger as nearly 700 million people go hungry. Conflict, economic slowdowns, and climate variability and extremes are some of the major factors that are contributing to an increase in food and nutrition insecurity. In addition, food systems are a major contributor to the loss of biodiversity and account for 25% of…
02 March, 2023
Health
Gut Microbiome link To Autism A study was done to determine how the gut microbiome and autism spectrum disease are related (ASD). It has been discovered that human gut microbiome makeup is linked to several disorders, including autism, Crohn's disease, and others. The bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses that inhabit human digestive tracts are known as the gut microbiome or gut microbiota. These microorganisms have an impact on the body from birth and throughout life by regulating digestion, the immune system, the central nervous system, and other bodily functions. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD): What is it? A range of neurodevelopmental…
25 February, 2023
Health
SUPOSHIT MAA Initiative The Lok Sabha Speaker's efforts to advance mother and child health as part of the "Suposhit Maa" initiative have been commended by the Prime Minister of India. About Suposhit Maa: The Lok Sabha Speaker started the "Suposhit Maa Abhiyan" in Kota, Rajasthan, in March 2020 with the goal of making India malnutrition-free. The ceremony was overseen by the Union Minister for Women and Child Development. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha announced that 1,000 women would receive food supplies for one month as part of this Abhiyan. The child's health would also be covered at the same…
24 February, 2023
Health
Sickle Cell Anaemia The Finance Minister recently declared that India will eradicate sickle cell anaemia in a mission mode by 2047 in the Budget 2023–24. About: In terms of anticipated births with Sickle Cell Anaemia (SCA), or the likelihood of having the condition, India is the second worst impacted nation. Haemoglobinopathies, or blood disorders, are more prevalent among tribal groups in India than non-tribal tribes, according to research and screening programmes. Communities living in malaria-endemic regions frequently experience SCA. Hence, the sickle cell trait provided an evolutionary benefit, providing certain people with immunity during malaria epidemics. About sickle Anaemia: The…
23 February, 2023
Health
Tsetse Flies According to a recent study, tsetse flies emit volatile pheromones that regulate both their mating habits and the harmful diseases they transmit. More people and animals are anticipated to contract these diseases in the upcoming years as climate change is predicted to increase the places where tsetse flies may survive. African trypanosomes, a type of parasite, are known to be carried by tsetse flies. The parasites carry diseases like nagana, which affects livestock and other animals, and African sleeping sickness, which can be lethal to humans, when the insects bite people or animals. About pathogen: A biological agent…
22 February, 2023
Health
National Guidelines for Organ Transplantation The National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organization's guidelines contained a stipulation that only allowed patients under the age of 65 to register for transplants. This rule has been abolished by the Union Health Ministry. The Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1994 in India sets up a number of rules regarding the removal and preservation of human organs. Additionally, it controls the transplantation of human organs for medical treatment and stops the trade in human organs. About new guidelines: No Domicile Requirement: As part of the "One Country, One Policy" initiative, the domicile needs to…
20 February, 2023
Health
Lead poisoning The enormous environmental damage, human exposure, and serious public health issues brought on by the widespread use of lead have affected many regions of the world. Regarding Lead Poisoning: Lead poisoning, also known as chronic intoxication, is brought on by the body absorbing lead, and symptoms include weakness or paralysis of the muscles, as well as weariness, nausea, diarrhoea, nausea, lack of appetite, anaemia, and a dark line along the gums. Lead poisoning can have a serious negative impact on a child's physical and mental development, and it is particularly dangerous for children under the age of six.…
20 February, 2023
Health
National Strategy Plan and Roadmap for Leprosy 2023–2027 To achieve zero cases of leprosy infection by 2030, the Union Health Ministry has created the National Strategy Plan and Roadmap for Leprosy 2023–2027. More on the news: India still accounts for around 52% of the world's new leprosy sufferers, despite being designated "Leprosy Eliminated" in 2005, according to the Union Health Ministry. It should be mentioned that past successes in India's leprosy treatment were undone by the COVID-19 pandemic, when case identification drastically decreased, which resulted in a rise in patients with grade 2 disabilities. Almost 90% of leprosy cases in…
20 February, 2023
Health
Monkeypox Recently, the Fourth meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR), Emergency Committee on the Multi-Country Outbreak of monkeypox was held. 196 nations have entered into a legally binding agreement known as the International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005 to develop the capacity to identify and report potential public health emergencies globally. WHO's Most Recent Worldwide Statistics: Since January 1, 2022, reports of (monkeypox) have come from 110 different nations, with up to 85,765 confirmed cases and 1,382 suspected cases. With 29,948 confirmed cases over the time period, the United States was the country most severely impacted. Brazil, Spain, France,…
18 February, 2023
Health
Marburg Virus Disease After at least nine fatalities, Equatorial Guinea has verified its first-ever Marburg virus illness epidemic. About Marburg virus: Humans are susceptible to Marburg virus disease (MVD), formerly known as Marburg hemorrhagic fever. The Filoviridae family includes both the Marburg and the Ebola viruses (filovirus). Although the two diseases are brought on by distinct viruses, they are clinically identical. Haemorrhagic fever is the result of the extremely virulent Marburg virus disease, which is carried by bats and has a fatality rate of up to 88%. It belongs to the same family as the Ebola virus family of pathogens.…
16 February, 2023
Health
Sickle Cell Disease The states are receiving assistance from the Indian government in their efforts to treat and prevent Sickle Cell Disease through the National Health Mission. The government declared a goal to end Sickle Cell Anaemia by 2047 in the Union Budget 2023–24. What is SCD, or Sickle Cell Disease? The devastating systemic illness caused by SCD, a chronic single gene defect, includes chronic anaemia, acute painful episodes, organ infarction, chronic organ damage, and a significantly shortened life expectancy. It is an inherited genetic disease where a point mutation in haemoglobin makes it abnormal and prone to structural change.…
07 February, 2023
Health
Cholera Due to the rising number of cholera cases in the area, cholera vaccine shortages are a serious concern for African countries. In five African countries, there have been 27,300 new cases of cholera since the year 2023, with 687 deaths. According to the WHO (World Health Organization), cholera epidemics may become more frequent as a result of climate change because the bacteria that cause the disease can grow faster in warmer water. About cholera: It is a bacteria-caused potentially fatal infectious disease and a menace to the public's health. Vibrio cholera infections of the gut result in cholera, an…
06 February, 2023
Health
Snakebites in India According to recent research by the Kerala Forest Department, snakebites cause nearly twice as many human fatalities as wild elephants. More on the news: According to an Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) study, India has seen an estimated 12 lakh snakebite deaths since 2000, or an average of 58,000 each year. India is responsible for over 50% of all snakebite deaths worldwide. The monsoon season, which lasts from June to September, saw the occurrence of half of all snakebite deaths. The following States: Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Rajasthan, and Gujarat saw almost…
04 February, 2023
Health
World Leprosy Day 2023 The final Sunday in January is designated as World Leprosy Day (WLD). The World Leprosy Day falls on January 29, 2023. This global day offers the chance to honor those who have battled leprosy, increase public understanding of the condition, and demand an end to prejudice and stigma connected to the disease. About World Leprosy Day: The theme of World Leprosy Day 2023 is “Act Now. End Leprosy.” This year's theme calls attention to three key messages: Elimination is feasible because we have the capability and resources to halt the spread of the illness and eradicate it.…
01 February, 2023
Health
World Neglected Tropical Diseases Day: 30 Jan World Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) Day was designated by the 74th World Health Assembly, which is currently in session. The United Arab Emirates proposed the day to be recognized. The delegates unanimously agreed to adopt it. Informally, the inaugural World NTD Day was observed in 2020. The World Health Assembly is the decision-making body of the World Health Organization (WHO). About Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD): A set of illnesses known as NTDs are particularly prevalent among underserved populations in poor nations in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Numerous pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa,…
30 January, 2023
Health
Immune imprinting Recent research suggests that "immune imprinting" may reduce the effectiveness of bivalent boosters. More on the news: With the aim that boosters would offer superior protection against the coronavirus infection compared to the original vaccine, nations like the UK and the US have introduced variant-specific or bivalent boosters. Studies have revealed that immunological imprinting, a characteristic of our body, maybe render these new boosters much less effective than anticipated. Bivalent energizers: To combat both the Omicron strains and the initial Covid-19 strain, bivalent boosters are created. About Immune imprinting: When exposed to a newer or somewhat different form…
28 January, 2023
Health
Measles and Rubella The COVID-19 epidemic snatched two years from the programs therefore the government opted to shift the Measles-Rubella eradication target to 2023. India set the goal of eradicating measles and rubella by 2023 in anticipation that the 2020 target would not be feasible. Why is it important to eradicate diseases? Elimination of measles: Prior to vaccination, measles killed 1% of all children under the age of five, whereas polio paralyzed around 1% of all children under the age of five. Measles case fatality rates ranged from 10% to 15%. Children who made a full recovery would have lost…
27 January, 2023
Health
NOROVIRUS Recently, two pupils in Kerala were found to have norovirus. A group of viruses known as norovirus causes gastrointestinal sickness. In addition to severe vomiting and diarrhoea, it also results in inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines. Norovirus outbreaks aren't usually dangerous, but if the right precautions aren't done, the virus can spread quickly. The typical infectious agent is tainted water or food. The faecal-oral pathway is how the virus spreads. About norovirus: It is a category of viruses that causes digestive illnesses. In addition to severe vomiting and diarrhoea, it also results in inflammation of…
27 January, 2023
Health
Skyglow Skyglow's brightness has recently been found to have increased by 9.2-10% annually between 2011 and 2022 as a result of artificial lighting, with serious ecological, health, and cultural implications. Researchers looked at a global database that indicated the dimmest star that could be viewed from a certain location and comprised more than 51,000 entries supplied by citizen scientists. WHAT is SKYGLOW? The Skyglow is a continuous sheet of light that covers the night sky above and around cities and can obliterate all but the brightest stars. Streetlights, security floodlights, and outdoor decorative lights are to blame for the lightening…
26 January, 2023
Health
Antimicrobial-Resistant Kenya has recently seen an antimicrobial-resistant gonorrhoea outbreak. According to specialists, the region as a whole is at risk from the Neisseria gonorrhoeae outbreak, not just the residents of the East African anchor state. Health professionals are extremely concerned about the outbreak, especially since it is occurring while WHO works to eradicate sexually transmitted infections (STIs) as a public health issue by 2030. About Gonorrhea: The bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the source of the sexually transmitted infection (STI) known as gonorrhoea. It can affect the genitalia, rectum, and throat and can affect both males and women. Gonorrhea can result…
17 January, 2023
Health
Kerala announces menstrual leave for students As part of the government's "aim to realize a gender-just society," the Kerala government announced that it will provide menstruation leave for female students in all state universities under the Department of Higher Education. A girl who has reached the age of 18 or older is qualified to use 60 days of menstrual leave per year, according to the ruling. With this, the attendance rate for female students is set at 73% rather than the customary 75%. Menstrual cycle: Each month in females, one of the ovaries releases an egg for fertilisation. The uterine…
17 January, 2023
Health
Kala-azar Disease Between 2007 and 2022, the number of Kala-azar cases in India fell by 98.7%, from 44,533 to 834, with 632 endemic blocks (99.8%) in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, and West Bengal receiving eradication status (less than one case per 10,000). Littipara in the Jharkhand district of Pakur is the sole remaining endemic block (1.23 cases per 10,000 population). About: It is a slow-moving indigenous disease caused by a protozoan parasite from the genus Leishmania. Kala-azar, also known as leishmaniases, is one of the most deadly neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) that is endemic in 76 countries and…
10 January, 2023
Health
Genome Sequencing The banyan (Ficus benghalensis) and peepal (Ficus religiosa) whole genomes were recently sequenced by scientists at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal using leaf tissue samples. The research assisted in the identification of 17 genes for the banyan and 19 genes for the peepal with multiple signals of adaptive evolution (MSA), which are essential for the long-term survival of these two Ficus species. What is Whole genome sequencing? The nucleotide bases adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G) make up the genetic code, or genome, that is unique to each and every…
23 December, 2022
Health
National Policy of Rare Diseases (NPRD) An MP recently expressed concern about rare diseases, claiming that the new policy has benefited no patients. Important Points Policy: In March 2021, the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare notified the NPRD. It increased funding support to 50 lahks per patient with rare diseases for their treatment in May 2022. Current Issue: Despite being in place for several months, the benefits of the National Policy for Rare Diseases (NPRD) have yet to reach any patients suffering from rare diseases. The Centres of Excellence (CoEinterminable )'s delay and lack of urgency have claimed…
21 December, 2022
Health
Anaemia In India Critics have recently claimed that while anaemia in adolescent girls, boys, and women has been extensively studied, anaemia in men has been largely ignored. Anaemia in Men: As per National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5): It found that three out of ten men in rural areas were anaemic; prevalence of anaemia was more in rural areas than in urban areas — one of five urban men are anaemic, while three out of every ten rural men are anaemic. Prevalence of anaemia was found to be higher (34.7%) among men who were underweight compared with men who were overweight…
20 December, 2022
Health
National Telemedicine Service Of India: eSanjeevani eSanjeevani, India's national telemedicine service, recently attained 8 crore teleconsultations. By registering 1 crore consultations in roughly 5 weeks, it broke all previous records. About eSanjeevani: This is a national doctor-to-doctor telemedicine service that aims to give patients a digital platform alternative to traditional in-person consultations. The eSanjeevani application has generated more than 45,000 ABHA IDs as a part of the Ayushman Bharat Digital Health Mission (ABDHM). Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Telangana, and Gujarat are the top ten states for using this platform. Two Verticles:…
12 December, 2022
Health
Zombie Virus Recently, French scientists warned of the possibility of another outbreak after resurrecting a 48,500-year-old zombie virus buried beneath a frozen lake in Russia. This has surpassed the previous record of a 30,000-year-old virus discovered in Siberia by the same team in 2013. About Zombie Virus: A zombie virus is a virus that has become dormant due to being frozen in ice. The virus emerged as a result of permafrost thawing as global temperatures rise. It is a collection of viruses that have lain dormant for thousands of years. Pandoravirus yedoma, named after the mythological character Pandora, is 48,500…
06 December, 2022
Health
Asian Tiger Mosquitoes A man from Germany recently had the worst experience of his life after being bitten by an Asian tiger mosquito. Asian Tiger Mosquito Also known as the forest mosquito or Aedes Albopictus. Tiger mosquitos are an exotic species named after the single white stripe down the center of their head and back. Native to Southeast Asia's tropical and subtropical regions. Later, it spread to many European countries. Characteristics: bites mostly during the day, Many viral pathogens are present, including the yellow fever virus, Chikungunya fever, filarial nematodes such as Dirofilaria immitis, and the Zika virus. Also a…
05 December, 2022
Health
World AIDS Day Every year on December 1st, World AIDS Day is observed. World AIDS Day 2022 On December 1, 1988, the World Health Organization (WHO) established World AIDS Day. Its goal is to encourage information sharing among local and national governments, international organisations, and private citizens. This year's World AIDS Day theme is "Equalize." Importance: The HIV virus infects approximately 38 million people worldwide. Despite the fact that the virus was discovered in 1984, it has claimed the lives of nearly 35 million people. About Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): Meaning: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS is caused by the…
01 December, 2022
Health
The Country's First Suicide Prevention Policy Ministry of Health and Family Welfare recently announced the "National Suicide Prevention Strategy." It is the country's first of its kind, with time-bound action plans and cross-sector collaborations aimed at reducing suicide mortality by 10% by 2030. The strategy is consistent with the World Health Organization's South East Asia Region Suicide Prevention Strategy. The Country's First Suicide Prevention Policy More information on the policy The newly launched National Suicide Prevention Strategy is the country's first of its kind. The suicide prevention policy includes time-bound action plans and cross-sector collaborations to reduce suicide mortality by…
29 November, 2022
Health
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) Recently, Hyderabad researchers found a remedy to stop progression of rare genetic diseases. About CTX Only four CTX cases have so far been medically documented in India. About the disease: It is a lipid-storage skin disease with no known medical cure but its progression can be stopped. It is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by an abnormality in the CYP27A1 gene. The lack of this enzyme prevents cholesterol from being converted into a bile acid called chenodeoxycholic acid. It starts with diarrhoea in infancy and progresses to cataract in childhood and neurodegeneration in adolescence or…
23 November, 2022
Health
Asian Diarrhoeal Disease and Nutrition Conference Union Minister recently spoke at the 16th Asian Conference on Diarrhoeal Disease and Nutrition (ASCODD) in Kolkata. Delegates from India and other South East Asian countries, African countries, the United States, and Europe participated virtually in the conference. What are the Conference's Key Highlights? The theme of the ASCODD was "Community participation in the prevention and control of cholera, typhoid, and other enteric diseases in low and middle-income countries: beyond the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic." What is Diarrhoeal Disease? Diarrhoea is defined as having three or more loose or liquid stools per day (or more frequent…
18 November, 2022
Health
Dengue According to one study, the ongoing spread of Dengue fever in India has been attributed to a late monsoon withdrawal. Dengue transmission is closely linked to three key factors: rainfall, humidity, and temperature, which determine where dengue spreads and how quickly it spreads. What are the Study's Highlights? Each year, the number of months suitable for dengue transmission by Aedes aegypti mosquitos in India has increased to 5.6 months. Between 1951-1960 and 2012-2021, it accounts for a 1.69% increase. According to the study, future climatic changes will cause "expansion of Aedes aegypti in the hot arid regions of the…
17 November, 2022
Health
List of Fungal Infections for the First Time: WHO The World Health Organization just published the first-ever Priority Pathogens list of fungi that can endanger public health. What is the WHO's Priority Pathogen List for Fungi? FPPL: The top 19 fungi that pose the greatest risk to human health are listed on the Fungal Priority Pathogens List (FPPL). The list is based on the bacterial priority pathogens list, which was first created by WHO in 2017 with a similar goal of mobilising attention and action on a worldwide scale. Its goal is to direct and encourage additional study and policy…
01 November, 2022
Health
Rising Interest in DNA Testing The Supreme Court recently voiced worry over the rising use of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Tests in legal proceedings. What are the relevant issues? DNA testing are being requested by an increasing number of complainants. According to the government laboratory, these demands are rising by almost 20% a year. Despite the fact that the 3,000 or so DNA tests carried out annually by Indian laboratories pale in comparison to the 70 other countries that rely on DNA Technology, the rise in demand disproves concerns about privacy and potential data abuse. In the quest for justice, DNA…
01 November, 2022
Health
Global Tuberculosis Report 2022: WHO Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) released its 2022 version of the Global TB report. It provides a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the TB epidemic, and of progress in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease, at global, regional, and country levels. Significant Points from the 2022 Report In 2021, an estimated 10.6 million people were diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB), a 4.5% increase from 2020, and 1.6 million died from the disease (including 1,87,000 among HIV-positive people). Country-specific evaluation According to the report, India, with 28% of cases, was one of the eight…
29 October, 2022
Health
Drug Menace The Supreme Court has stated that drug abuse has captured society and requested some modules that may convert into an Order to address the issue. More on the news The Court's View on the Drug Problem: It is an issue of demand and supply, according to the court's counsel in the case. It admitted that the drug mafia is making inroads into society, particularly among young people, posing a "dangerous scenario." Order of the Court: The Supreme Court directed that some common limits be established and an acceptable solution to the matter be found. The government's reaction: The…
21 October, 2022
Health
World Health Summit: Polio Eradication At the World Health Summit in Berlin recently, world leaders announced USD 2.6 billion in funding for the Global Polio Eradication Initiative's (GPEI) 2022–2026 Strategy to eradicate polio. About polio: The neurological system is harmed by the debilitating and potentially fatal viral infection known as polio. There are three separate wild poliovirus strains that are each unique and immunologically diverse: Type 1 wild poliovirus (WPV1) Type 2 wild poliovirus (WPV2) Type 3 wild poliovirus (WPV3) All three strains exhibit the same symptoms, which include irreversible paralysis or even death. These three strains are distinct viruses…
18 October, 2022
Health
Mental Health and India’s initiative The Lancet published a paper titled "Ending Stigma and Prejudice in Mental Health" on October 10 in honor of World Mental Health Day. The research urged drastic action to eradicate stigma and discrimination related to mental health. What are the Report's Findings? Globally, about a billion people struggle with a mental illness. In the group of young people aged 10 to 19, one in seven is affected by a mental illness. Both the effects of the disease itself and the negative social repercussions of stigma and prejudice threaten these people. The Covid-19 pandemic contributed to…
10 October, 2022
Health
Genetically Modified Mosquitoes Recently, scientists genetically altered mosquitoes to inhibit the growth of parasites that cause malaria, which may help to reduce the risk of the disease spreading to humans. Regarding malaria Parasites Through the bites of female Anopheles mosquitoes carrying the parasites that cause malaria, people can contract this potentially fatal illness. In the mosquito's gut, the parasite advances to the next stage and moves to the salivary glands, where it is prepared to infect the next victim it bites. Nevertheless, only around 10% of mosquitoes survive long enough for the contagious parasite to emerge. Symptoms Malaria patients typically experience…
06 October, 2022
Health
Lassa Fever According to a recently released study, the spread of Lassa fever to the central and eastern regions of the continent over the next 50 years would be aided by climate change. About Lassa fever: Parts of West Africa are endemic to this zoonotic illness. Causes: The Lassa virus, a member of the Arenaviridae family, is to blame. The majority of the tropical and subtropical nations in Africa have multimammate rats, which are responsible for the disease's transmission through their urine and droppings. Anything they come into contact with can become contaminated by them. Human-to-human contact with tissue, blood,…
04 October, 2022
Health
Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) World Heart Day is celebrated on 29th September every year. It was first observed in the year 2000, following a collaboration between the World Heart Federation and the World Health Organization (WHO). It is a global campaign in which the federation unites people in the fight against the CVD burden and inspires and drives international action to promote heart-healthy living. Theme: "Use Heart For Every Heart" is the theme for World Heart Day 2022. What are cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)? CVDs are a group of heart and blood vessel disorders that include coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, rheumatic…
29 September, 2022
Health
National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) The Union Health Ministry has released the updated National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM), which now includes 384 medications along with 34 new ones and 26 medications that were not on the previous list. The new anti-cancer therapies included are Bendamustine Hydrochloride, which is used to treat a certain type of blood and lymph node cancers; Irinotecan HCI Trihydrate used alone or in combination with other drugs to treat colorectal and pancreatic cancers; Lenalidomide for treating various type of cancers; and Leuprolide acetate, used to treat prostate cancer. According to the World Health Organization…
15 September, 2022
Health
Legionnaires Disease The bacteria that causes Legionnaires' disease, legionella, recently produced a cluster of pneumonia cases in Tucumán, Argentina. Image Source - findatopdoc About Legionellosis disease Following an epidemic in 1976 among attendees of an American Legion convention in Philadelphia, Legionella was found. Legionnaires' sickness. A deadly form of pneumonia (lung infection) brought on by the Legionella bacterium is called Legionnaires disease. Small water droplets can make people sick, as can unintentionally ingest water contaminated with Legionella into the lungs. Legionellosis, also known as Legionnaires' disease and Pontiac fever, is a condition brought on by Legionella. People do not typically…
08 September, 2022
Health
Short-term TB treatments (BPaL) A six-month tuberculosis treatment plan known as BPaL that was recently chosen over the customary 18-month protocols by scientists was successful in improving the health of 84% to 94% of the sickest TB patients, according to studies conducted in several different nations. About BPaL Bedaquiline, pretomanid, and linezolid are three more recent antibiotics that are combined to form BPaL. The three-antibiotic regimen is still undergoing clinical trials in India, where it may be incorporated into the country's TB treatment. (3) dosages Pretomanid and bedaquiline, two of the components, are brand-new medications created by TB Alliance and…
07 September, 2022
Health
Healthcare Facilities Worldwide Image Source - Deloitte According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) report, over half of the world's healthcare facilities lack basic hygiene services, placing 3.85 billion people at an increased risk of diseases. The research was made public during Stockholm, Sweden's World Water Week. Highlights of the Report: Lack of Basic Hygiene: 3.85 billion individuals are at an increased risk of infection due to the lack of basic hygiene services in around half of the world's healthcare facilities. Patients are not given access to water,…
06 September, 2022
Health
Cervavac Vaccine for Cervical Cancer Image Source - zeebusiness The scientific completion of Cervavac, India's first locally made quadrivalent human papillomavirus (qHPV) vaccine for the prevention of cervical cancer, was recently announced by the Union Minister of Science and Technology. About Cervavac Manufacturer: The Serum Institute of India, situated in Pune, developed Cervavac in collaboration with the Department of Biotechnology of the Indian Government (DBT). Human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus that is spread through sexual contact, has been related to almost all cases of cervical cancer. Lifecycle: While the HPV infection is typically cleared up spontaneously by the body's immune…
03 September, 2022
Health
Anti-Radiation Pills Image Source - Freepik Recently, as worries of a nuclear accident at Ukraine's Zaporizhzhia power plant increased, the European Union made the preemptive decision to deliver 5.5 million anti-radiation pills to be given to locals. Radiation Emergency Radio-nuclear hazards: These are unintentional or unintended incidents that endanger both people and the environment. Such circumstances involve exposure to radiation from a radioactive source and the need for quick action to lessen the danger. Anti-radiation pills are also needed to handle such a situation. Anti-radiation pills In cases of radiation exposure, potassium iodide (KI) tablets or anti-radiation pills are…
02 September, 2022
Health
Bioengineered Cornea Implants A successful alternative bioengineered cornea implant comprised of collagen derived from pig skin has recently been developed by Swedish researchers. About the recent research According to estimates, 12.7 million individuals worldwide are blind as a result of their corneas. Medical-grade collagen: The researchers employed medical-grade collagen obtained from pig skin, a by-product of the food industry that is already utilised in medical equipment for glaucoma surgery, as a substitute for human corneas. Collagen, a protein, makes up the majority of the cornea. Important advantages: In addition to being less expensive and more accessible than donated corneas, this…
18 August, 2022
Health
Booster Dose: Corbevax Image Source - The Financial Express According to a recent announcement from the Indian government, persons who have already taken Covishield or Covaxin as their first or second dosage of Covid-19 may take Corbevax as their third booster shot. Corbevax is still seeking the Emergency Use Listing (EUL)from the World Health Organization Up until this point, the vaccination used for the third dose had to be the same as that for the first and second doses. The choice was made when India's drug authorities authorized Corbevax as a heterologous Covid booster dose for people 18 years of…
13 August, 2022
Health
Novel Langya Henipavirus China's Shandong and Henan provinces have both reported cases of a novel Langya henipavirus (LayV). The zoonotic virus has been identified in 35 people so far, marking the first instances of human-to-animal transmission. What is the Langya virus? Henipaviruses, a new zoonotic virus is categorized as pathogens at biosafety level 4 (BSL4). They can cause serious sickness in both humans and animals, and there are currently no approved medications or vaccines designed specifically for humans. A "phylogenetically different Henipavirus" is the recently found virus. The Paramyxoviridae family of viruses includes the genus Henipavirus, which includes the viruses…
11 August, 2022
Health
Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian Medicine The Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian Medicine & Homoeopathy (PCIM&H) has been formed by the Indian government as a subsidiary office under the Ministry of Ayush. The Pharmacopoeia Commission of Indian Medicine & Homoeopathy (PCIM&H) and the two central laboratories, Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia Laboratory and Pharmacopoeia Laboratory for Indian Medicine, have been combined by the government (HPL). About commission Established in 2010, PCIM&H is an independent organization operating under the Ministry of Ayush's supervision. By the 1940 Drugs and Cosmetics Act and it's 1945 implementing rules, Pharmacopoeia is a book of standards that is officially recognized. It is…
08 August, 2022
Health
ALL ABOUT HEPATITIS World Hepatitis day is observed every year on July 28 to raise awareness about hepatitis. On World Hepatitis Day, there is always a push for more global awareness about the infection, its diagnosis, and how to prevent it. “Bringing hepatitis care closer to you” is the theme for the year 2022. It mainly aims to highlight the need to bring hepatitis care closer to the primary health care facilities, and communities, to ensure better access to treatment and care. About Hepatitis Hepatitis is of five types, which are Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis is…
28 July, 2022
Health
Aneurysm Actor Emilia Clarke, who appeared in the Game of Thrones, has revealed her struggle with a brain aneurysm that caused the loss of "quite a bit" of the organ. What s is an Aneurysm?? It is the swelling of the arteries and veins in any part of the body and is caused by the weakening of the walls. It occurs most commonly in the aorta, back of the knees, brain, or intestines. An aneurysm often looks like a berry hanging on a stem. If the aneurysm gets ruptured, it can even cause internal bleeding and even stroke. Blood vessels…
23 July, 2022
Health
KALA-AZAR OR BLACK FEVER According to reports, eleven districts of Bengal have reported at least 65 cases of black fever or kala-azar in the last couple of weeks. About Kala-azar It is a slow progressing indigenous disease that is caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania. Kala-azar or leishmaniases is one of the most dangerous neglected tropical diseases which is endemic in 76 countries, with approximately 200 million people at risk of infection. Forms: There are 3 major forms of leishmaniasis – visceral (also known as kala-azar, which is the most serious form of the disease), cutaneous (the…
19 July, 2022
Health
KERALA REPORTS INDIA FIRST MOKEYPOX CASE The first confirmed case of monkeypox in India has been reported in a 35-year-old man in Kerala, who reached the state capital three days ago from the UAE. The who has reported that from January 1 to June 22 a total of 3,413 laboratory-confirmed monkeypox cases and one death have been reported to it from 50 countries and territories. A huge number of the cases have been reported from the European region (86%) and America (11%) About Monkeypox It is a viral zoonotic disease and it is identified as a pox-like disease among monkeys…
15 July, 2022
Health
HPV VACCINE The HPV vaccine, Cervavac is a vaccine that can prevent cervical cancer, one of the leading of female cancer mortality worldwide. It is indigenously developed by the Serum Institute of India. The vaccine has acquired market authorization from the Drugs Controller General of India. It is India's first Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccination (qHPV) designed to protect women from cervical cancer. Cervical Cancer Cervical cancer is a prevalent sexually transmitted infection.? It’s a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is mostly…
15 July, 2022
Health
Marburg Disease Ghana has reported its first-ever suspected cases of Marburg virus disease. About Marburg Disease It’s a highly infectious viral hemorrhagic fever with a fatality ratio of up to 88 percent and belongs to the same family as Ebola. The disease was first identified in the year 1967 in Germany’s Marburg, Frankfurt, and Serbia’s Belgrade following two large outbreaks. Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda had reported cases earlier in sporadic outbreaks. Key carriers: Fruit bats of the Pteropodid Family are the main carriers of the disease. The home range of the fruit bats includes India, parts of Africa…
12 July, 2022
Health
NAIROBI FLIES Recently, after coming into contact with Nairobi flies, approximately 100 students of an engineering college in East Sikkim have reported skin infections. What are Nairobi Flies? It's a species of insect native to East Africa. Nairobi flies, also known as Kenyan flies or dragon bugs, are small, beetle-like insects that belong to two species: Paederus Eximius. Paederus sabaeus. They are orange and black in color and live in areas with high rainfall, as has been seen in Sikkim in recent weeks. Like most insects, they are attracted to Bright lights. Major outbreak They have occurred in Kenya and…
07 July, 2022
Health
VK Paul Taskforce on MonkeyPox The Union government has formed a task force headed by Dr. VK Paul, a member of NITI Aayog in the wake of rising Monkeypox cases in India. About Monkeypox: Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, which belongs to the same family of viruses that causes smallpox. Occurrence of Disease: The infection was first discovered in the year 1958 The first human case was recorded in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Symptoms: Monkeypox begins with a fever, headache, muscle aches, backache, and exhaustion. It also causes the lymph…
03 July, 2022
Health
LEPROSY There has been an acute shortage of the essential drug named Clofazimine in the private market which is used for the treatment of leprosy. Clofazimine along with Rifampicin and Dapsone is one of the three essential drugs in the multi-drug treatment of Multibacillary Leprosy About leprosy It is a chronic, progressive bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. It mainly affects the nerves of the extremities, the skin, the lining of the nose, and the upper respiratory tract. Leprosy is also known as Hansen’s disease. It is one of the oldest diseases recorded in history. It damages the nerve,…
02 July, 2022
Health
INDIA’S LAWS ON ABORTION In a significant step for women’s rights in the USA, the Supreme Court overturned the landmark Roe vs Wade judgment of 1973 which gave women in America the right to have an abortion before the fetus is viable outside the womb or before 24-28 weeks. It expands the access to safe and legal abortion services for pregnant women. ABORTION IN INDIA In 1960 when the high number of induced abortions took place and the population of the country rose rapidly. The union government set up Shantilal shah’s committee to frame laws on abortion. In order to…
27 June, 2022
Health
SEHAT Scheme for Teleconsultation Services e-Health Assistance and Teleconsultation (SeHAT) is the tri-services teleconsultation service of the Ministry of Defense designed for all entitled personnel and their families. As part of the Government’s commitment to Digital India and e-Governance, Minister of Defense launched SeHAT on 27 May 2021. It has been a great example of innovation, especially at a time when the nation is fighting COVID-19. SeHAT stays home OPD is a patient-to-doctor system where the patient can consult a doctor remotely through the internet using his Smartphone, Laptop, Desktop or Tablet. The consultation occurs through video, audio and chat…
01 February, 2022
Health
World Neglected Tropical Diseases Day Observing the 3rd World Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) Day on 30th Jan 2022, as a key moment to highlight the global community’s commitment to ending NTDs, India joined close to 40 other nations to illuminate the iconic New Delhi Railway Station in purple and orange hues, which is one of the busiest railway stations in the country in terms of train frequency and passenger movement. NTDs are caused mostly by a variety of pathogens including viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi, and toxins. They affect over 1.7 billion people globally. They are “neglected” because they are almost…
01 February, 2022
Health
What is Mission Indradhanush? Mission Indradhanush was launched in 2014 under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. 1. Between 2009 - 2013, only 1% coverage per year has increased. We have to make it to 5%. 2. Objectives of Mission Indradhanush: We have the aim of full coverage by 2020. Cover all those children who are either unvaccinated or are partially vaccinated against vaccine-preventable diseases. 3. New Vaccines: Inactivated Polio Vaccine, Rotavac (Diarrhoea); Measles-Rubella vaccine for 9 months to 15 years in 2017; Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine: Pneumococcal Conjugate. 4. Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP): UIP provide free vaccines to all children in…
09 January, 2022
Health
Healthcare and associated Policy In India CONTEXT: Health policy is an important topic for UPSC prelims and mains. National Health Policy aims for the development of social capital and to protect the health interest of Indian population. Health Policy supplemented by Ayushman Bharat Abhiyan and Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission is an important step towards sustainable development of country and to counter the emerging health crises. Various health care policies National Health Policy 1983 -Indira Gandhi Government The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, initiated India’s first National Health Policy in 1983 i.e. 36 years after independence.…
28 December, 2021
Health
NITI Aayog Health Index 2021 About NITI Aayog Health Index As a part of cooperative & competitive federalism, NITI Aayog and the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) work to continuously nudge states/UTs towards improvements in health outcomes. In 2017 the National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog) in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) and the World Bank initiated an annual Health Index for tracking Overall Performance and Incremental Performance on health across all states and Union Territories (UTs). The objective of the NITI Aayog Health Index is to track progress on health outcomes and health…
26 December, 2021
Health
National Policy for Rare Diseases, 2021 Rare Diseases: WHO defines a rare disease as a lifelong disease or disorder that often highly weakens an individual. It has a prevalence of 1 or less per 1000 population. Example: Haemophilia, Thalassemia, Sickle cell anaemia, auto-immune diseases among others. However, every country has its own definition for rare diseases. The US defines rare diseases as a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 patients in the country. Likewise, the EU defines rare diseases as life-threatening or chronically debilitating (weakening) conditions. It should affect no more than 5 in 10,000 people. About National…
10 December, 2021
Health
Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (AB-HIM) In the Budget speech of FY 21-22, ‘Prime Minister Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana’ (PMASBY) scheme which has now been renamed PM – Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM) was announced on 1st February 2021, with an outlay of about Rs. 64,180 Cr over six years (till FY 25-26). This scheme is in addition to the National Health Mission. The measures under the scheme focus on developing capacities of health systems and institutions across the continuum of care at all levels viz. primary, secondary and tertiary and on preparing health systems in responding effectively to…
01 December, 2021
Health
Initiatives for the Mental Health in Students Manodarpan Initiative The Ministry of Education has undertaken a proactive initiative, named, ‘Manodarpan’, covering a wide range of activities to provide psychosocial support of Emotional Wellbeing and Mental Health in students, teachers, and families during the COVID outbreak and beyond. The following components are included in the ‘Manodarpan’ initiative: Advisory Guidelines for students, teachers, and faculty of School systems and Universities along with families. Web page on Ministry of Education website (URL: http://manodarpan.education.gov.in ) carrying advisory, practical tips, posters, videos, do’s and don’ts for psychosocial support, FAQs, and online query system. National level database and directory of counselors…
30 November, 2021
Health
National Family Health Survey NFHS – 5 What is the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)? The NFHS is a large-scale, multi-round survey conducted in a representative sample of households throughout India. Five rounds of the survey have been conducted since the first survey in 1992-93. The survey provides state and national information for India on fertility, infant and child mortality, the practice of family planning, maternal and child health, reproductive health, nutrition, etc. The Ministry of Health has designated the International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) Mumbai, as the nodal agency, responsible for providing coordination and technical guidance for the…
26 November, 2021
Health
Context: National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) is an important topic for UPSC Prelims and GS Paper2. Introduction National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) was launched in 2003-04 by merging the National anti-malaria control programme, National Filaria Control Programme and Kala Azar Control programmes. Japanese B Encephalitis and Dengue/DHF have also been included in National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme. The directorate of NAMP is the nodal agency for the prevention and control of major Vector Borne Diseases. List of NVBDCP Legislations: 1) National Anti - Malaria programme 2) Kala - Azar Control Programme 3) National Filaria Control Programme 4) …
14 November, 2021
Health
Context: Schemes to deal with Malnutrition in India is an important topic for UPSC Prelims and GS Paper 2. National Nutrition Mission National Nutrition Mission (NNM)was set up with a three year budget of Rs.9046.17 crore commencing from 2017-18. Features: 1. The NNM, as an apex body, will monitor, supervise, fix targets and guide the nutrition related interventions across the Ministries. 2. The proposal consists of : mapping of various Schemes contributing towards addressing malnutrition introducing a very robust convergence mechanism ICT based Real Time Monitoring system incentivizing States/UTs for meeting the targets incentivizing Anganwadi Workers (AWWs) for using IT…
09 November, 2021
Health
World Bank and Meghalaya signed a project on Health The government of India, the Government of Meghalaya and the World Bank signed a $40 million health project for the state of Meghalaya. The project will improve the quality of health services and strengthen the state’s capacity to handle future health emergencies, including the COVID-19 pandemic. The Meghalaya Health Systems Strengthening Project will enhance the management and governance capabilities of the state and its health facilities; expand the design and coverage of the state’s health insurance program; improve the quality of health services through certification and better human resource systems; and…
01 November, 2021
Health
What are Vectors? Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious pathogens between humans, or from animals to humans. Many of these vectors are bloodsucking insects, which ingest disease-producing microorganisms during a blood meal from an infected host (human or animal) and later transmit it into a new host, after the pathogen has replicated. Often, once a vector becomes infectious, they are capable of transmitting the pathogen for the rest of their life during each subsequent bite/blood meal. Vector-borne diseases in India Vector-borne diseases are human illnesses caused by parasites, viruses and bacteria that are transmitted by vectors. The burden…
26 October, 2021
Health
Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) About Ayushman Bharat Scheme It is to address health issues at all levels - primary, secondary and tertiary. It is the largest Govt funded Healthcare program of World with ~ 50 crore beneficiaries. It is an integrated approach comprising of health insurance. Components of PMJAY Create 1.5 lakh Health and Wellness Centers (for Primary healthcare) HWCs are created by converting existing PHC and subcenters. They are based on the preventive care concept. They provide comprehensive primary health care (CPHC) including a child and maternal health services, NCDs, and also diagnostic services and free essential drugs. PM Jan Arogya Yojana aka National Health Protection…
28 September, 2021
Health
Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission Under this, every citizen will now get a digital health ID and health records digitally protected A campaign of strengthening health facilities that had been going on for the last seven years was entering a new phase today, said Prime Minister Narendra Modi while launching the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission. The Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission would now connect the digital health solutions of hospitals across the country with each other. A release issued by the Central Government stressed that the mission would not only make the processes of hospitals simplified but also increase ease of living.…
28 September, 2021
Health
Medical Devices Parks Scheme The Union government notified a scheme to promote medical device parks at a financial outlay of? 400 crore till the financial year 2024-2025. The scheme aims to ensure easy access to testing and infrastructure facilities. It is expected that this will bring down the cost of production of medical devices, thereby making them more affordable for domestic consumption, the Department of Pharmaceuticals said in a statement. The financial assistance for a selected medical device park would be 90% of the project cost of common infrastructure facilities for the northeastern and hilly States. For the rest, it…
25 September, 2021
Health
Major overhaul in the B.Sc Nursing Syllabus The B.Sc. nursing programme in the country has undergone its first major overhaul after 1947, making it a competency-based curriculum. To be implemented from January 2022, the revised curriculum has been standardised, updated and aimed at bringing in uniformity in nursing education across India. Medical ethics has been introduced for the first time. The new system now adopts a credit-based semester pattern with more emphasis on acquiring competency in each area of study. Also, forensic nursing and nursing informatics have been introduced in the syllabus. Unfortunately the revised curriculum did not include disability…
13 September, 2021
Health
National Digital Health Mission was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on August 15, 2020 while addressing the nation from the Red Fort to mark the occasion of India's 74th Independence Day. It is a part of National Digital Health Blueprint launched in 2019. National Digital Health Mission will be a "completely technology-based" initiative. According to the Prime Minister, the initiative will revolutionise the health sector. Under the National Digital Health Mission, every Indian will get a Health ID card that will contain all relevant information about his/her past medical conditions, treatment and diagnosis. Since launch, the digital modules and…
04 September, 2021
Health
The government has released National Digital Health Blueprint (NDHB) which aims to create National Digital Health Eco-System, in public domain. Health Ministry has sought inputs from various stakeholders on its vision. Findings of the National Digital Health Blueprint (NDHB): It lays out the ‘building blocks’ for the implementation of the National Health Stack (NHS), which aims to deploy Artificial Intelligence (AI) in leveraging health records. Keeping true to the government’s larger agenda, of ‘data as a public good’, the blueprint proposes the linking of multiple databases to generate greater and granular data that can be leveraged by the public as…
04 September, 2021
Health
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has given its nod to Diagnostic machines used to test drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) for conducting Covid-19 tests. In this regard, Truenat beta CoV test on Truelab workstation will be used for screening test of COVID-19. A total of 800 truenat machines are available in India. Currently India is using real time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) testing approved by United States and Food and Drug Administration (FDA). About Truenat: It is a battery operated small machine that requires minimal training and gives the result between 30-60 minutes. The sample of the throat and the nasal swab is…
03 September, 2021
Health
India has the highest burden of tuberculosis (TB) in the world. Even as the government was pushing to end TB by 2025, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused a massive disruption in TB services. TB case notifications across India have dropped by over 50% since March, with an estimated 3,00,000 missed case notifications (until May 30). This is worrisome, since undiagnosed TB can worsen patient outcomes and increase transmission in the community. As the lockdown ends, we will see a big surge in people seeking care with TB and COVID-19 symptoms. However, people will struggle to get care because the public sector is still dealing with the pandemic, while the private sector is not functioning at normal capacity or is reluctant to manage people with…
03 September, 2021
Health
Rural Healthcare Services NHM support is also provided for the provision of a range of free services related to maternal health, child health, adolescent health, family planning, universal immunisation programme, and for major diseases such as Tuberculosis, vector-borne diseases like Malaria, Dengue and Kala Azar, Leprosy etc. Other major initiatives supported under NHM include Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK) (under which free drugs, free diagnostics, free blood and diet, free transport from home to institution, between facilities in case of a referral and drop back home is provided), Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK) (which provides newborn and child health screening…
07 August, 2021
Health
Schemes for promoting domestic manufacturing of APIs Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for promotion of domestic manufacturing of critical Key Starting Materials (KSMs)/ Drug Intermediates (DIs) and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) In India: The scheme provides for financial incentives to manufacturers selected under the scheme for manufacturing of 41 Key Starting Materials (KSMs)/ Drug Intermediates (DIs) and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs). The incentives will be provided on incremental sales to selected participants for a period of 6 years. The total financial outlay of the scheme is Rs. 6,940 crore and the tenure of the scheme is from FY 2020-2021 to…
04 August, 2021
Health
Progress under National Health Mission (NHM) in 2019-20 The Cabinet noted that NHM has envisaged new Initiatives in 2019-20 as: Social Awareness and Actions to Neutralize Pneumonia Successfully (SAANS) initiative was launched to accelerate action to reduce deaths due to childhood pneumonia. SurakshitMatritvaAashwasan (SUMAN) initiative was launched to provide assured, dignified, respectful and quality healthcare at no cost and zero tolerance for denial of services and all existing Schemes for maternal and neonatal health have been brought under one umbrella. Midwifery Services Initiative aims to create a cadre of Nurse Practitioners in Midwifery who are skilled in accordance to competencies…
31 July, 2021
Health
AYUSH It was earlier known as Indian System of Medicine. It is governed by Ministry of AYUSH and National AYUSH Mission both in 2014. NAM includes co-location of AYUSH at PHCs, CHCs and District Hospitals, upgradation of hospitals and setting up of upto 50 bedded integrated AYUSH hospitals. For AYUSH drugs, MoAYUSH has amended Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945 for scientific studies. Ministry of AYUSH launched TKDL (Traditional Knowledge Digital Library) in collaboration with CSIR for prevention of grant of patents on non-original inventions by International Patents office. ‘Ayurveda’ (Jaipur) literally means “Science of Life”. Ayurveda is the upaveda of Atharvaveda. The Charak Samhita and Sushruta Samhita…
28 July, 2021
Health
Organ Donation and Transplantation Definition of Organ & Tissues Transplantation Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or missing organ. The donor and recipient may be at the same location, or organs may be transported from a donor site to another location. Organs and/or tissues that are transplanted within the same person's body are called autografts. Transplants that are recently performed between two subjects of the same species are called allografts. Organs that have been successfully transplanted include the heart, kidneys,…
28 July, 2021
Health
Infant Mortality due to Pneumonia and SAANS Initiative As per Sample Registration System Report (2010-13) of Registrar General of India, Pneumonia contributes 16.9% of infant deaths and it is the 2nd highest cause of infant mortality. The list of major causes of infant mortality- Top 10 Causes of Death in age below 1 year in India : 2010-2013 Rank Cause of Death Deaths (%) Male Female Person 1 Prematurity & low birth weight 35.6 36.4 35.9 2 Pneumonia 17.0 16.8 16.9 3 Birth asphyxia & birth trauma 10.7 9.1 9.9 4 Other noncommunicable diseases 8.2 7.5 7.9 5 Diarrhoeal diseases 6.2…
27 July, 2021
Health
Healthcare systems in Rural areas Health and Wellness centres under AB-PMJAY HWCs are providing a package of the following 12 services to make basic health facilities equitable, accessible, and affordable to under-served people, especially in rural and remote areas: Care in Pregnancy and Child Birth. Neonatal and Infant health care services. Childhood and Adolescent health care services. Family planning, contraceptive services and other reproductive health care services Management of communicable diseases: National Health programmes General out-patient care for acute simple illnesses and minor ailments Screening, prevention, control and management of non-communicable diseases and chronic communicable diseases like tuberculosis and leprosy…
24 July, 2021
Health
North Eastern Institute of Ayurveda & Folk Medicine Research (NEIAFMR) at Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh Cabinet approves the change of nomenclature & mandate of North Eastern Institute of Folk Medicine (NEIFM) as North Eastern Institute of Ayurveda & Folk Medicine Research (NEIAFMR). The NEIFM, Pasighat was established for systemic research, documentation and validation of traditional folk medicine and health practices of the region. The objectives for which the Institute was established include to function as an apex research centre for all aspects of Folk Medicine, to create an interface between traditional healers and scientific research, to survey, documentation and validation of…
18 July, 2021
Health
Rising Neurological & Non-Communicable Diseases in India First comprehensive estimates of disease burden due to neurological disorders and their trends were published in The Lancet Global Health. About the Report- The findings have been published under the title of ‘The burden of neurological disorders across states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2019’. The study aimed at increasing awareness about these disorders, early identification, cost-effective treatment, and rehabilitation. It provides policy-relevant insights into the trends of neurological disorders across the States. It presented a comprehensive perspective of the burden of neurological disorders over the last 30 years and systematically highlights the variations between the States. It…
16 July, 2021
Health
WHO declared China Malaria free! Malaria is caused by single-celled microorganisms/ Parasite of the Plasmodium group. The disease is most commonly spread by an infected female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria Parasite jumped from Gorilla to humans. RH5 protein can bind with human RBCs. Argentina and Algeria both certified malaria free by WHO. And now China. Initiatives for Malaria Odisha Government had launched a malaria control programme – "Durgama Anchalare Malaria Nirakaran (DAMaN)" initiative. Ingenious technique to eradicate mosquito. Through 2 population control methods viz. Radiation and Bacteria (named Wolbachia). Through radiation the mosquito is sterilized and through bacteria the eggs are dead. The test is done on…
04 July, 2021
Health
E Sanjeevani Telemedicine Service Union Health Ministry's National Telemedicine Service – eSanjeevani has crossed another milestone by completing 7 million (70 lakh) consultations. Patients consult with doctors and specialists on a daily basis using this innovative digital medium to seek Health services. In another significant milestone, in June it served around 12.5 lakh patients, which is the highest since the services were launched last year in March. Currently, the National Telemedicine Service is operational in 31 States/Union Territories. eSanjeevaniAB-HWC – the doctor-to-doctor telemedicine platform has been implemented at around 21,000 Health and Wellness Centres as spokes and over 1900 hubs,…
04 July, 2021
Health
COVID and Malnourishment The pandemic has worsened the problem of Malnutrition. While malnutrition already remains the predominant risk factor for child deaths and total disability-adjusted life years (DALY), COVID-19 has pushed back our efforts on ending malnutrition, which plagues India's children. There is a real risk that, as nations strive to control the virus, the gains made in reducing hunger and malnutrition will be lost. The need for more equitable, resilient and sustainable food and health systems has never been more urgent. What is Malnutrition ? Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or…
30 June, 2021
Health
Household spending on health The World Health Organization (WHO) provides data on the percentage of the total population where the household expenditure on health was greater than 10% and 25% of the total household expenditure or income in India in 2011. This provides a clear picture of the status of spending on health by the rural and urban populations. Population, that spent more than 10% of their income (out of their pocket) on Health. 17.33% of the population in India made out-of-pocket payments on health. The percentage was higher in rural areas compared to urban areas. Globally, the average was…
28 June, 2021
Health
Malnutrition and COVID-19 What is the news? A parliamentary panel asked the Ministry of Women and Child Development to conduct a survey on the impact of the pandemic on anganwadi services and malnutrition levels among children. The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Education, Women, Children, Youth and Sports chaired by Rajya Sabha MP Vinay Sahasrabuddhe is learnt to have grilled the officials of the Ministry on the need for data to understand “how anganwadi services were delivered on the ground during the pandemic, and to assess the impact of COVID-19 on stunting and wasting levels. While the government has launched an…
23 June, 2021
Health
NAFED launches Fortified Rice Bran Oil Rice Bran oil has multiple health benefits, including lowering cholesterol levels due to its low trans-fat content and high mono-unsaturated and polyunsaturated fat contents. It also acts as a booster and reduces the risk of cancer due to the high amount of Vitamin E it contains. This oil is recommended by The American Heart Association and the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the best substitutes for other edible oils. Rice Bran oil from Nafed will be fortified and it will be ensured that it will contain additional nutrients and vitamins. According to…
16 June, 2021
Health
Fatalities of Medical Practitioners due to COVID19 Bihar recorded the highest number of doctors — 69 —who died of COVID19 in the second wave so far followed by Uttar Pradesh (34) and Delhi (27). According to the Indian Medical Association (IMA)registry, 244 deaths have been recorded in the second wave “While last year we lost nearly 730 doctors across India, this year in a short period of time we have lost 244doctors. The second wave is proving extremely fatal for all and especially those at the forefront of the battle. Solution Vaccination cover must be actively increased among the medical…
14 June, 2021
Health
India’s vaccination policy- Changes in vaccine policy for COVID-19 Introduction Prime Minister Narendra Modi on June 7 reversed the Central government’s decentralised policy for procurement of COVID-19 vaccines, declaring that from June 21, vaccines for everyone above the age of 18 years would be procured by the Central government and distributed free to the States. This ended the month-old controversial system of States being asked to procure vaccines for the 18-44 years age group at prices announced by domestic manufacturers and import vaccines through open tenders. Why was the policy reversed? The Centre’s announcement came after the Supreme Court on…
13 June, 2021
Health
Covid-19- DOTS framework to mitigate the 3rd wave ‘R’ and determinants The reproduction number — often referred as R — is the average number of new infections arising from one infected individual. R fluctuates over time during an epidemic. When R is greater than 1, infected individuals infect more than one person on average and we observe increasing cases. When it is less than 1, cases are declining. It is not a perfect statistic, especially when cases are low, but it does provide helpful insights into how an epidemic is changing. What led R to increase earlier this year resulting…
08 June, 2021
Health
Behavioural change can reduce transmission (Covid-19) Need for behavioural change There are many methods rooted in behavioural science that we can employ to improve mask wearing Most of us in India will agree that there are two large parts to this pandemic: medical science and human behaviour. Universal vaccination will reduce infections, but with vaccine availability currently challenging, ‘herd immunity’ is still many months, if not years, away. Lack of physical distancing and proper hand washing are among the reasons for daily new infections. But the biggest reason for the surge is that people are wearing masks inconsistently, incorrectly, or…
07 June, 2021
Health
Treatment of Cancer: SPAG9 and ASPAGNIITM Cancer is a large group of diseases that can start in almost any organ or tissue of the body when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably, go beyond their usual boundaries to invade adjoining parts of the body and/or spread to other organs. The latter process is called metastasizing and is a major cause of death from cancer. A neoplasm and malignant tumor are other common names for cancer. Lung, prostate, colorectal, stomach and liver cancer are the most common types of cancer in men, while breast, colorectal, lung, cervical and thyroid cancer are the most…
05 June, 2021
Health
Spanish flu-Lessons to be learnt by India About the 2nd wave of Spanish flu The 1918 influenza pandemic, commonly known as the Spanish flu. The most severe pandemic in history was the Spanish Flu of 1918. It lasted for 2 years, in 3 waves, with 500 million people infected and 50 million deaths. Most of the fatalities happened in the 2nd wave. The people felt so bad about the quarantine and social distancing measures that when they were first lifted, the people rejoiced in the streets with abandon. In the coming weeks, the 2nd wave occurred, with tens of millions…
18 May, 2021
Health
Rural Health Statistics Report The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare recently released the Rural Health Statistics Report. According to the report, there is an overall shortage of specialist doctors at the Community Health Centres. The Report There is an overall shortfall of 76.1% specialist doctors at the Community Health Centres in rural areas. There are 5,183 Community Health Centres currently functioning in India. There is a shortfall of 78.9% of surgeons, 78.2% of physicians, 69.7% of gynecologists and 78.2% pediatricians Around 63.3% of sanctioned posts of specialists at the Community Health Centres are vacant. Out of the sanctioned posts,…
17 May, 2021
Health
Black Fungus (Mucormycosis) in COVID-19 patients Introduction Hospitals across the country have started to report a number of cases of mucormycosis, an invasive fungal infection affecting patients who have recently recovered from COVID-19. In common parlance, it also goes by the name ‘black fungus’, a direct reference to the blackening that is characteristic of the disease. What is mucormycosis? Mucormycosis is an aggressive and invasive fungal infection caused by a group of molds called mucormycetes. It can affect various organs but is currently manifesting as an invasive rhino-orbito-cerebral disease, crawling through the sinus and working its way to the brain,…
16 May, 2021
Health
COVID-19 and the risk of Mucormycosis Introduction Diabetes control can lower the chances of dangerous side-effects in COVID-19 treatment such as this fungal infection Details of Covid-19 impacts While 70%-80% of those affected with COVID-19 recover without many side-effects, about 20%-30% of patients affected with symptomatic COVID-19 might require hospitalisation — here, a minority can get worse and require treatment in an intensive care unit (ICU). People with comorbidities such as being of an older age, obese, having uncontrolled diabetes, heart or respiratory diseases and malignancies, who fare badly. Mucormyosis The new fear after the treatment of COVID-19, especially in…
14 May, 2021
Health
Medical education reforms- Need for public education system Introduction India’s health systems have been confronting numerous challenges. In order to effectively address these challenges, our health systems must be strengthened. Requirements of robust health system- Human resources One of the critical building blocks of the health system is human resources. The serious shortage of health workers, especially doctors, in some northern States is a major impediment for achieving the health-related Sustainable Development Goals. Health workers are critical not just for the functioning of health systems but also for the preparedness of health systems in preventing, detecting and responding to threats…
14 May, 2021
Health
Sputnik V Covid vaccine to cost ?995 Introduction The country is looking to produce 15.6 crore doses of the Russian Covid vaccine The imported doses of Russia's Sputnik V Covid-19 vaccine will cost ? 995.40 per shot, said the company’s partner in India Dr Reddy's Laboratories Made in India However, the doses of the vaccine that will be made in India are expected to be cheaper. The company said it is working closely with its six manufacturing partners to fulfil regulatory requirements to ensure a smooth and timely supply. The first dose of the vaccine was also administered in Hyderabad…
14 May, 2021
Health
Civil Services Prelims-2021 postponed to on October 10 News: The Civil Services (Preliminary) examination, which was scheduled to be held on June 27, has been postponed to October 10. Due to the prevailing conditions caused by the novel coronavirus, the Union Public Service Commission has deferred the Civil Services Examination, 2021, which was scheduled to be held on June 27, 2021. Now, this examination will be held on October 10, 2021. The decision comes after the UPSC, last month, postponed the interviews to be held as a part of the 2020 examination.
14 May, 2021
Health
PM CARES fund to buy 1.5 lacs Oxycare system of DRDO Oxycare system The PM CARES (Prime Minister’s Citizen Assistance and Relief in Emergency Situations) Fund has sanctioned the procurement of 1.5 lakh units of the Oxycare system, developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), at a cost of ?322.5 crore. Separately, a four lakh litre capacity oxygen production plant supplied by Germany started functioning at the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel COVID Hospital set up by the DRDO in the national capital while naval ships continued to bring in emergency supplies from friendly foreign countries. The Oxycare system was…
13 May, 2021
Health
What is medical oxygen? The air we breathe is a mix of several gases, such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The term ‘medical oxygen’ means high-purity oxygen, which is used for medical treatments and developed for use in the human body. The medical oxygen cylinders actually contain highly pure oxygen gas. To get medical oxygen, a person requires a prescription. To prevent contamination, no other types of gases are allowed in the cylinder. How different is it from industrial oxygen? Oxygen is also used in industries for combustion, oxidation, cutting and chemical reactions. The difference is that purity…
13 May, 2021
Health
National health service in India Introduction India’s fragmented, often corrupt, urban-centred, elite-focused and wretchedly underfunded agglomeration of clinics, hospitals, and variably functional primary health centres can look like no more than an accidental collection of institutions, staff, and services. Need for higher public spending on healthcare India’s public spending on health is set to double in the 2021-22 financial year, but that is from a figure that has long been only a little over 1% of GDP. In certain rural areas, the doctor-population ratio is over 1:40,000. India’s healthcare providers, however, have the task of serving 1.4 billion people. Medical…
11 May, 2021
Health
Lockdown and the spread of COVID-19 Introduction Several States are going into a strict lockdown for a fortnight to arrest the spread of COVID-19 since mid-March. Why lockdown? The horror of sweeping infections, severe disease and staggering death rates has made a lockdown a popular measure. Public acceptance of lockdown Public acceptance of restrictions comes with the realisation that the threat to life from a mutating virus has aggravated manifold, although the spread of the scourge, from about 9,000 new daily cases in early February this year to over 4,00,000 in May, was brought about mainly by wrong messaging, massive…
10 May, 2021
Health
DCGI approves anti-COVID drug- BY DRDO & Clinical Trials GS-Paper-3: S&T - Innovation – UPSC PRELIMS – Mains Application Context: An anti-COVID-19 therapeutic application of the drug 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) has been developed by Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), a lab of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), in collaboration with Dr Reddy’s Laboratories (DRL), Hyderabad. An anti-COVID-19 therapeutic application of the drug 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) has been developed by Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), a lab of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), in collaboration with Dr Reddy’s Laboratories (DRL), Hyderabad. Clinical trial results have…
09 May, 2021
Health
Use of CT scans and steroids for COVID-19 Introduction: Dr. Randeep Guleria, director of the AIIMS and member of the National Taskforce on COVID-19, has cautioned against the use of CT scans indiscriminately to diagnose the disease, especially in the early stages. This exposes individuals to unnecessary radiation, which could be harmful in the long run, he said. A single CT scan is equal to 300 X-rays, which may increase the risk of cancer later in life for young people. Doctors and the WHO are also cautioning against the use of corticosteroids like dexamethasone, a potent anti-inflammatory drug, for patients…
09 May, 2021
Health
Rare diseases and their occurrence in India The common denominator of rare diseases is the infrequency of their occurrence in the human population. Often debilitating lifelong disease or disorder condition with a prevalence of 1 or less, per 1000 populations is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a rare disease. As per an estimate, there are 7,000 known rare diseases with an estimated 300 million patients in the world; 70 million are in India. According to the Organization for Rare Diseases India, these include inherited cancers, autoimmune disorders, congenital malformations, Hirschsprung’s disease, Gaucher disease, cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophies…
07 May, 2021
Health
Social murder- Failure of India’s health system View of Friedrich Engels on police state When people are placed under conditions which appeal to the brute only, said Friedrich Engels, what remains to them but to rebel or to succumb to utter brutality? The scenes that are being witnessed in India now are apocalyptic in tone. When a citizen attacks hospital personnel because a life was lost due to the absence of medical care, or a citizen struggles to breathe with an oxygen cylinder on the pavement, it is a crisis at multiple levels. Appalling discourse But what is concerning, more…
07 May, 2021
Health
One Health approach Introduction The father of modern pathology, Rudolf Virchow, emphasised in 1856 that there are essentially no dividing lines between animal and human medicine. This concept is ever more salient as the world continues to grapple with the COVID-19 pandemic. Discussions that took place around World Veterinary Day, on April 24, 2021, focused on acknowledging the interconnectedness of animals, humans, and the environment, an approach referred to as “One Health”. Across the species barrier Studies indicate that more than two-thirds of existing and emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, or can be transferred between animals and humans. Another category…
04 May, 2021
Health
Odisha’s first case of harlequin ichthyosis WHY? Mutations in the ABCA 12 gene are stated to cause harlequin ichthyosis. The ABCA12 protein plays a major role in transporting fats in cells which make up the outermost layer of skin. Severe mutations in the gene lead to the absence or partial production of the ABCA12 protein. This results in lack of lipid transport and as a result, the skin development is affected by varying degrees according to the severity of the mutation, a doctor said citing a research paper on the disease. Condition: The facial features of the baby, including the mouth,…
29 April, 2021
Health
Antimicrobial resistance: the silent pandemic Introduction Since January 2020, there have been over three million deaths globally on account of COVID-19, starkly exposing the vulnerabilities of health systems to infectious diseases, even in the richest countries. As serious as the current health and economic crisis is, COVID-19 may just be the harbinger of future crises like AMR. The silent pandemic: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the phenomenon by which bacteria and fungi evolve and become resistant to presently available medical treatment. It is one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century. World Health Organization Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said in July…
29 April, 2021
Health
Covid-19- New Vaccination strategy, a boon or a bane? New Vaccine strategy to combat COVID-19 Two key elements of the new Vaccine strategy, which will be implemented from May 1 are: First, the phased roll-out of the vaccination drive initiated on January 16 under which the vaccine-eligible sections of the population were gradually increased, has now been extended to the entire adult population, namely, to those above 18 years. Second, and more importantly, a significant deregulation of the vaccine market has been effected and vaccine manufacturers have the freedom to sell 50% of their vaccine production to State governments and…
27 April, 2021
Health
Covid-19 and issue of malnutrition Introduction The political and social handling of the COVID-19 pandemic have added to the persisting issues of food insecurity faced by millions. India consistently has ranked poorly in GHI (ranking 102 among 117 countries in the Global Hunger Index 2019). With the second, more vigorous wave of COVID-19, the inability of those already on the brink of subsistence to absorb a second economic shock cannot be overlooked even as the current health crisis is creating havoc. Data collection, findings The Rapid Rural Community Response, or RCRC to COVID-19, a collective of over 60 non-governmental organisations…
27 April, 2021
Health
COVID-19 vaccination- issues of reinfection Chances of infection post vaccination The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has reported that around two to four of 10,000 people given two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine have tested positive for the disease. Contracting COVID-19 after vaccination is known as breakthrough infection. It has occurred in “a very small number” of people and does not undermine the effectiveness of vaccination, said Dr. Balram Bhargava, Director-General of the ICMR. What is a breakthrough infection? These are infections that occur in people who have been vaccinated. Such cases are not out of the ordinary as…
25 April, 2021
Health
Supplemental Oxygen Delivery System developed by DRDO Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has launched the SpO2 (Blood Oxygen Saturation) supplemental Oxygen Delivery System which will be useful for soldiers in extreme high-altitude areas. About DRDO’s Supplemental Oxygen Delivery System: The system delivers supplemental oxygen based on the SpO2 (Blood Oxygen Saturation) levels. Thus, it prevents the person from going into a state of Hypoxia. Hypoxia is a state in which the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues is inadequate to fulfill all the energy requirements of the body. It is developed by Defence Bio-Engineering & ElectroMedical Laboratory (DEBEL), Bengaluru…
22 April, 2021
Health
WHO's Global Diabetes Compact Initiative The World Health Organization (WHO) recently launched a Global Diabetes Compact Initiative. About Global Diabetes Compact Initiative: Global Diabetes Compact aims to reduce the risk of diabetes. It will ensure that all people diagnosed with diabetes have access to equitable, comprehensive, affordable, quality treatment and care. This initiative launched at the Global Diabetes Summit. WHO and the government of Canada Co-hosted the summit with the support of the University of Toronto. Global Targets: The initiative will set standards for tackling the disease in the form of ‘global coverage targets’. It will ensure a wider reach of…
20 April, 2021
Health
Covid-19 dynamics- Important data and solutions Introduction This article talks about the rapid rise of the covid-19 in the second wave, its major reasons, data and the steps to be taken. Infection dynamics Earlier, we concluded that at the end of the first wave, 60% of the population had been infected (828 million). The uninfected 40% would be 1,380 million minus 828 million = 552 million. According to a recent Indian Council of Medical Research report, the reinfection rate in India is 4.5% — out of 828 million initially infected, 37.26 million are susceptible to reinfection. The total number of…
16 April, 2021
Health
Dynamics of Second Wave of COVID-19 The coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) is now a global concern because of its higher transmission capacity and associated adverse consequences including death. Number of Cases In 1st wave (March, 2020), cases were less than 5,000. Only in September its peak at around one lakh. But in the 2nd wave, by April only, there are close to 2 lakh cases a day and the current doubling time is 10 days. Therefore, India will reach ~3.1 million detected cases, spelling the peak of the second wave. Inter-Regional and Intra-Regional Disparities in Health System: There are inter-regional and intra-regional…
16 April, 2021
Health
WHO guidelines to control Transmission of Zoonotic Diseases The World Health Organization(WHO), World Organization for Animal Health and United Nations Environment Programme jointly released guidelines to control “Zoonotic Diseases” for governments. Guidelines ask to reduce the risk of transmission of zoonotic pathogens to humans in food production and marketing chains. What are Zoonotic Diseases? Zoonosis is an infectious disease that jumps from a non-human animal to humans. Zoonotic pathogens may be bacterial, viral, or parasitic. They can spread to humans through direct contact or through food, water, and the environment. Key Guidelines issued by WHO: Countries should suspend the sale…
15 April, 2021
Health
COVID-19 response plan Introduction While leaders are debating whether India is experiencing a second wave or Delhi is experiencing a fourth wave, the virus is spreading rapidly across the country, helped by the more infectious variants that arrived from abroad or emerged at home as a ‘double mutant’. Changes, a year on There are several differences from the pandemic which we experienced in 2020, both in its spread and in our response. The virus affected relatively small numbers by March 2020, by the time the lockdown was announced. The long nationwide lockdown gave governments across the land time to strengthen…
13 April, 2021
Health
Use of Technology in Health Sector Samsung Case Study Samsung Electronics is recycling its old Galaxy smartphones into healthcare equipment for under-served people in India, Morocco, Vietnam and Papua New Guinea. Old phones will be remodelled as eyecare equipment to screen patients with eye diseases, the company said in a statement. When the South Korea handset maker introduced the recycling programme in 2017, it made a handheld camera to enable diagnosis of an internal organ. The smartphone captured images, and the Galaxy device used Artificial Intelligence (AI) to analyse images for ophthalmic diseases. It then connects to an app that…
13 April, 2021
Health
Mission Aahaar Kranti The mission is aimed to spread the message of the need for a nutritionally balanced diet and to understand the importance of accessible to all local fruits and vegetables. Vijnana Bharati (Vibha) and Global Indian Scientists’ and Technocrats’ Forum (GIST) have come together to launch the mission with the motto of (Uttam Aahaar Uttam Vichaar) or `Good Diet-Good Cognition’. The `Aahaar Kranti’ movement is designed to address the peculiar problem being faced by India and the world called `hunger and diseases in abundance’. Studies estimate that India produces as much as two times the amount of calories…
13 April, 2021
Health
Waterborne Diseases Waterborne diseases are conditions caused by pathogenic micro-organisms that are transmitted in water. These diseases can be spread while bathing, washing, drinking water, or by eating food exposed to contaminated water. A report by the United Nations says that more than three million people in the world die of water-related diseases due to contaminated water each year, including 1.2 million children. In India, over one lakh people die of water-borne diseases annually. It is reported that groundwater in one-third of India’s 600 districts is not fit for drinking as the concentration of fluoride, iron, salinity and arsenic exceeds…
08 April, 2021
Health
National Policy for Rare Diseases, 2021- Analysis Introduction The recent notification of the National Policy for Rare Diseases 2021 is pegged on this principle of inclusion. Details of the policy It offers financial support for one-time treatment of up to ?20 lakh, Introduces a crowdfunding mechanism, Creates a registry of rare diseases, and Provides for early detection. The policy has categorised rare diseases in three groups: Group 1: Disorders amenable to one-time curative treatment. Group 2: Those requiring long term or lifelong treatment. Group 3: Diseases for which definitive treatment is available but challenges are to make optimal patient selection…
05 April, 2021
Health
Integrated Health Information Platform (IHIP) The Integrated Health Information Platform is the next generation highly refined version of the presently used Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP). We have started a new chapter in India’s public health trajectory. India is the first country in the world to adopt such an advanced disease surveillance system. The new version of IHIP will house the data entry and management for India’s disease surveillance program. In addition to tracking 33 diseases now as compared to the earlier 18 diseases, it shall ensure near-real-time data in digital mode, having done away with the paper-mode of working.…
04 April, 2021
Health
Antigenic escape Antigenic escape (alternatively called immune escape or immune evasion) occurs when the immune system of a human being ("host") is unable to respond to an infectious agent, or in other words that the host's immune system is no longer able to recognize and eliminate a virus or pathogen. This process can occur in a number of different ways of both a genetic and an environmental nature. Such mechanisms include homologous recombination, and manipulation and resistance of the host's immune responses.
30 March, 2021
Health
Tribal TB Initiative to achieve ‘TB Mukt Bharat’ by 2025 Union Health Minister launched the “Tribal TB Initiative” as a step toward achieving 'TB Mukt Bharat' by 2025. The Ministry also released a guidance note on Joint Action Plan for the elimination of Tuberculosis (TB), a Special Edition of Tribal Ministry’s Publication ‘ALEKH’ on TB and a document on the Tribal Tuberculosis (TB) Initiative at the event. About the Initiative: The Health Minister stated that India has over 104 million tribal population lives in India, across 705 tribes, accounting for 8.6 % of the country’s population. Around 177 tribal districts…
29 March, 2021
Health
Progress Under National Health Mission (NHM) in 2019-20 The Cabinet noted that NHM has envisaged new Initiatives in 2019-20 as: Social Awareness and Actions to Neutralize Pneumonia Successfully (SAANS) initiative was launched to accelerate action to reduce deaths due to childhood pneumonia. SurakshitMatritvaAashwasan (SUMAN) initiative was launched to provide assured, dignified, respectful and quality healthcare at no cost and zero tolerance for denial of services and all existing Schemes for maternal and neonatal health have been brought under one umbrella. Midwifery Services Initiative aims to create a cadre of Nurse Practitioners in Midwifery who are skilled in accordance to competencies…
25 March, 2021
Health
Diatom Test for Detecting Death via Drowning Maharashtra Anti-Terrorism Squad (ATS) relied on a diatom test for leads in the alleged murder case of Mansukh Hiran. About Diatom Test It helps in diagnosing the death caused by drowning. It tests diatoms in the body being tested. Diatoms are photosynthesizing algae found in aquatic environment including fresh and marine waters, soils, etc., (almost anywhere moist). If the person is alive when he enters the water, the diatoms will enter the lungs when the person inhales water while drowning. These diatoms are then carried to different body parts by blood circulation. If…
23 March, 2021
Health
Helium Crisis in India India imports the majority of helium for its domestic needs but now the U.S appears to cut off exports of helium from 2021. Hence, the Indian industry stands to lose out heavily. About Helium: Helium is a chemical element with the symbol He and atomic number 2. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, first in the noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling point is the lowest among all the elements. Helium is the second lightest and second most abundant element in the observable universe Hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant.…
23 March, 2021
Health
Essential Medicines India has adopted this concept from WHO. Essential medicines do not mean that they are only life saving drugs. In fact, the word life saving drugs is not defined in any of the domestic legislations. These are the medicines that are required to be available with the health system all the time adequately. When WHO published the 1st Model List of Essential Drugs in 1977, it identified 208 individual medicines which together could provide safe, effective treatment for majority of Communicable diseases and NCDs. In India, National List of Essential medicines (NLEM) specified 348 drugs which formed the…
21 March, 2021
Health
India’s COVID-19 vaccination plan Introduction More than a third of all vaccinations done in the world each day are in India. With over 40,000 sites, it is heartening to see how India is shaping the COVID-19 vaccination programme. So far, India has vaccinated only 3.2% of the adult population. Although the country covered 2.6 million doses per day on March 15, the seven-day rolling average hovers only around 0.11 per 100 people. Steps to scale up India has identified a target of 300 million vulnerable population, but there is neither a definitive time frame attached to it nor any specifics…
20 March, 2021
Health
Stop TB Partnership Board Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare appointed as the Chairman of the Stop TB Partnership Board. The Minister will serve a 3-year term/ About Stop TB Partnership: Stop TB Partnership was established in the Year 2000. Its aim is to eliminate tuberculosis as a public health problem. Amsterdam Declaration: In 2000, Stop TB Partnership gave a call for collaborative action from ministerial delegations of 20 countries with the highest burden of TB. Secretariat: Geneva, Switzerland. India’s Initiatives against Tuberculosis: India has committed to eliminating TB in the country by 2025, 5 years ahead of the…
19 March, 2021
Health
National Vaccine Day-March 16th Introduction By virtue of extensive immunity due to oral vaccination, the last polio case was reported in India in January 2011. Subsequently, India was declared polio-free in 2014. The Government of India observes National Vaccination Day every year on March 16 to convey the importance of vaccination to its people. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the significance of this day becomes even more pertinent. The firm conviction of Prime Minister Narendra Modi ensured that Aatmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India) has its own COVID-19 vaccine. This will help India emerge as a global leader in the…
16 March, 2021
Health
Low Efficacy of Adenovirus-Based Vaccines AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson vaccines, produced from harmless adenovirus have low efficacy compared to Pfizer and Moderna vaccines which are produced from mRNAs. About Adenovirus: Adenoviruses are common viruses that cause a range of illnesses. They can cause cold-like symptoms, sore throat, bronchitis, pneumonia, diarrhoea and conjunctivitis. Adenoviruses are non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses. Adenoviruses Transmission: Adenoviruses are usually spread from an infected person to others through close personal contact. Treatment: There is no specific treatment for people with adenovirus infection.
16 March, 2021
Health
AstraZeneca- Reports of blood clots Data of global Covid-19 vaccination A little over 392 million doses of vaccine have been administered globally, according to the Bloomberg Vaccine Tracker, with India accounting for around 9% of them. Reports of blood clot In the last week, there have been a flurry of reports from Europe, of blood clots developing in a very small fraction of those vaccinated and leading to a cascade of European countries announcing a temporary halt to their vaccination programmes involving the AstraZeneca (AZ) vaccine. WHO and the European Medicines Agency have underlined that there is no causal link…
16 March, 2021
Health
Data on Diabetes India has second highest number of diabetes patients aged 20-79 yrs as of 2019- WHO. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimated the global prevalence of diabetes among adults over 18 years of age as 8.5% in 2014. There are estimated 72.96 million cases of diabetes in adult population of India. The prevalence in urban areas ranges between 10.9% and 14.2% and prevalence in rural India was 3.0-7.8% among population aged 20 years and above with a much higher prevalence among individuals aged over 50 years (INDIAB Study). Diabetes is a major public health problem in India with an estimated…
12 March, 2021
Health
Gestational diabetes Introduction about diabetes Diabetes is a major public health problem in India with an estimated 7 crore adults with diabetes and half as many with prediabetes. Unfortunately, over half remain undiagnosed till late complications set in. Type 2 diabetes, the most common form of diabetes, is primarily preventable among those at risk through proper lifestyle changes. What is gestational diabetes What is less well known is that pregnancy is a diabetogenic stress and as a consequence, some women develop a transitory form of diabetes during pregnancy called gestational diabetes. Women of Indian (South Asian) origin are considered to…
11 March, 2021
Health
Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Nidhi (PMSSN) Importance of Health Health is vital for improved developmental outcomes. From an economic standpoint, better health improves productivity, and reduces losses due to premature death, prolonged disability and early retirement. Health and Nutrition also directly impact scholastic achievements and have a bearing on productivity and income. Health Outcomes depend substantially on public spending on health. One extra year of population life expectancy raises GDP per capita by 4%, Investment in health creates millions of jobs, largely for women, through a much-needed expansion of the health workforce In the budget speech of 2018, the Finance…
10 March, 2021
Health
National AYUSH Mission Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India is implementing Centrally Sponsored Scheme of National AYUSH Mission (NAM). Under ‘Medicinal Plants’ component of the NAM scheme supporting market driven cultivation of prioritized medicinal plants in identified cluster/zones with in selected districts of States and implemented in a mission mode. As per the scheme guidelines, the support is provided for: Cultivation of prioritized medicinal plants on farmer’s land. Establishment of nurseries with backward linkages for raising and supply of quality planting material. Post-harvest management with forward linkages. Primary processing, marketing infrastructure etc. Under this scheme, subsidy @30%, 50% and 75%…
09 March, 2021
Health
PM Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana, 2008 It is an irony that even after 70 years of Independence, only 40% of the population can afford branded medicines. And India is in the Top 4 countries to export generic medicine to ~ 200 countries. 1 out of 6 medicines consumed in the World is from India. And in India 6 out of 10 have no access to them. Hence India launched Jan Aushadhi Scheme in 2008 by Dept of Pharma, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers. It is implemented by BPPI, Gurugram. To bring down the healthcare budget of every citizen of India by…
08 March, 2021
Health
Rare diseases in India According to the government, so far only about 450 diseases have been recorded in India from tertiary care hospitals that are globally considered as rare diseases. The most commonly reported diseases include Haemophilia, Thalassemia, Sickle-cell Anaemia and Primary Immuno Deficiency in children, auto-immune diseases, Lysosomal storage disorders such as Pompe disease, Hirschsprung disease, Gaucher’s disease, Cystic Fibrosis, Hemangiomas and certain forms of muscular dystrophies. There are 7,000 - 8,000 rare diseases, but less than 5% have therapies available. About 95% rare diseases have no approved treatment and less than 1 in 10 patients receive disease specific…
08 March, 2021
Health
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Ministry of Health & Family Welfare is going to integrate Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) with NPCDCS. NPCDCS - National Programme for Prevention & Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke. Conditions - It is a distinct hepatic condition where there is an accumulation of excess fat in the liver of people who drink little or no alcohol, causing fatty liver. Causes - NAFLD is a part of the metabolic syndrome characterized by diabetes, or pre-diabetes (insulin resistance), being overweight or obese, elevated blood lipids such as cholesterol and triglycerides, and high BP. Several factors that may contribute…
23 February, 2021
Health
Data on COVID19 Impact on Health Services. The novel coronavirus pandemic, health-care providers have been reassigned from other specialties to COVID-19, restricting high quality care for other conditions. Lockdowns and fear of transmission have dampened demand for non-emergency care. A survey conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 105 countries in July 2020 showed that essential services were disrupted in the majority of countries, with immunisation, antenatal and childcare services among the most widely affected. About 45% of low-income countries incurred at least partial disruption of over 75% of services, relative to only 4% of high-income countries. Almost 60%…
23 February, 2021
Health
Union Minister of Health and Family Welfare has launched Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 3.0 and the IMI 3.0 portal. Focus of the IMI 3.0 will be the children and pregnant women who have missed their vaccine doses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Beneficiaries from migration areas and hard to reach areas will be targeted. Mission Indradhanush was launched in 2014 to provide affordable and accessible healthcare to all citizens of the country. The present 8th campaign will target achieving 90% Full Immunization Coverage (FIC) in all districts of the country. Every year the Universal Immunization Programme caters to the vaccination needs against 12…
20 February, 2021
Health
Acute Encephalitis Syndrome A child has recently been diagnosed with Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) in Bihar, the first case for this year. AES, locally called chamki bukhar (fever causing seizure), usually surfaces during summer in the flood-prone districts of north Bihar. It is characterized by acute-onset of fever and a change in mental status (mental confusion, disorientation, delirium, or coma) along with new-onset of seizures in a person of any age at any time of the year. The disease most commonly affects children and young adults . Viruses are the main causative agents in AES cases, although other sources such as…
20 February, 2021
Health
Telemedicine- scaling up the Indian advantage Introduction In the novel coronavirus pandemic, health-care providers have been reassigned from other specialties to COVID-19, simultaneously with lockdowns and fear of transmission have dampened demand for non-emergency care. World Health Organization (WHO) survey A survey conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 105 countries in July 2020 showed that essential services were disrupted in the majority of countries, with immunisation, antenatal and childcare services among the most widely affected. About 45% of low-income countries incurred at least partial disruption of over 75% of services, relative to only 4% of high-income countries. Almost…
17 February, 2021
Health
Health Care Annual health care expenditure 2000-2015 Annual health care expenditure of the country is 4% of GDP Of which, 0.9 –1.07% is Govt Expenditure and 3.0-3.6% is Out of Pocket Expenditure Lancent Report 2018 2.4M Indians die of treatable conditions every year Hospital bed coverage ratio,Doctor Population ratio WHO recommended hospital bed coverage ratio 1:1000(Beds:Population) , Medical council of India(MCI) target 1:1600 while at present Beds Available are 1:2000 Present Doctor Population ratio - 1:1613, MCI target - 1:1400. Nurse Population Ratio - 1:588, MCI target - 1:500 Preventive Care Preventive Care accounts for 6.7 % total expenditure on health according to Niti aayog…
16 February, 2021
Health
Spinal Muscular Atrophy Spinal muscular atrophy is a rare genetic disease. The person suffering from this disease cannot control the movement of their muscles. Caused By: It is caused by the loss of nerve cells that carry electrical signals from the brain to the muscles. The protein needed for this signalling is coded by a gene. Everyone has two copies of this gene- one from the mother and the other from the father. A child develops this disorder only if both copies are faulty. Gene Therapy Treatment: There is also a gene therapy treatment named Zolgensma which replaces the faulty gene. Zolgensma…
13 February, 2021
Health
World Unani Day World Unani Day was celebrated on February 11, 2021, to spread awareness about health care delivery through the Unani system of medicine through its preventive and curative philosophy. World Unani Day is celebrated every year to mark the birth anniversary of Hakim Ajmal Khan. He was an eminent Indian Unani physician who was a great scholar, a social reformer, a noted freedom fighter, an Unani medical educationist and a founder of scientific research in the Unani System of Medicine. He was one of the founders of the Jamia Millia Islamia in New Delhi Principles of…
12 February, 2021
Health
Cutting trans fat Introduction Come January 1, 2022, India will join a select group of countries limiting industrial trans fat to 2% by mass of the total oils/fats present in the product. India would thus be achieving the WHO target a year in advance (WHOs target is by 2023). Trans fat content limit In mid-2016, the trans fat content limit was halved from 10% to 5%, and in December 2020, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) capped it to 3% by 2021. Now India has committed to limit trans fat to 2% by 2022. Details about trans…
10 February, 2021
Health
Capping on Transfats Trans fat is naturally present in red meat and dairy products. The focus is on restricting the industrially produced trans fat used solely to prolong the shelf life of products to 2% by mass of the total oils/fats present in the product 2022 Repeated use at a high temperatures can increase the trans fat content. Denmark became the first country to limit industrially produced trans fat content to 2% in 2004.
10 February, 2021
Health
First steps in the journey to universal health care Introduction About 20 years ago, Thailand rolled out universal health coverage for its population at a per capita GDP similar to today’s India. For India, the lesson of COVID-19 entails setting forth on a steady and incremental path to universal health coverage; not attempting a sudden and giant leap. This is important because enough evidence exists on weak fund-absorbing capacities particularly in the backward States — at times, such unused funds have been to the tune of over half of the State’s public health expenditure. Budgetary allocations The Union Ministry of…
09 February, 2021
Health
FSSAI's Amended Rules on Capping Trans Fats in Food Products FSSAI has amended rules to cap trans-fatty acids (TFAs) in food products to 2% by 2022 TFA's are mainly found in baked and fried foods, pre-packaged snacks & cooking oils They increase the shelf life of food by lowering their oxidation potential They are less costly than animal fat like butter They increase the bad cholesterol (LDL) and reduce the good cholesterol (HDL) They increase the risk of coronary diseases Earlier in December 2020 FSSAI capped TFAs in oils and fats to 3% by 2021, and 2% by 2022 from present…
07 February, 2021
Health
Status of Healthcare in India In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been vociferous demands to strengthen the country’s public health system. Many erudite articles have stressed the need to revamp the system quickly so that we are better prepared to handle such emergencies in the future. Once the present crisis is over, however, public health will go into oblivion, as usual. Governments are already behaving as if things are fine and enough has been done on the health front. Not surprisingly, the efficacy of the public health system varies widely across the country since it is a…
01 February, 2021
Health
Dr. V Shanta passed away A pioneer in cancer care in the country, and the chairperson of the Adyar Cancer Institute, V. Shanta breathed her last in Chennai early on Tuesday morning. She was admitted to Apollo Hospitals after she complained of chest pain on Monday night. She was 93. A crusader for cancer research and making cancer care affordable for all, Dr. Shanta and her mentor S. Krishnamurthi built the Cancer Institute from a cottage hospital into a 500-plus bedded institution, offering state-of-the-art care to people across the income spectrum. Only 40% are paying beds and the remaining…
21 January, 2021
Health
Guidelines for the use of Covaxin and Vaccine Hesitancy Those with a history of allergies, fever and bleeding disorder, people on blood thinners and those with compromised immunity or on medication that affects the immune system have been told by Bharat Biotech, manufacturer of Covaxin, not to take the COVID-19 vaccine. A statement uploaded on the company website on Monday said the vaccine was also contraindicated for pregnant and lactating women, those using other COVID-19 vaccines and people with any other serious health-related issues as determined by the vaccinator or the officer supervising the vaccination. “There is remote chance that…
19 January, 2021
Health
Analysis of FSSAI guidelines on Transfats On December 29, 2020, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) reduced the permissible limit of trans fatty acids (TFA) in oils and fats to 3% for 2021 and 2% by 2022, against the earlier cap of 5%. The decision was effected by an amendment to the Food Safety and Standards (Prohibition and Restriction on Sales) Regulations. The new rules apply to edible refined oils, vanaspati (partially hydrogenated oils), margarine, bakery shortenings, and other cooking media like vegetable fat spreads and mixed fat spreads. In 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) had…
17 January, 2021
Health
Autism What is Autism? Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a broad term used to describe a group of neurodevelopmental disorders. These disorders are characterized by problems with communication and social interaction. People with ASD often demonstrate restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped interests or patterns of behaviour. ASD is found in individuals around the world, regardless of race, culture, or economic background. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Trusted Source, autism does occur more often in boys than in girls, with a 4 to 1 male-to-female ratio. What is in the news? In Our World, a documentary by award-winning…
12 January, 2021
Health
COVID and impact on Schooling The Union Education Ministry’s directive to the States to launch a mission to avoid large-scale dropouts in schools in the coming year, partly by relaxing the detention policy, should end the anxiety of millions of students about their academic prospects. Managing schooling during COVID-19 has been a challenge, with UNESCO estimating that at the end of 2020, about 320 million students were locked out of schools globally. South and West Asia are among the regions where students are at highest risk of not returning to schools and tertiary institutions, along with sub-Saharan Africa. Assessing the…
12 January, 2021
Health
Analysis of Bird Flu in India Assessment of Bird Flu spread in Kerala A three-member Central team reached Kerala on Thursday to assess the situation following the outbreak of avian influenza (H5N8) in Alappuzha and Kottayam districts. The Central team is primarily looking at the circumstances that led to the outbreak, its spread and bird culling operations being undertaken as per the Central government guidelines. The team is also evaluating the public health risk posed by H5N8. The risk of transmission of the virus to humans is considered to be very low. Bird flu has been detected in five places…
08 January, 2021
Health
Nutrition Committees of India The three top committees responsible for policies regarding nutrition are: The National Nutrition Council (NNC), headed by NITI Aayog Vice-Chairman Rajiv Kumar and including 12 Union Ministers and five Chief Ministers on a rotational basis; The Executive Committee (EC) of the National Nutrition Mission headed by the Secretary of the Women and Child Development Ministry Ram Mohan Mishra; and The National Technical Board on Nutrition (NTBN), headed by Member, NITI Aayog, V.K. Paul. These committees were set up after the Cabinet approved the National Nutrition Mission in December 2017 and were mandated to meet once every…
08 January, 2021
Health
Bird Flu in India Kerala was placed on high alert on Monday after an outbreak of bird flu was confirmed in Kottayam and Alappuzha districts. The presence of the H5N8 subtype of the Influenza A virus was reported in ducks in Thalavadi, Thakazhy, Pallipad and Karuvatta in Alappuzha district and Neendoor in Kottayam district. The Alappuzha district authorities have decided to cull birds within a 1 km radius of the infected areas. While it can prove lethal for birds, the H5N8 strain of avian influenza has a lower likelihood of spreading to humans compared to H5N1. #joinourtelegram# About Bird Flu…
05 January, 2021
Health
Type of Vaccines Context: UPSC GS Paper III - Vaccines, S&T, COVID-19 (Prelims Mains) Each type is designed to teach your immune system how to fight off certain kinds of germs — and the serious diseases they cause. What does scientists consider when they create a vaccine? How your immune system responds to the germ Who needs to be vaccinated against the germ The best technology or approach to create the vaccine Based on a number of these factors, scientists decide which type of vaccine they will make. There are 4 main types of vaccines: Live-attenuated vaccines Inactivated vaccines Subunit,…
03 January, 2021
Health
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) ICMR is India’s apex scientific body for the formulation, coordination and promotion of biomedical research. It was established in 1911 as Indian Research Fund Association (IRFA) making it one of oldest and largest medical research bodies in the world. ICMR functions under Dept of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. HQ - Delhi. Presided by Health Minister. Director General– Prof. Balram Bhargava. It publishes Indian Journal of Medical Research. #joinourtelegram#
03 January, 2021
Health
COVID Vaccine: the UK approves Oxford vaccine The COVID-19 vaccine by Oxford University and AstraZeneca has been approved for emergency supply in the U.K. This is significant for India, as the Pune-based Serum Institute of India (SII) has tied up with AstraZeneca to deploy the vaccine in the country. Unlike the Pfizer vaccine which needs to be stored at -70 and -80 degree Celsius, Oxford can be stored at 2-8 degrees Celsius. Mr Poonawala said the Oxford vaccine will be priced at a maximum of Rs. 1000 for 2 doses for the public, depending on the final trial results and…
31 December, 2020
Health
Anaemia and Obesity – UPSC Anemia is a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood, or a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen. When anemia comes on slowly, the symptoms are often vague and may include feeling tired, weakness, shortness of breath, and a poor ability to exercise. Obesity is a complex disease involving an excessive amount of body fat. Obesity isn't just a cosmetic concern. It is a medical problem that increases your risk of other diseases and health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure and…
30 December, 2020
Health
COVID Vaccine Surveillance Guidelines - UPSC On the threshold of a new year, the COVID-19 pandemic no longer seems terrifying to many, as overall cases maintain a downward trajectory and a massive vaccination programme is set to roll out. Normal life has resumed in substantial measure: there is a scaling up of long distance travel, elections have been held and mass protests are being organised. At the same time, critical activities such as on-campus education remain mostly suspended and many senior citizens are unable to access periodic health checks. Anecdotal evidence points to infections spreading in commercial centres and at…
30 December, 2020
Health
Rollout of COVID vaccine Context: UPSC GS Paper III S&T Health COVID (Prelims cum Mains) The dry run to test preparedness for the nationwide roll-out of a COVID-19 vaccine kicked off in four States — Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Punjab. The two-day, end-to-end dry run was carried out in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh; Rajkot and Gandhinagar in Gujarat; Ludhiana and Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar (Nawanshahr) in Punjab; and Sonitpur and Nalbari districts of Assam. Intended beneficiaries of each State, who had registered on the Co-WIN app, the Union government’s digital platform for vaccine delivery, were on Monday sent…
29 December, 2020
Health
Towards an effective vaccination distribution policy Context: GS-Paper III S&T COVID-19 Vaccine (PT-Mains) What is a vaccine? A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the…
28 December, 2020
Health
Understanding the new COVID-19 variant Context: GS-Paper III S&T, COVID-19 (PT-Mains-Interview) A new strain of Coronavirus has emerged now, which are caused by mutations, that seemed to be 70% more transmissible. Mutations were reported from different parts of the world, including Denmark, Australia, England and South Africa, but the rapid domination of the new strain — lineage B 1.1.7 — in the south of England set off a chain of events originating from the United Kingdom. What is the WHO saying? WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus cited a basic fact of virology, that viruses mutate over time and it is…
27 December, 2020
Health
Analysis of Public Health Act Context: CoVID and Public Health Act is a highly important topic for all the 3 stages of UPSC Examination i.e. Prelims, Mains and Interview. It is also important for Essay writing. The Public Health Act was suggested by the report of the parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs. It was done as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic. National Health Profile 2019 data showed that there were an estimated 0.55 government hospital beds for 1,000 people. Prolonged underinvestment in public health infrastructure thus left millions seeking help from a highly commercialized private sector with little…
23 December, 2020
Health
Analysis of Healthcare in India India’s health care is a dark echo chamber. It is 70% private and 30% public in a country where 80% people do not have any protection for health and the out of pocket expense is as high as 62% (i.e Government does not bear much for public healthcare). With public spending at 1.13% of GDP and a huge shortage of healthcare workers particularly nurses and midwives, policy moves and plans appear like a sound in emptiness. The novel coronavirus pandemic has revealed the mismatch between the overwhelming presence of the not so well to do…
21 December, 2020
Health
Mucormycosis Covid-19 has triggered Mucormycosis or black fungus in some patients. Mucormycosis is a serious but rare fungal infection caused by a group of moulds called mucormycetes which exist in the environment. Symptoms include face numbness, one-side nose obstruction, swelling in the eye or cheeks, and black dry crusts in the nose. Early detection can prevent loss of eyesight, nose or jaw, and 50% mortality in cases where it affects the brain. It mainly affects people who have health problems or take medicines that lower the body’s ability to fight germs and sickness.
18 December, 2020
Health
National Family Health Survey- 5 GS-Paper-3 Application-based topic and PT The National Family Health Survey is a survey carried out on a massive scale across the country to collect information on many parameters which would ultimately help the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW) to frame policies and programs to help in the upliftment of the vulnerable groups in India. The first round of the National Family Health Survey was conducted in 1992-92. Subsequently, four other rounds have taken place, the latest being NFHS 5 which started in 2018-19, however, is stalled currently amid the COVID-19-associated lockdown at various…
17 December, 2020
Health
The World AIDS Day GS-Paper-3 Health (PT-MAINS-IV) HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It is the virus that leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS, if not treated. Unlike some other viruses, the human body can’t get rid of HIV completely, even with treatment. **Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a lentivirus, which is a sub-classification of the retrovirus. It causes the HIV infection which over time leads to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). AIDS is a deadly condition in which the affected person’s immune system fails, leading to the spread of life-threatening infections and cancers in his body. HIV demolishes a particular type of WBC (White Blood Cells)…
01 December, 2020
Health
Super infections Researchers at Sweden’s Karolinska institute have tried to answer why influenza infections lead to an increased risk of bacterial pneumonia. They have described findings leading to so-called “superinfections”. They cite the example of Spanish flu, which was an influenza pandemic that swept across the world in 1918–20. Unlike many other pandemics, the Spanish flu hit young healthy adults, due to the superinfections caused by bacteria, in particular pneumococci. Superinfections: These are infections occurring after or on top of an earlier infection, especially following treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics. It is an overgrowth of an opportunistic pathogen from the bacterial or yeast…
01 December, 2020
Health
Zebrafish Gene-Heart regeneration Scientists at Pune-based Agharkar Research Institute have identified Zebrafish’s genes that can promote heart regeneration. They have sought to decode the heart regeneration processes, which can illuminate strategies to improve human cardiac regeneration. Zebrafish is a tiny freshwater fish found in tropical and subtropical regions. It is native to South Asia’s Indo-Gangetic plains, where they are mostly found in the paddy fields and even in stagnant water and streams. It can regenerate almost all its organs, including the brain, heart, eye, and spinal cord within a short time period. Its unique characteristics lie in its transparency during…
01 December, 2020
Health
T-cell immunity and COVID-19 Innate immunity Our immune system responds to virus infections with a first-line defence called ‘innate’ immunity, followed by the second-line called ‘adaptive’ immunity. Innate immunity is like first aid — an immediate response, not strong enough to prevent pathology if the virus is highly virulent or the ‘inoculum’(infecting virus load) is heavy. Innate immunity then passes the baton to adaptive immunity, which takes several days to develop and become effective. Adaptive immunity Adaptive immunity has two arms — antibodies and T-cell immunity. Antibodies are protein molecules that recognise and bind to viral antigens. Some among them…
18 November, 2020
Health
A second wave of Covid-19 and is lockdown the answer? Context Large parts of Europe are in a second lockdown as a new wave of infection sweeps through the continent. Cases in the US are smashing new records. But overall numbers in India are falling — for reasons not yet fully clear. Is there any precedent from previous pandemics that strengthen the argument for allowing naturally acquired herd immunity in Covid-19? When a new pathogen enters a territory where nobody has any immunity, it can cause devastation. As soon as some immunity builds up in a population, our relationship with…
10 November, 2020
Health
BULK DRUG PARK - HIMACHAL PRADESH What are bulk drugs or APIs? A bulk drug is also called an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). It is the key ingredient of a drug or medicine, which lends it the desired therapeutic effect or produces the intended pharmacological activity. Example- Paracetamol- It is a bulk drug, which acts against pain. It is mixed with binding agents or solvents to prepare the finished pharmaceutical product, ie a paracetamol tablet, capsule or syrup, which is consumed by the patient. How are APIs prepared? They are prepared from multiple reactions involving chemicals and solvents. The primary…
10 November, 2020
Health
Scientists create 3D atomic map of novel coronavirus replication mechanism Introduction In the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is an enzyme called the main protease, which drives its replication once it infects the human cell. 3D map For the first time, scientists have completed a 3D map that reveals the location of every atom in the molecule of this enzyme. As Covid-19 cases surge again in several countries, this 3D mapping will allow scientists to better understand how the coronavirus behaves, and how it can be stopped. The mapping was done by researchers at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory under the US Department…
31 October, 2020
Health
World Polio Day Paper-2 PT-MAINS-Personality test (Government policies &Health) Polio FACTS Polio is a crippling and potentially deadly viral infectious disease that affects the nervous system.There are three individual and immunologically distinct wild poliovirus strains: Wild Poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) Wild Poliovirus type 2 (WPV2) Wild Poliovirus type 3 (WPV3) Symptomatically, all three strains are identical, in that they cause irreversible paralysis or even death. However, there are genetic and virological differences, which make these three strains separate viruses which must each be eradicated individually. WPV2 and WPV3 have been eradicated globally but WPV1 remains in circulation in Afghanistan and Pakistan. **WPV2 was eradicated in 1999. World Polio Day 2019 marked…
28 October, 2020
Health
Mission Indradhanush Paper-2 PT-MAINS-Personality test (Government policies &Health) Mission Indradhanush was launched by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India on December 25, 2014. Between 2009-2013 immunization coverage has increased from 61% to 65%, indicating only 1% increase in coverage every year. To accelerate the process of immunization by covering 5% and more children every year, Indradhanush mission has been adopted to achieve target of full coverage by 2020. Objective The Mission Indradhanush aims to cover all those children by 2020 who are either unvaccinated, or are partially vaccinated against vaccine preventable diseases. India’s Universal Immunisation Programme…
28 October, 2020
Health
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