Hybrid Classes
We provide offline, online and recorded lectures in the same amount.
Personalised Mentoring
Every aspirant is unique and the mentoring is customised according to the strengths and weaknesses of the aspirant
Topicwise Mindmaps
In every Lecture. Director Sir will provide conceptual understanding with around 800 Mindmaps.
Quality Content
We provide you the best and Comprehensive content which comes directly or indirectly in UPSC Exam.
Monthly DNA
The international team of researchers collected samples of corals from across the Mediterranean Sea and analysed the bacteria that live with the corals. The researchers found that the presence of a group of parasitic single-celled organisms called Syndiniales made it more likely that a coral could survive heat stress. The presence of Corallicolids, a group of single-celled organism related to the parasite that causes malaria, was more common in corals that die from heat stress.
06 February, 2024
R&D
The Peregrine Lunar Lander, also known as Peregrine Mission One, is a lunar lander built by Astrobotic Technology, U.S. It was launched recently carrying payloads for NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services program.
05 February, 2024
Space mission
Voice clone fraud has been on the rise in India. AI voice cloning – It is the process of creating a synthetic replica of a person’s voice through machine learning and speech synthesis technology.It is called as voice deepfakesor audio deepfakes. Objective – To achieve a high level of naturalness that sounds exactly like a person’s voice. Usage of Voice Deepfakes Voice assistants – Creation of personalized voice assistants, chatbots, video game characters, animated film avatars, custom call centre voices, and much more. Language translations – Meta’s SeamlessM4T, can understand nearly 100 languages from speech or text and generate translations in real-time. Protecting original voices – Apple introduced a voice cloning feature to help people…
06 February, 2024
Artificial Intelligence
Steps taken by India to promote Science Communication Publications and Information Directorate (PID) - An organisation under Council of Science and Industrial Research (CSIR) established in 1951 for publishing and disseminating scientific information in India. National science magazines- The PID published magazines to popularize science among masses. Vigyan Pragati- In Hindi launched in 1952. Science Reporter- In English launched in 1964. Science Ki Duniya- In Urdu launched in 1975. Birla Industrial and Technological Museum- 1st science museum in India, established in Kolkata in 1959 to showcase India’s scientific heritage and promote science education among the masses. Article 51 A(h)- It was a part…
06 February, 2024
S&T
A 9-member panel headed by the former principal scientific advisor to the government Prof. Vijay Raghavan have submitted its report. Aim of the committee - To review the functioning of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). Reasons - Several projects of DRDO suffer from huge delays and cost overruns. According to the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Defence, 23 of DRDO’s 55 mission mode projects could not be completed in time. According to CAG report, 67% of the 178 projects scrutinised by it had failed to adhere to their initially proposed timelines. Ministry of Defence (MoD) has set an ambitious defence exports target…
04 February, 2024
Defense system
Recently, the Indian Immunologicals Ltd (IIL) a wholly owned subsidiary of National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) launched India’s first indigenously developed Hepatitis A vaccine ‘Havisure’ in Hyderabad. About Havisure vaccine It is a two-dose vaccine — first dose administered at above 12 months of age and the second at least six months after the first dose. The vaccine is recommended for children as part of the routine immunization as well as for individuals at risk of exposure or travel to the regions with high hepatitis A prevalence. In addition to this people with occupational risk of infection and suffering from chronic liver diseases also…
03 February, 2024
Health
NASA has re-established contact with its Ingenuity helicopter on Mars, the US space agency said recently. Ingenuity Mars Helicopter It is a small, autonomous aircraft. that flew to Mars aboard NASA’s Perseverance rover. It was sent to Mars to perform experimental flight tests to determine if powered, controlled flight at the Red Planet was possible. Ingenuity’s mission is experimental in nature and completely independent of the rover’s science mission. Ingenuity was deployed to the surface on April 4, 2021. On April 19, it became the first aircraft in history to make a powered, controlled flight on another planet. It rose to a height of 10 feet,…
03 February, 2024
Space
It is a US-made long-range cruise missile used for deep-land attack warfare.It can be launched from a ship or submarine and deliver its warhead precisely to a target at a long range. It flies at low altitudes to strike fixed targets, such as communication and air-defense sites, in high-risk environments where manned aircraft may be vulnerable to surface-to-air missiles. Features: It is designed to fly at subsonic speed while maintaining a low altitude, making it difficult to detect on radar. It uses tailored guidance systems to manoeuvre at such low elevations. It has an accuracy of about 5 meters (16 feet). The 6-meter (18.4-foot) long missile has a range of…
31 January, 2024
Missile system
Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) has been issuing alerts with maps from various weather monitoring satellites. Day and Night Microphysics RGB Imager It is image created by combination of Red, Green and Blue colours. Aim – To study various atmospheric characteristics. Radiometer – A device that measures the properties of radiation by studying the radiation’s interaction with matter. Atmospheric sounders – A devices that measure temperature, humidity and study water vapour as a function of their heights from the ground. Factors determining RGB imager – Solar reflectance and brightness temperature. Applications - It helps in analysis of different cloud types, initial stages of convection, maturing stages of a thunderstorm, identification…
29 January, 2024
S&T
Japan recently landed a spacecraft called SLIM (Smart Lander for Investigating Moon) on the lunar surface, becoming the 5th country after the Soviet Union, the US, China and India to achieve a soft landing on the moon. About SLIM SLIM was launched by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in September 2023 aboard the H-IIA rocket from the Tanegashima spaceport. It aims to demonstrate precision landing within 100 metres through new technologies. It also carried two mini robotic rovers developed by Sony and Tomy for reconnaissance. The mission aims to revitalise Japan's space program which suffered setbacks like the failure of the flagship H3 rocket…
29 January, 2024
Space mission
The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has begun the process of revising the current National Essential Diagnostics List (NEDL) and invited relevant stakeholders to offer suggestions on adding or deleting diagnostic tests to the current list by the end of February. National Essential Diagnostics List The NEDL lists the essential and most basic tests that should be available at various levels of healthcare facilities in the country, including at the village level, in sub-health centres, health and wellness centres, and primary health centres. The ICMR had released the first NEDL in 2019 to make the availability of diagnostics an essential component of…
26 January, 2024
Health
The China National Space Administration (CNSA) recently announced that the Chang’e 6 sample return mission is on track to land on the surface of the Moon in the first half of 2024. The Chang'e 6 mission is a planned lander designed to return samples from the lunar south pole.The mission aims to land on the Moon, collect samples from the lunar surface, and return them to Earth. This process will contribute crucial data to unravel the Moon's geological mysteries. Representing the first attempt to retrieve samples from the far side of the Moon, Chang'e 6 is set to bring back up to two kilograms of lunar samples,…
25 January, 2024
Space mission
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) succeed the incandescent bulbs and fluorescent lamps of previous centuries as the world’s light-source of choice. About Light-Emitting Diodes A diode is an electronic component which has two points of contact, or terminals, called its anode and cathode. A diode’s primary purpose is to allow current to flow in only one direction. An LED is a semiconductor device which emits light when electric current flows through it. It can produce all three primary colours – red, green, and blue – different LEDs can be combined on a display board to produce a large variety of colours. Advantages of LED Energy Efficiency:…
24 January, 2024
S&T
Recently the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) in a study found that over half of the nearly 10,000 hospital patients surveyed were given antibiotics to prevent, rather than treat, infection. What is Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)? Antimicrobials - including antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals and antiparasitic - are medicines used to prevent and treat infections in humans, animals and plants. It is defined as resistance of micro-organisms to an antimicrobial agent to which they were first sensitive. Microorganisms that develop antimicrobial resistance are sometimes referred to as “superbugs”. Indian context- The present serious concern is that multiple types of bacteria like E. coli, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter,…
23 January, 2024
Health
Scientists are finding that the gut microbiota may be linked to heart health, some cancers, and even the colour of urine. Gut Microbiota The human gut microbiota refers to the trillions of microbes, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, that live in the human gut. Previously, people referred to the gut microbiota as the microflora of the gut. The gut microbiome is the environment they live in. Establishment of the human gut microbiota: Infants inherit their first gut microbes during vaginal delivery or breastfeeding (chestfeeding). Later, your diet and other environmental exposures introduce new microbes to your biome. The gut microbiota assists in…
21 January, 2024
Health
The Minister of State for Defence recently flagged off the indigenously developed Astra Missiles for supply to the Indian Air Force (IAF) at Bharat Dynamics in Hyderabad. Astra Missile Astra is a beyond-visual-range (BVR) air-to-air missile designed to be mounted on fighter aircraft. It is indigenously developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and manufactured by Bharat Dynamics Ltd. (BDL) for the Indian Air Force (IAF). The missile is designed to engage and destroy highly manoeuvring supersonic aircraft. It is the best in its class of weapon systems in the world in the category of air-to-air missiles. The missile is being developed in multiple…
21 January, 2024
Missile system
Recently, an official delegation from the Department of Science and Technology visited Mauna Kea to discuss “challenges” to the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) project. Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) It has been conceived as a 30-metre diameter primary-mirror optical and infrared telescope that will enable observations into deep space. It is proposed as a joint collaboration involving institutions in the U.S., Japan, China, Canada, and India. It will be the world’s most advanced and capable ground-based optical, near-infrared, and mid-infrared observatory. It will integrate the latest innovations in precision control, segmented mirror design, and adaptive optics. At the heart of the telescope is the segmented…
19 January, 2024
S&T
Lidar, which stands for Light Detection and Ranging, is a remote sensing method that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure ranges (variable distances) to the Earth. These light pulses—combined with other data recorded by the airborne system — generate precise, three-dimensional information about the shape of the Earth and its surface characteristics. A lidar instrument principally consists of a laser, a scanner, and a specialized GPS receiver. Airplanes and helicopters are the most commonly used platforms for acquiring lidar data over broad areas. A huge city hidden by the luxuriant vegetation of the Amazon rainforest was recently discovered in Ecuador by a LiDAR survey. How Does…
19 January, 2024
S&T
Indian government is set to roll out a human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination campaign for girls in the 9-14 years age group. Cervavac is an indigenously developed quadrivalent vaccine by the Serum Institute of India (SII) in Pune, is already available commercially. Immunisation drive – It will be conducted through schools and existing vaccination points, planned in 3 phases over 3 years and is likely to start from the 2nd quarter of 2024 for free. Currently, the 2-dose HPV vaccine is available commercially for about Rs 2,000 per dose. None of the HPV vaccines available globally recommend a single-dose schedule Target – Nearly 8 crore children between the ages of 9 and 14 years will…
17 January, 2024
Health
It is an all-in-one AI platform that can create content as well as enhance productivity. The application has been developed by New York-based software engineer Rohit Das and New Jersey-based software engineer David Laub. Vondy is free and there are no message limits unlike ChatGPTand also has an AI assistant that’s a social media influencer.
30 January, 2024
Artificial Intelligence
W1935 is a brown dwarf star that is 47 light-years away from Earth. It is the 1st auroral candidate outside of the solar system that has been identified through methane emission signatures. It is also the coldest auroral candidate outside of our solar system, with a temperature of about 400 degrees Fahrenheit (200 degrees Celsius). Astronomers using NASA's James Webb Space Telescope discovered W1935.
30 January, 2024
Space
Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) lab and a Hyderabd based private firm launched an indigenous assault rifle named Ugram recently. The rifle is weighing less than 4 kg with a 500-meter firing range. It is designed and developed to meet the operational requirements of the Indian armed forces, Para military forces, and state police forces.
28 January, 2024
Defense system
The Peregrine lander was built by Pittsburgh-based space robotics firm Astrobotic and aimed to become the first lunar lander constructed by a private company. This is also the first mission to fly under NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) initiative, where NASA pays private companies to send scientific equipment to the moon. Vulcan Centaur is a two-stage-to-orbit, heavy-lift launch vehicle developed by United Launch Alliance (ULA).
27 January, 2024
Space
The Union Health Minister and the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh jointly launched the Mannhit app recently. It is an initiative facilitating screening for mental health.
24 January, 2024
Health
MV Vasiliy Golovnin, an expedition vessel chartered by India, commenced its journey recently. The journey is from Cape Town to Antarctica for the 43rd Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica (ISEA) Voyage. The expedition includes 21 members from India, two from Mauritius, and one from Bangladesh.
22 January, 2024
R&D
Hot Jupiters are a class of exoplanets that have features similar to Jupiter, but are much closer to their host star & its upper atmosphere is hotter than 1,800 degrees Celcius. The harsh ultraviolet radiation from its star is heating the planet’s upper atmosphere, which in turn causes magnesium and iron gas to escape into space. The star’s powerful gravitational tidal forces altered the planet’s shape, making it more oblong-shaped.
18 January, 2024
Space
The X-65 is an experimental jet aircraft developed by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency's (DARPA) Control of Revolutionary Aircraft with Novel Effectors (CRANE) program. It is a full-scale aircraft to demonstrate a new method of flight control that uses no external moving parts.
18 January, 2024
Defense system
Recently ICD-11 was launched with the inclusion of Traditional Medicine Module 2. ICD-11 – International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision, the global standard for diagnostic health information. Launched by – World Health Organisation (WHO). Prepared by – WHO in collaboration with Ministry of AYUSH. Aim - To modernize Ayush medicine by integrating it with global standards in India as well as across the world. Inclusion of – Data and terminology relating to diseases based on Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani Medicine. Significance – It forms a link between traditional medicines with global standards and will expand India’s healthcare delivery system, research, Ayush insurance coverage, research & development, policy making system. These codes can also be used to formulate…
15 January, 2024
Health
India had decided to formally join the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) project, an international scientific collaboration working to build the world’s largest radio telescope. What is SKA? SKA – It will be the world's biggest and most advanced radio telescope ever constructed. It will not be a single large telescope, but a collection of thousands of dish antennas operating as a single unit. SKA Observatory Convention – The international treaty that established the facility as an intergovernmental organisation. Objective – To create 1 square kilometre of effective area for collecting radio waves using radio telescopes. Mission – To build and operate cutting-edge radio telescopes to transform our understanding of the…
15 January, 2024
S&T
Aditya-L1 spacecraft was successfully placed in halo orbit around the Lagrangian point (L1).A halo orbit is a periodic, 3-dimensional orbit that occurs near one of the L1, L2, or L3 Lagrange points. These points are locations in space where the gravitational pull from two celestial bodies is equal. It is called a halo orbit because the tracked orbit looks like a halo around the moon.
14 January, 2024
Space
With rising use of drones, DRDO develops own counter technology. Indigenous - The DRDO is developing an indigenous counter-drone technology, which is capable of counter-attacks including detection, soft kill and hard kill of all types of drones. The counter-drone system is ready for production and is already demonstrated to armed services and other internal security agencies. Technology - The technology is transferred to Bharat Electronics Limited, Bengaluru, who is the production agency for the system. In addition, Transfer of Technology is given to four more Indian firms for production of anti-drone systems. TAPAS - The Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) unmanned aerial vehicle…
12 January, 2024
DRDO
The Union Cabinet Chaired by the Prime Minister of India has approved the overarching scheme ‘PRITHvi Vigyan’ (PRITHVI). Implemented by – Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES). The research & development and operational (services) activities of MoES are carried out by 10 Institutes of MoES. Timeline – 2021-26, at an overall cost of Rs. 4,797 crore. It encompasses 5 ongoing sub-schemes namely ACROSS – Atmosphere & Climate Research-Modelling Observing Systems & Services O-SMART – Ocean Services, Modelling Application, Resources and Technology PACER – Polar Science and Cryosphere Research SAGE – Seismology and Geosciences REACHOUT – Research, Education, Training and Outreach Objectives To observe the atmosphere, ocean, geosphere, cryosphere and solid earth. To predict weather, ocean and…
09 January, 2024
S&T
The researchers at Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG) have examined the existence of high-frequency plasma waves in the Martian plasma environment. IIG is an autonomous institute of Department of Science and Technology. Plasma waves – A type of electromagnetic wave that propagates through plasma, a state of matter. Plasma is formed when a gas is heated to high temperatures or subjected to strong electric fields, causing its atoms to become ionised by either losing or gaining electrons. In earth – It is observed in the Earth’s magnetosphere as a short-time scale fluctuations in the electric and magnetic field. Role – In the energization and transport of the charged particles in the Earth’s…
08 January, 2024
Space
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) said that blood at hospitals or private banks and centres is “not for sale” but allowed for a “processing charge”. The revised guidelines said that processing fees can be charged for blood or blood components, which ranges from Rs 250 to Rs 1,550. The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) is a statutory body established under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940.
14 January, 2024
Health
Researchers have identified a new class of antibiotics named Zosurabalpin with the potential to tackle a drug-resistant bacterium, Acinetobacter baumannii recently. It inhibits the transport of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules. Zosurabalpin was found to be effective against CRAB (carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii)-induced pneumonia and sepsis in mice models.
14 January, 2024
R&D
North India’s 1st industrial biotech park inaugurated in Jammu and Kashmir’s Kathua recently. Biotech Parks offer facilities to scientists and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) for technology incubation, demonstration, and pilot plant studies. The parks are established to facilitate product advancement and innovation through the development of biotechnology industrial clusters.
13 January, 2024
S&T
The Education and Research Network is an autonomous scientific society of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. ERNET was established in 1986 to provide a networking infrastructure for the research and education community with its headquarters are in New Delhi. ERNET's mandate is to support the needs of academic and research institutions through consultancy, project management, training, and other value-added services.
13 January, 2024
R&D
Starlink is a satellite internet network operated by SpaceX, an American aerospace company. It provides coverage to over 70 countries and aims to provide high-speed internet coverage to every part of the world. It also aims to provide global mobile phone service after 2023.
11 January, 2024
S&T
A Fog Pass Device is a GPS-based navigation device that helps train loco pilot navigate through dense fog. It provides on-board real-time information (Display as well as voice guidance) to Loco Pilots. It gives information regarding location of fixed landmarks such as Signal, Level Crossing gate (Manned & Unmanned), Permanent Speed Restrictions, Neutral Sections etc.
10 January, 2024
S&T
The Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS) along with National Commission for Indian System of Medicine (NCISM) has launched 'SMART 2.0' recently. The program aims to promote robust clinical studies in priority areas of Ayurveda with Ayurveda academic institutions/hospitals across the country through mutual collaboration.
09 January, 2024
S&T
PM Inaugurates Kochi-Lakshadweep Islands Submarine Optical Fiber Connection and dedicates Low Temperature Thermal Desalination (LTTD) plant at Kadmat recently Kochi-Lakshadweep Islands Submarine Optical Fiber connection will lead to faster Internet for the people of Lakshadweep. The project is funded by Universal Services Obligation Fund (USOF), Department of Telecommunications. Low Temperature Thermal Desalination (LTTD) is a desalination technique that uses low-grade thermal energy to evaporate seawater and produce fresh water.
09 January, 2024
S&T
A leap year has 366 days in a year as opposed to the regular 365 days. The extra day is added to February, the shortest month of the year, as February 29.
03 January, 2024
S&T
The Ministry is charged with health policy in India, which is also responsible for all government programs relating to family planning in India. Departments Department of Health and Family Welfare Department of Health Research Union Minister- Mansukh L. Mandaviya Health Missions National Health Mission (NHM) – It was launched in 2005 to provide accessible, affordable and quality health care to the rural population, especially to the vulnerable groups. Components Health System Strengthening Reproductive- Maternal- Neonatal - Child and Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A) Control of Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases Sub Mission Launch Year National Rural Health Mission 2005 National Urban Health Mission 2013…
06 January, 2024
Health
ISRO's XPoSat was successfully launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. About- India's inaugural scientific satellite to measure space-based polarization of X-ray emissions from celestial sources such as black holes and neutron stars in the medium energy band (8-30 keV). Orbit location - Low earth orbit (650 km), low inclination of 6 degree) Launch vehicle - PSLV C58 Mission life - 5 years Payloads - The satellite carries 2 payloads. Payloads Usage Developed by POLIX (Polarimeter Instrument in X-rays) An advanced X-ray camera that captures image and measures unique X-ray vibrations Raman Research Institute, Bengaluru XSPECT (X-ray Spectroscopy and Timing) A scientific…
05 January, 2024
Space
The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is working on the Project Kusha to operationally deploy its own long-range air defense system by 2028-29. Aim – To develop India’s own Long-Range Surface-to-Air Missiles (LR-SAM) Jointly developed with - Israel Aerospace Industries, Israel’s major aerospace and aviation manufacturers Ranges - Hit hostile targets at 150 km, 250 km, and 350 km ranges. Project Kusha: 'Project Kusha' is set to provide the Indian Air Force (IAF) with a long-range air defence system, with deployment targeted for 2028-29. The ambitious indigenous project will be developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) at an estimated budget of Rs 21,700 crore. Drawing parallels with Israel's renowned Iron Dome system, 'Project Kusha'…
04 January, 2024
Defense system
Prime Minister dedicated to the nation, indigenously developed Demonstration Fast Reactor Fuel Reprocessing Plant (DFRP) at the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu. The plant - It is a pilot for the bigger facility that would come up to reprocess the fuel that would come out of the two more 500 MW Prototype Fast Breeder Reactors (PFBR) that would come up later. A fast breeder reactor is one, which breeds more material for a nuclear fission reaction than it consumes and is the key to India’s three-stage nuclear power programme. Function - This ground-breaking facility has the unique…
02 January, 2024
S&T
A SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket launched with the X-37B experimental spacecraft in U.S. recently. The X-37B is a re-entry spacecraft designed to operate in low-Earth orbit. The X-37B has been used to carry out research on Relaying solar energy from space for use back on Earth Studying the effects of radiation on seeds used to grow food
31 December, 2023
Space
Pegasus is a spyware developed by an Israeli firm, NSO Group, to infiltrate smartphones — Android and iOS and turn them into surveillance devices. It is used as a tool to track criminals and terrorists for targeted spying and not mass surveillance. A spyware is any malicious software designed to enter your computer device, gather your data, and forward it to a third-party without your consent. NSO Group has affirmed that it sells the software only to governments.
30 December, 2023
International S&T initiative
Ground frost is a covering of ice that forms on objects, trees, or the ground when their surfaces are below the freezing point of water. It can also refer to a temperature that drops below freezing at or near ground level and damages vegetation. Ground frost can occur when the ground cools faster than the air. It can also occur when water vapor directly deposits on objects and trees with surfaces colder than 0°C.
30 December, 2023
S&T
National Mathematics Day was observed to commemorate the birth anniversary of Srinivasa Ramanujan every year on December 22. Ramanujan was born in Erode, Tamil Nadu was an Indian greatest mathematician given contributions to number theory, functions, infinite series and continued fractions. He was the 1st Indian to be elected a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. He also received a prestigious award from the King of England for his services to mathematics.
29 December, 2023
Achievements of Indians in S&T
JN.1 subvariant has a mutation in its spike protein, L455S, also called a “FLip” mutation. L455S and L455F are called “FLip” mutations because they switch the positions of amino acids F and L on the spike protein, increasing their transmissibility. This type of mutation is performed we use binary crossover.
29 December, 2023
S&T
The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) recently announced that its SLIM lander successfully went into lunar orbit. This is the 1st Moon-landing attempt being made by Japan and the 5th country to successfully soft land on the moon. SLIM would be the smallest and lightest spacecraft to land on the Moon. The chosen landing site for SLIM is near a small crater named Shioli in the equatorial region of the Moon.
29 December, 2023
Space mission
Message in a bottle campaign is a campaign done by NASA, U.S. It invites people around the world to sign their names to a poem written by the U.S. Poet Laureate Ada Limón. The names will be on a microchip that will ride aboard NASA’s Europa Clipper mission as it explores Jupiter’s moon (Europa). Europa is one of the largest and the 6th-closest moon to the Jupiter.
29 December, 2023
Space mission
Synthesis gas (syngas) is a combustible mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, often containing carbon dioxide and methane. It's primarily used to produce methanol or ammonia, and can also be used as a fuel. Syngas is derived from carbon-containing feedstocks like biomass, natural gas, heavy oil, and coal.
29 December, 2023
S&T
Established by - Ministry of Health and Department of Biotechnology, Council for Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) and Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). Aim – To assess SARS-CoV-2 Variants in India. To generate Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) data of the virus which can be correlated with clinical epidemiological data for advanced preparedness for public health interventions.
28 December, 2023
Health
Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895) was a French chemist and microbiologist who is known for his discoveries in vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization. He is considered one of the first scientists to discover the role of microorganisms in disease and how vaccines can prevent sickness. He developed the vaccine against Rabies.a
28 December, 2023
Health
Huntington's disease (HD) is a rare, inherited disease that causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain. It's also known as Huntington's chorea. HD attacks areas of the brain that help to control voluntary movement, as well as other areas. Symptoms usually start between the ages of 30 and 50. No cure exists, but drugs, physiotherapy and speech therapy can help manage some symptoms.
28 December, 2023
Health
India aims to set up a new research station in Antarctica near the Maitri station in the eastern part of the icy continent by 2029. The existing Indian research station, Maitri is very old, is imperative to build a new research station. Dakshin Gangotri, India's 1st research station in Antarctica, was commissioned in 1983 had to be abandoned in 1989 after being submerged in snow.
27 December, 2023
R&D
Drug firm USV and bio-tech company Biogenomics have launched INSUQUICK, India's 1st biosimilar Insulin Aspart recently. InsuQuick is a rapid-acting insulin that helps control blood sugar levels and treats diabetes mellitus in children over 2 years old. It is a 'Make in India' product.
27 December, 2023
Health
It is a space exploration mission led by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) expected to reach Martian orbit in 2025. It is a mission to travel to Mars and survey the red planet’s 2 moons - Phobos and Deimos and finally collect material from its surface before returning to Earth by 2029.
26 December, 2023
Space mission
Ministry of Mines is set to launch the National Geoscience Data Repository (NGDR) Portal in a ceremony in New Delhi. NGDR is a comprehensive online platform for accessing, sharing, and analyzing geospatial information across the nation. The initiative is spearheaded by the Geological Survey of India (GSI) and Bhaskarachaya Institute of Space Applications and Geoinformatics (BISAG-N). Geological Survey of India (GSI) is a scientific agency that conducts geological surveys and studies of India established in 1851 by Thomas Oldham.
26 December, 2023
Achievements of Indians in S&T
No human probe has travelled much beyond the Solar System, yet we are able to measure distances across billions of light-years. The space beyond Earth is so incredibly vast that units of measure, which are convenient in everyday lives, can become gigantic. Distances between the planets, and especially between the stars, become so big when expressed in miles and kilometers. Hence, for cosmic distances other types of units such as astronomical units, light years and parsecs are used. All these methods are collectively known as the cosmic distance ladder. Astronomical units (AU) They are a useful unit of measure within…
31 December, 2023
Space
Experts have termed the zombie deer disease a slow-moving disaster and have urged governments to prepare for the possibility of it spreading to humans. The deadly and infectious chronic wasting disease (CWD), also known as zombie deer disease, affects cervids, which are deer, elk, caribou, reindeer, and moose. The neurological symptoms of the disease, which include weight loss, lack of coordination, lethargic behavior, listlessness, and drooling. It is brought on by a protein called a prion that is flawed and builds up in the brain and other tissues, leading to emaciation, behavioral and physiological abnormalities, and finally death. The US Geological…
31 December, 2023
Health
Kilonova explosions from neutron star collisions could explain how Earth got gold. When some type of massive stars die, the nuclear fusion process that fuels them stops. This forms an ultra-dense and neutron rich star. A neutron star is the remnant of a collapsed supergiant star that was between 10 and 25 times the mass of our Sun. When such stars collide with each other, these free neutrons are released into space and taken up by atoms to form very heavy elements beyond the scope of the periodic table. The collision of these ultra-dense, dead stars causes ripples in the…
31 December, 2023
Space
Scientists have discovered a new method to fight cancer using aminocyanine molecules. Aminocyanine molecules - These aminocyanine molecules are termed molecular jackhammers. These molecules show a remarkable capability to break apart cancer cell membranes when stimulated by near infrared light. The use of near infrared light holds significant importance, as it facilitates deeper penetration into the body. In comparison to their predecessors, these molecular jackhammers demonstrate over a million times faster mechanical motion. These molecules are commonly used as synthetic dyes in bio imaging. Bio imaging - It is a term that refers to a procedure in which there is no involvement…
30 December, 2023
Health
Recently, World Health Organisation (WHO) declared a pressing, albeit underappreciated, global health threat ‘loneliness’ in its report. What is loneliness? Definition – It is largely understood to be “the unpleasant experience that occurs when a person’s network of social relations is deficient in some important way, either quantitatively or qualitatively,” and is computed as an experience other than ‘social isolation. Vulnerable population World Health Organisation (WHO) – At least 10% of adolescents, and 25% of older people are lonely. The Global State of Social Connections– At least 25% of 4.5 billion people felt ‘lonely’ or ‘very lonely’ in 2023. Spread – WHO clarified in 2023 that loneliness…
30 December, 2023
Health
Researchers have developed a new electronics soil that was found to increase the growth of barley seedlings by 50%. It is a novel method of soilless gardening or hydroponics using an electrically conductive growing medium. In hydroponic environments, eSoil is a low-power bioelectronics growth substrate that can electrically stimulate the root system and growth environment of plants. This novel substrate is not only environmentally friendly, but also offers a low energy, safe alternative to previous methods that required high voltage and non-biodegradable materials. eSoil is being derived from cellulose and a conductive polymer called PEDOT. Working - When the roots of…
30 December, 2023
R&D
NASA’s telecommunications network and navigation system, Deep Space Network, celebrated its 60th anniversary on December 24. Initiative by - Deep Space Network (DSN) is an initiative of NASA started in the year 1963. Operated by - The DSN is operated by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), which also operates many of the agency’s interplanetary robotic space missions. Applications - DSN is an array of giant radio antennas that supports interplanetary spacecraft missions, plus a few that orbit Earth. The DSN also provides radar and radio astronomy observations that improve our understanding of the solar system and the larger universe. DSN is what makes…
30 December, 2023
Space
Mission Features OSIRIS-REx (NASA) It studied the asteroid Bennu It returned a sample from Bennu which is is thought to be a “time capsule” from the birth of our solar system. Psyche (NASA) Aim is to explore the origin of planetary cores. Psyche is believed to have a high metal content. Shenzhou 16 (China) Send 3 humans to Tiangong space station. It created a world record with 17 humans in orbit, 6 aboard Tiangong and 11 on the ISS. Chandrayaan-3 (ISRO) It made a soft landing on the Moon India became the 4th country in the world to soft-land a spacecraft on the Moon.…
29 December, 2023
Space
Uttarakhand is all set to launch India's first-ever gyrocopter safari by the year's end to redefine the concept of adventure tourism in the state. It is a type of rotorcraft, uses a rotor that is not powered to generate lift. A rotorcraft or rotary-wing aircraft is a heavier-than-air aircraft with rotary wings, which generate lift by rotating around a vertical mast. The rotor looks similar to that of a helicopter, but it requires air flowing upwards across it to rotate. Types – It was traditionally an open cockpit 'Motorbikes of the sky' but, since late 2010, they are available as fully enclosed models. Economical – The operating…
29 December, 2023
Achievements of Indians in S&T
India recently reported a case of JN.1 from Kerala, as part of routine surveillance and genome sequencing by INSACOG. INSACOG is an Indian SARS-CoV-2 Genomics Consortium, a network of genomic laboratories. JN.1 - It is a descendant of the Pirola variant (BA.2.86), which itself stems from the Omicron sub-variant. It carries mutations in the spike protein that may increase its infectivity and ability to evade immune responses. The lineages are assigned by an international network called PANGO. The Pango nomenclature is being used to track the transmission and spread of SARS-CoV-2, including variants of concern. Continued growth of JN.1 - It is either more transmissible or better at evading our…
28 December, 2023
Health
At the recent COP28, NASA and IBM announced that an Artificial Intelligence (AI) tool called watsonx.ai would be available on the open-source AI platform Hugging Space. Watsonx.ai is built on a foundation model; it is trained on a broad set of uncategorized data allowing the model to apply information about one situation to another. The platform has a set of AI assistants to help one scale and accelerate the impact of artificial intelligence through trusted data across his/her business. In the case of watsonx.ai, NASA provides the datasets and IBM created the foundation model to interpret them. Watsonx.ai will help…
28 December, 2023
Artificial Intelligence
Between 2007 and 2013, capacitive touchscreens overtook resistive touchscreens in the consumer electronics market. Invention – The 1st touch screen was invented in 1965 by E.A. Johnson of U.K, a capacitive device. Function – It is a surface that combines 2 functions To receive inputs for a computer (say, tapping on an app) To display the output (launching the app). Working – It consists of 3 main components A touch sensor – It has an electrical current going through it and touching the screen causes a voltage or signal changes which are used to determine the location of the touch. Main technology used in sensors are Resistive Capacitive Surface Acoustic Wave(SAW) Infrared LED or Optical A controller –…
27 December, 2023
S&T
Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) has added the health challenge noma to its official list of neglected tropical diseases (NTD). It is a severe gangrenous disease of the mouth and face. Origin - Greek word “nom?”, meaning ‘to devour’, as noma eats away facial tissue and bones if not treated early. It is also known as cancrum oris or gangrenous stomatitis. Susceptible population – Children aged 2-6 years old. Spread – In developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. WHO website lists the ‘latest’ estimates 140,000 cases per year and a prevalence of 770,000 cases. However, the data dates back to 1998. Risk factors - Poor oral hygiene,…
26 December, 2023
Health
Drug firm USV and bio-tech company Biogenomics have launched INSUQUICK, India's 1st biosimilar Insulin Aspart recently. InsuQuick is a rapid-acting insulin that helps control blood sugar levels and treats diabetes mellitus in children over 2 years old. It is a 'Make in India' product.
25 December, 2023
Achievements of Indians in S&T
It is a space exploration mission led by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) expected to reach Martian orbit in 2025. It is a mission to travel to Mars and survey the red planet’s 2 moons - Phobos and Deimos and finally collect material from its surface before returning to Earth by 2029.
24 December, 2023
Space
The 4th unit of the Kakrapar Atomic Power Project (KAPP-4) started controlled fission chain reaction and thus became critical recently. It is a nuclear power plant situated in Gujarat. It is the 2nd of 16 indigenous Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWR) of 700 MW. It is operated by the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL).
22 December, 2023
S&T
Ketamine is an illegal recreational anaesthetic drug that has been listed as a hallucinogen by the US Drug Enforcement Administration. It is used to treat mental health treatments like depression and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
22 December, 2023
Health
Scientists have found evidence of a key ingredient for life and a powerful source of energy that could fuel it on Saturn’s icy moon Enceladus. They analysed data from NASA’s Cassini mission and found confirmation that hydrogen cyanide, a key life molecule, exists on the icy moon.
21 December, 2023
R&D
Krutrim Si Designs, the artificial intelligence (AI) venture of Ola co-founder recently unveiled Krutrim. Krutrim is India’s own AI’ model & a family of Large Language Models, including Krutrim base and Krutrim Pro. Krutrim has joined the increasingly-competitive AI race dominated by players such as Google, Microsoft and OpenAI.
21 December, 2023
Artificial Intelligence
Rocket Lab launched its Electron rocket from its launch site on the Mahia Peninsula, New Zealand recently. The Electron is a two-stage, partially reusable rocket designed to launch small satellites into low Earth orbit. It is the world's most frequently launched small rocket.
21 December, 2023
Missile system
Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has successfully carried out a flight trial of Autonomous Flying Wing Technology Demonstrator recently. Flying Wing Technology Demonstrator is an indigenous high-speed flying-wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV).
20 December, 2023
Defense system
Bharatiya Antariksh Station, 1st module of India’s planned space station will be launched by 2028. It will be operated by Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
20 December, 2023
Space
Chandrayaan-4 is a lunar sample-return mission planned by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It will be the 4th mission in the Chandrayaan program. The mission is expected to launch in 4 years.
19 December, 2023
Space
Professor Savita Ladage received the Royal Society of Chemistry’s Nyholm Prize recently. It is an annual award from the Royal Society of Chemistry that recognizes achievements in chemical sciences education. The prize honors the life and work of Sir Ronald Nyholm, an Australian-born chemist who served as president of the Royal Society of Chemistry from 1968 to 1970. The prize alternates between being open to international nominations and being open only to nominations from the UK and Ireland.
18 December, 2023
S&T
Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant is the largest nuclear power station with a current installed capacity of 2GW in India. It is situated in Kudankulam, Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu. It is a Civilian Nuclear Power Plant, built by India in joint-collaboration with Russia. It is being developed by the Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL).
18 December, 2023
Achievements of Indians in S&T
AKTOCYTE is a nutraceutical developed by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) and IDRS Labs. The tablets are intended for radiotherapy patients, especially those with pelvic cancer suffering from radiotherapy-induced Cystitis (Blood in urine).
17 December, 2023
Health
U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved two treatments, Casgevy and Lyfgenia, representing the 1st cell-based gene therapies for the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD) recently. Lyfgenia is a cell-based gene therapy, uses a lentiviral vector (gene delivery vehicle) for genetic modification. Lyfgenia modifies a patient's blood stem cells to produce a modified version of the HBB gene. It is approved for the treatment of patients 12 years of age and older with sickle cell disease and a history of vaso-occlusive events.
16 December, 2023
Health
The 5G RAN technology developed by 2 IITs and the R&D arm of Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology was handed over to Indian tech company for commercial applications. 5G RAN uses 5G radio frequencies to provide wireless connectivity to devices. A radio access network (RAN) is a key component of a mobile telecommunication system that connects devices like smartphones to a network via a radio link.
15 December, 2023
R&D
“SAMUDRA” (Smart Access to Marine Users for ocean Data Resources and Advisories) is a mobile app that provides comprehensive information on all ocean-related services. The app is useful for seafarers and the fishing community. The app was launched by the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS). INCOIS is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Earth Sciences located in Hyderabad.
15 December, 2023
S&T
The Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) - Madras has developed a technology called ‘AMRIT’ (Arsenic and Metal Removal by Indian Technology) for the removal of Arsenic and Metal ions from water. The technology uses nano-scale iron oxy-hydroxide, which selectively removes arsenic when water is passed through it. The technology can also remove other impurities from groundwater, such as Manganese, Uranium, Chromium, Mercury, Fluoride.
12 December, 2023
Achievements of Indians in S&T
Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) has added the health challenge noma to its official list of neglected tropical diseases (NTD). It is a severe gangrenous disease of the mouth and face. Origin - Greek word “nom?”, meaning ‘to devour’, as noma eats away facial tissue and bones if not treated early. It is also known as cancrum oris or gangrenous stomatitis. Susceptible population – Children aged 2-6 years old. Spread – In developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. WHO website lists the ‘latest’ estimates 140,000 cases per year and a prevalence of 770,000 cases. However, the data dates back to 1998. Risk factors - Poor oral hygiene,…
25 December, 2023
Health
Between 2007 and 2013, capacitive touchscreens overtook resistive touchscreens in the consumer electronics market. Invention – The 1st touch screen was invented in 1965 by E.A. Johnson of U.K, a capacitive device. Function – It is a surface that combines 2 functions To receive inputs for a computer (say, tapping on an app) To display the output (launching the app). Working – It consists of 3 main components A touch sensor – It has an electrical current going through it and touching the screen causes a voltage or signal changes which are used to determine the location of the touch. Main technology used in sensors are Resistive Capacitive Surface Acoustic Wave(SAW) Infrared LED or Optical A controller –…
23 December, 2023
S&T
India demonstrated the firepower of the indigenous Akash missile system during the recent exercise ‘Astrashakti 2023’. Astrashakti - It literally means power of weapons. It is an air force exercise that held at Suryalanka Air Force Station in Andhra Pradesh. Aim – To serves as a platform to showcase the advanced capabilities of indigenous weapon systems. To underscore India's commitment to exporting its home-grown weapon systems to the global market. Demonstrations of SAMAR – Successful firing trials of SAMAR air defence missile Demonstration of Akash firing unit – A single firing unit of Akash weapon system simultaneously engaged and destroyed 4 unmanned aerial targets. Firing Level Radar (FLR) – It detects and tracks the…
22 December, 2023
Defense system
High-energy ‘sun goddess’ particle ‘from nowhere’ collides into Earth. Amaterasu It is one of the most powerful cosmic rays slamming into Earth and has been named Amaterasu after the Japanese sun goddess. These ultra-high energy particle passes atmosphere smoothly without any deflection by magnetic fields. Spotted by - Telescope Array observatory in Utah, a collaboration of the United States, Japan, Korea, Russia, and Belgium to observe cosmic rays. Energy - It exceeds 240 exa-electron volts (EeV), millions of times more powerful than the particles produced by the Large Hadron Collider, which is the most powerful accelerator ever built. It is 2nd only…
21 December, 2023
S&T
India’s fastest solar-electric boat Barracuda sets sail for sustainable future. The solar-electric boat is named after the swift, long fish, Barracuda. The boat can be deployed even in the rough seas as a workboat to ferry up to 12 passengers and cargo. Engineered to navigate through waves towering up to 4 metres, the Barracuda excels in challenging marine environments. The boat offers a noise-free, vibration-free, and pollution-free journey. The 14-metre-long, 4.4-metre-wide vessel can attain a top speed of 12.5 knots (23 kmph) and has a range of seven hours on a single charge. It has twin 50 kW electric motors,…
18 December, 2023
Defense system
GNoME, an AI tool, is accelerating the materials discovery using artificial intelligence (AI). It is a state-of-the-art graph neural network (GNN) model that uses ‘active learning’ to enhance its performance, allowing it to predict the stability of new materials. Launched by – Google DeepMind Aim - To generate novel candidate crystals and to predict their stability. Deep learning is a method of artificial intelligence (AI) where it is taught to process data in a way that is inspired by a human computer. Working – GnoME can generate predictions for the structures of novel, stable crystals which were then tested, resulting in high-quality training data fed back into…
17 December, 2023
Artificial Intelligence
Alphabet, Google’s parent company came out with its most advanced AI model, called Gemini. It a new multimodal general and flexible AI model, which comes in three sizes. Multimodal means it can work, understand, and operate across text, code, audio, image, and video. ChatGPT cannot work on video at the moment, at least not natively. Gemini can understand, explain and generate high-quality code in the world’s most popular programming languages, like Python, Java, C++ and Go. Gemini ultra - Gemini Ultra is the first model to outperform human experts on massive multitask language understanding (MMLU), which uses a combination of 57 subjects.…
16 December, 2023
Artificial Intelligence
Prime Minister has inaugurated the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) Summit at Bharat Mandapam. GPAI Launch - It was launched in 2020. GPAI is a 29 member multi-stakeholder initiative. Aim - GPAI aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice on AI by supporting cutting-edge research and applied activities on AI-related priorities. It is built around a shared commitment to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Recommendation on Artificial Intelligence. India - India is a founding member of GPAI, having joined the multi-stakeholder initiative in June 2020 and the lead chair of GPAI in 2024. Previous summits - The first three GPAI summits were…
16 December, 2023
Artificial Intelligence
The Zhuque-2 (ZQ-2) is a Chinese medium-sized, 1st methane-fueled rocket to reach orbit. The rocket can carry a payload of up to 1.5 metric tons into a 500-kilometre-orbit. The rocket is powered by liquid oxygen and liquid methane. It was launched by China-based private space technology firm LandSpace.
10 December, 2023
International S&T initiative
YUVAi is a national program that aims to teach AI skills to students in grades 8–12. The program is a collaboration between the National e-Governance Division (NeGD), Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), and Intel.
10 December, 2023
Artificial Intelligence
The European Union has reached a deal recently on the world's 1st comprehensive artificial intelligence rules. It paves the way for legal oversight of AI technology.
09 December, 2023
Artificial Intelligence
China starts up world's 1st 4th generation nuclear reactor, Shidaowan recently. It uses a high-temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactor with 1,150MW. 4th generation reactors can operate at higher temperatures than most other reactors, which allows them to generate both electricity and hydrogen.
08 December, 2023
International S&T initiative
A new study assessed the circulation of the elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus Subtypes (EEHV) responsible for the recent rise in the disease, as well as its pathogenesis. Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) is a double-stranded DNA herpesvirus. It can cause a fatal hemorrhagic disease in young Asian elephants. The disease has a mortality rate of up to 85%.
08 December, 2023
Health
It is also known as Glycogen Storage Disease Type II. It is a rare genetic disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) (crucial for breaking down glycogen into glucose within the lysosomes of cells). Its prevalence estimates range from 1 in 40,000 to 1 in 300,000 births. Currently, there is no cure for Pompe disease and to improve quality of life Enzyme Replacement Therapy (ERT) is a standard treatment.
07 December, 2023
Health
It is an initiative proposed by India to advance research in the field of millets and other ancient grains. The initiative's secretariat is based at the Indian Institute of Millets Research (IIMR) in Hyderabad. Technical Support - International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), 1 CGIAR Centres, and other international organizations.
06 December, 2023
R&D
The PC-7 is a low-wing, turbo-prop aircraft on which IAF pilots undergo basic training. It was developed from the piston-powered Pilatus P-3 aircraft and is manufactured by Pilatus Aircraft Ltd, Switzerland. The maximum operating speed of the aircraft is 556 km per hour, while the maximum range of the aircraft is 1,500 km. There are 75 Pilatus PC-7 Mk II aircraft in service with the IAF.
06 December, 2023
S&T
India Internet Governance Forum IIGF’23 held recently in New Delhi. IIGF is an initiative associated with the UN Internet Governance Forum (UN IGF). IIGF, was created in 2021, and is supported by a 14-member multi-stakeholder Committees. UN IGF is a multi-stakeholder platform bringing together representatives from various groups, considering all to be at par to discuss public policy issues related to the Internet.
05 December, 2023
Achievements of Indians in S&T
Scientists of Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST) have developed a highly fluorescent material using Phosphorene, Cystine, and Gold-Au (Ph-Cys-Au). It can be used for detecting over dosage of anti-cancer drug Methotrexate (MTX) which will has toxic effect on lungs, stomach, and heart.
04 December, 2023
International S&T initiative
South Korea has recently launched its 1st spy satellite after North Korea’s recent launch. The satellite is launched using the SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket. It was the first of 5 spy satellites South Korea plans to send into space by 2025 using SpaceX. South Korea had no military reconnaissance satellites of its own in space and has partially resorted to the United States' spy satellites to monitor moves by North Korea.
03 December, 2023
International S&T initiative
3 anti-submarine warfare ships for Indian Navy launched at Cochin shipyard recently. The ships will be named INS Mahe, INS Malvan and INS Mangrol. The ships are part of the ASW Shallow Water Craft (CSL) project. The Mahe Class of ships will replace the in-service Abhay class ASW.
02 December, 2023
Achievements of Indians in S&T
World AIDS Day is observed on December 1st each year, is an opportunity to highlight the work of eliminating HIV/AIDS. The theme for World AIDS Day 2023 is "Let Communities Lead". Nagaland tops the list of States India with the highest prevalence (1.61%) of AIDS. At 0.29%, Karnataka’s HIV prevalence rate is higher than the national average of 0.22%.
02 December, 2023
Health
India has the biggest burden of deaths due to snakebites in the world, with most of the cases in rural India. Avoidable Deaths Network (ADN) has set up a hub in an Odisha village to look into lifesaving solutions for snakebites. ADN is a global membership network working on avoiding human deaths from natural hazards. In 2015, India ratified the WHO’s Snakebite Envenoming Strategy for Prevention and Control, along with UN’ Sendai Framework for halving the deaths by 2030.
01 December, 2023
Health
HD 110067 is a star with 6 known sub-Neptune exoplanets. The star is located in the constellation Coma Berenices, which is near Virgo in the northern sky. It is about 100 light-years away from Earth. The 6 planets in HD 110067 orbit the star in a rhythmic pattern. The planets form a "resonant chain" in successive pairs of 3:2, 3:2, 3:2, 4:3, and 4:3. NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) detected the star's brightness dipping in 2020. This indicated that planets were passing in front of the star.
01 December, 2023
Space
The European Space Agency (ESA) astronaut captures images of red sprite from ISS Cupola observatory. It is dubbed as red lightening which lasts merely a millisecond. It is a part of transient luminous event (TLE), a rare electrical discharge that can appear over thunder clouds. Unlike typical lightning bolts that descend from the clouds to the ground, a sprite behaves inversely, ascending into the atmosphere, resembling a form of reverse lightning. Location – It forms between 40 and 80 kilometers above Earth and is rarely visible from Earth. Thor-Davis ISS experiment – It aims to investigate upper atmospheric lightning and its implications on greenhouse gas levels, thereby influencing global warming. It…
11 December, 2023
Space
Euclid telescope observed that galaxies belonging to the Perseus Cluster and others move further away showing the expansion of universe. Euclid telescope, designed and built by European Space Agency (ESA) to explore dark matter and dark energy which are thought to make up 95% of the universe. Cosmic expansion – The universe was born with the Big Bang as an unimaginably hot, dense point and at 10-34 of a second of big bang, it had an incredible burst of expansion known as inflation which expanded faster than the speed of light. Expansion rate – After inflation, it continued at a slower rate as the matter in the universe pulled…
11 December, 2023
Space
Recently, training launch of Short-Range Ballistic Missile ‘Agni-1’ was carried out successfully from APJ Abdul Kalam Island in Odisha. It is a family of medium to long-range surface-to-air ballistic missile. Design and development – Defence Research and Development organisation (DRDO) Umbrella program – Integrated Guided Missile Program (IGMP) Operated by – Strategic Forces Command (SFC), a key tri-services formation that administers all the strategic assets and falls under the Nuclear Command Authority of India. Purpose - To act as deterrence & meet the country’s security requirements. Agni-I is the 1st in the series which was tested in 1989. Missile Range (Km) Features Agni-I Medium Range (700-1200) Customised weapon load Have…
09 December, 2023
Missile system
The United States' plans to build new nuclear gravity bomb will be designated as B61-13. Gravity bombs work by being pulled to the ground by the force of gravity instead of flying to the target on a powered missile. In this case, a bomber or an aircraft flies over the target and drops the bomb. These bombs do not consist of a guidance system and, hence, follow a ballistic trajectory. B61 – 13 - According to reports, the new bomb is estimated to be 360 kilotons, which is roughly 24 times powerful than the blast that destroyed Hiroshima. The 2 bombs…
06 December, 2023
S&T
According to a new study, India has 6 crore osteoporosis patients, of which 80% are women. It is a progressive disease that weakens bones, increasing the risk of fractures. Causes – Hormonal changes at menopause where oestrogen levels decline initiating bone loss as higher oestrogen protects bone strength in adulthood. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 30% of postmenopausal women suffer from osteoporosis. While the outcomes of disease are common in both genders, women are more vulnerable. Risk factors – Gender, advancing age after menopause, low body mass index (BMI), family history, poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, smoking and alcohol consumption. Symptoms – Usually, no symptoms in the…
04 December, 2023
Health
Reports indicate Reliance Jio, India’s largest mobile carrier, has been testing VoNR behind the scenes whose aim is to improve voice quality in calls. It is also known as Voice over New Radio (VoNR).VoNR is the IMS based voice calling services that use the 5G network for its source of Internet Protocol (IP) voice processing instead of the current standard that uses 4G. IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) is a standards-based architectural framework for delivering multimedia communications services such as voice, video and text messaging over IP networks. Pre-requisite - A phone that supports Vo5G, a carrier that offers Vo5G and a 5G signal…
03 December, 2023
S&T
India is set to launch XPoSat (X-ray Polarimeter Satellite), its dedicated polarimetry mission to study various dynamics of bright astronomical X-ray sources in extreme conditions. Launch vehicle – Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV). Mission life – Approximately 5 years. Objective – To study of temporal, spectral, and polarization features of the bright X-Ray sources. 2 scientific payloads – POLIX and XSPECT. Orbit – The payloads are carried to the low earth orbit (non-sun synchronous orbit of ~650 km altitude, low inclination of approximately 6 degree). POLIX (Polarimeter Instrument in X-rays) It is the primary payload to measure polarimetry parameters. Developed by – The Raman Research Institute (RRI), Bengaluru, with support from…
03 December, 2023
Achievements of Indians in S&T
Vector Borne diseases are the illness caused by the vectors. A vector is a carrier of the causative microbe for various diseases such as mosquitoes, ticks and fleas. The reproduction rates of vectors are influenced by climate and weather. Such diseases are widespread and found throughout the world. More than 700,000 patients die of vector-borne diseases. The major vector-borne diseases constitute about 17% of the infectious diseases in the world. The poorest populations of the tropical and the sub-tropical regions are highly affected by such diseases. Malaria is perhaps the best-known vector-borne diseases in the world. Let us have a look at…
01 December, 2023
Health
Vaccine maker Indian Immunologicals (IIL) has recently launched measles and rubella vaccine Mabella for children. It was launched as part of the 25th celebrations of the IIL division Human Biologicals Institute (HBI) in Udhagamandalam (Ooty), Tamil Nadu.
30 November, 2023
Health
Red Planet Day is annually observed on November 28 to mark the launch of Mariner 4, the first aircraft to land on Mars in 1964. Scientists explain that Mars, also known as the Red Planet, is cold and a sandy desert. It is the 4th planet from the sun, situated between the sun and from Earth.
30 November, 2023
Achievements of Indians in S&T
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has announced that India is set to launch its 1st X-Ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat). Aim - To investigate the polarisation of intense X-Ray sources. The satellite is planned to be launched on a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV). It is expected to have a mission life of at least 5 years. The satellite will carry 2 scientific payloads in a low Earth orbit – POLIX And XSPECT (X-ray Spectroscopy and Timing).
29 November, 2023
Space
US, Britain, 18 other countries ink agreement to make AI 'secure by design' recently. The agreement is non-binding, carries mostly general recommendations such as monitoring AI systems for abuse, protecting data from tampering and vetting software suppliers. 18 countries that signed on to the new guidelines include Germany, Italy, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Poland, Australia, Chile, Israel, Nigeria and Singapore.
28 November, 2023
Artificial Intelligence
India is looking at sealing a landmark deal to procure 31 MQ-9B Predator armed drones from the U.S. under a government-to-government framework by March next year. The General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper (sometimes called Predator B) is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV, one component of an unmanned aircraft system (UAS)). It is capable of remotely controlled or autonomous flight operations, developed by General Atomics Aeronautical Systems (GA-ASI), U.S.
27 November, 2023
Defense system
Recently scientists have detected disturbances in Earth’s magnetic field called G1 geomagnetic storms, which are temporary disturbances in the planet’s magnetic field due to solar sparks. As a result of this geomagnetic storm, people living in northern and southern latitudes can witness more beautiful northern and southern lights, also known as aurorae Solar flares are categorised into 4 different classes B (Too small to harm Earth), C (Noticeable consequences on the planet), M (Bit more serious and can cause limited radio blackouts), X (Most dangerous, potentially causing planet-wide radio blackouts with strong radiation emissions).
26 November, 2023
R&D
South East Asia's 1st Night Sky Sanctuary will be setup in Ladakh with the help of Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bengaluru. It will be located within the Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary and adjacent to the Indian Astronomical Observatory (2nd-highest optical telescope in the world).
26 November, 2023
Space
The Indian Navy completes 2nd anti-piracy patrol in the Gulf of Guinea in Atlantic Ocean with the Offshore Patrol Vessel (OPV) INS Sumedha recently. INS Sumedha is the 3rd of the indigenously developed Naval OPV of Saryu class. It was built by Goa Shipyard Limited and commissioned on 2014. It took part in the recently conducted Operation Kaveri for evacuation of Indian diaspora from war hit Sudan recently.
24 November, 2023
Defense system
WHO and the Ministry of AYUSH signed the Traditional and Complementary Medicine 'Project Collaboration Agreement' recently. It aims to standardize Traditional and Complementary Medical Systems, integrate their quality and safety aspects into the National Health System, and disseminate them at the international level.
23 November, 2023
Health
North Korea recently claims that it has successfully placed a 1st military spy satellite, Malligyong-1 into orbit. The satellite was launched on a new carrier rocket, “Chollima-1”. North Korea has also developed a class of experimental satellites called the Kwangmyongsong program.
22 November, 2023
International S&T initiative
A high-level committee has been formed to improve Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facilities (SAIF) programme, intending to include more SATHIs. SATHIs - Launched by - Department of Science & Technology (Ministry of Science and Technology) Aim - To provide professionally managed services with efficiency, accessibility and transparency under one roof to meet the demands of industry, start-ups and academia.
22 November, 2023
S&T
Russia has recently signed a contract to supply Igla-S hand-held anti-aircraft missiles to India and allow production of the Igla under licence in India. The Igla-S is a man-portable air defence system (MANPADS) that can be fired by an individual or crew to bring down an enemy aircraft with a range of upto 6km. It is also known as the Igla-Super and SA-24 Grinch India is the world’s largest arms importer and Russia remains its largest supplier (45%) with France providing 29% and the United States 11%.
21 November, 2023
Missile system
Mars solar conjunction is a phenomenon that occurs when the Sun is between Earth and Mars. This happens once every 2 years. During conjunction, Mars is located on the opposite side of the Sun from Earth.
21 November, 2023
Space
It is the world's 1st ever AI humanoid robot CEO of Polish rum company Dictador. It is developed by Dictador and Hanson Robotics, a Hong Kong-based engineering and robotics company which is behind the renowned AI robot Sophia. Mika is a more advanced version of her sister prototype, Sophia, who was activated in 2015
20 November, 2023
Robotics
It is the world-1st rifle protection ballistic helmet, indigenously developed by Kanpur-based MKU Limited. It offers uniform protection in all 5 zones of the head against threats like the AK-47 MSC, M80 NATO BALL, and M193 rifle bullets. ‘Back Face Signature’ is a way to measure how much a protective helmet deforms or indents on the inside due to the impact of a high energy bullet.
19 November, 2023
Defense system
The world’s 1st gene therapy “Casgevy” for sickle cell disease has been approved in Britain recently. It is made by Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. and CRISPR Therapeutics. Gene therapy for sickle cell disease uses a non-infectious lentivirus to silence the BCL11A gene. It approved the treatment for patients with sickle cell disease and thalassemia who are 12 years old and over. Both sickle cell disease (common in people with African or Caribbean backgrounds) and thalassemia are caused by mistakes in the genes that carry hemoglobin.
18 November, 2023
Health
Union Minister of Science & Technology recently launched the software application "Dashboard" portal. It is an Artificial Intelligence (AI) driven technology dashboard to analyze Parliament Questions on various parameters including member's profile. It also serve as a dashboard for Cabinet Notes, Acts of Parliament and Gazette Notifications of Govt. of India related to Department of Science & Technology.
16 November, 2023
Artificial Intelligence
It's a Boeing 747SP aircraft modified to carry a 2.7-meter (106-inch) reflecting telescope and is the world's only airborne telescope. The telescope weighs 19 tons and is mounted in the rear fuselage of the aircraft. SOFIA was designed for infrared astronomy observations in the stratosphere at altitudes of about 12 kilometers. SOFIA achieved full operational capability in 2014 and concluded its final science flight on September, 2022.
13 November, 2023
International S&T initiative
It is a joint Low Earth Orbit observatory mission between NASA and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) scheduled to take place in the early 2024. Aim - To survey all of Earth's land and ice-covered surfaces every 12 days. NISAR carries L and S dual-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), which operates with the Sweep SAR technique to achieve large swaths with high-resolution data.
12 November, 2023
Space
Recently, scientists used the James Webb Space Telescope to discover the 2nd and 4th most distant galaxies in a part of space known as Pandora’s cluster. Pandora's Cluster is the nickname of Abell 2744, a giant galaxy cluster in the constellation Sculptor. It's about 4 million light-years across and has the mass of 4 trillion suns (Dark matter – 75%). The cluster is located approximately 4 billion light years from Earth. The gas (around 20%) is so hot that it shines only in X-rays.
11 November, 2023
Space
9th edition of the annual event, India International Science Festival (IISF) will be held at Faridabad, Haryana in January 2024. Theme - Science and Technology Public Outreach in Amrit Kaal. Aim - To provide a platform to engage the public with science and celebrate how science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) can improve lives. It is a collaborative effort of the Ministry of Science and Technology and Ministry of Earth Sciences in association with Vijnana Bharati.
11 November, 2023
S&T
It is a green alga that lives in saline-soda lakes. It is an extremophilic alga resorting to physiological adaptation to highly saline-alkaline/hyperosmotic conditions. It was spotted for the 1st time in India in the Sambhar Lake.
09 November, 2023
Achievements of Indians in S&T
Diagnostic Services in Healthcare - Availability and Geo-mapping of Laboratory services in India (DISHA) is a portal that helps the public access nearby diagnostic healthcare facilities. It was launched by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute of Pathology (NIP). The portal provides information on the type of facility, distance, test availability, test cost, and turn-around time.
06 November, 2023
Health
Japanese scientists have said that Mouse embryos were grown in space (International Space Station) for first time. The embryos cultured under microgravity conditions developed normally into blastocysts, cells that develop into the foetus and placenta and demonstrates that gravity had no significant effect. This is the world's first experiment that cultured early-stage mammalian embryos under complete microgravity of ISS.
05 November, 2023
Space
The explosion of a star, a supernova recorded in the year 1,054 AD led to the creation of the Crab Nebula, a supernova remnant. Now, the James Webb Space Telescope has looked at the nebula that is located 65,000 light-years away in the constellation Taurus, revealing exquisite new details. The Crab Nebula is one of the brightest supernova remnants in the sky, is also known as Messier 1 (M1).
04 November, 2023
Space
It was a 100 million megaton blast that occurred 66 million years ago. It was caused by an asteroid or comet that crashed into Earth off the coast of Mexico. The impact generated a core of superheated plasma that was over 10,000 degrees, wiped out 75% of all species on Earth, created a 2-year cloud of dust that caused an extreme and abrupt shift in climate.
04 November, 2023
Space
The Ilyushin-38 Sea Dragon was recently decommissioned at INS Hansa, Dabolim in Goa. The IL-38 Sea Dragon is a long-range maritime patrol aircraft that was commissioned into the Indian Navy in 1977.
02 November, 2023
Defense system
The indigenously developed Light Combat Helicopter (LCH) ‘Prachand’, successfully carried out inaugural firing recently. It was designed, developed and extensively test-flown by Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL). The LCH is the only attack helicopter in the world that can land and take off at an altitude of 5,000 metres (16,400 ft), which makes it ideal to operate in the high altitude areas of the Siachen glacier. It is also capable of firing a range of air-to-ground and air-to-air missiles and can destroy air defence operations of the enemy.
02 November, 2023
Achievements of Indians in S&T
National Medical Commission (NMC), the regulatory body for medical education and medical professionals, is all set to launch its one nation, one registration platform. It aims to eliminate duplication, red tape and allow the public to access information on any physician working in India. The platform will generate UIDs for all practicing doctors.
01 November, 2023
Achievements of Indians in S&T
It is a self-propelled, indigenously made deep-ocean mining vehicle. It is a part of India’s Deep Ocean Mission. Positioned at a pre-surveyed mineral-rich site, Varaha uses a high-power pressure pump system to facilitate the extraction of precious polymetallic nodules. These nodules are pumped from the ocean bed to the surface ship.
01 November, 2023
International S&T initiative
During the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic, the one thing that connected us virtually was high-speed internet connections through the fibre optic network. Optical fibres – They are thin cylindrical strands of glass whose diameter is close to the diameter of a human hair. They are surrounded by protectives to make them strong, light, and flexible and thus durable. It can carry information like text, images, voices, telephone calls across large distances almost at the speed of light. Working – A beam of light falling on a glass surface passes through partially while the rest is reflected away. When it passes through, its path bends because the refractive index of glass is different…
28 November, 2023
Nano Technology
Recently, astronomers have detected a rare and extremely high-energy particle falling to Earth. It is one of the most powerful cosmic rays slamming into Earth and has been named "Amaterasu" after the Japanese sun goddess. These ultra-high energy particle passes atmosphere smoothly without any deflection by magnetic fields. Spotted by – Telescope Array observatory in Utah, a collaboration of the United States, Japan, Korea, Russia, and Belgium to observe cosmic rays. Energy – It exceeds 240 exa-electron volts (EeV), millions of times more powerful than the particles produced by the Large Hadron Collider, which is the most powerful accelerator ever built. It is 2nd only to the ‘Oh-My-God’ particle, another high-energy cosmic…
27 November, 2023
Space
The first therapy based on gene editing technology Crispr-Cas9 for sickle cell disease and thalassaemia has been approved in UK. What is sickle cell anaemia and thalassemia? About Sickle Cell Anaemia Thalassemia Disease An inherited blood disorder where people who inherit a pair of genes from both parents experience symptoms like severe anaemia. Effect on haemoglobin chain Caused by a mutation in the haemoglobin-β gene found on Chromosome 11 affecting only the beta chain Production of either the alpha or beta chains is reduced resulting in either alpha-thalassemia or beta-thalassemia Haemoglobin production Mutation in haemoglobin chains makes them into a crescent shape under low oxygen level Caused by reduced production…
26 November, 2023
Health
Quantum Computing (QC) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are arguably the two most transformative technologies of our era, pushing the boundaries of computation and cognition, respectively. What is Quantum AI? It means the use of QC for computation of machine learning algorithms, which takes advantage of computational superiority of QC to achieve results that are not possible to achieve with classical computers. Quantum theory- Qubits- It can exist in a superposition of two states (both 1 and 0), to encode and manipulate information. Entanglement- It is a phenomenon where two qubits can share a quantum state and influence each other, even when they are far apart. The…
26 November, 2023
Artificial Intelligence
Recently, World Health Organization (WHO) has requested China for a detailed report of a widespread outbreak of an undiagnosed pneumonia like respiratory illness affecting children. Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that affects the lungs. Causes – Infectious agents like viruses, bacteria and fungi Bacteria – Streptococcus pneumonia, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) Virus – Respiratory syncytial virus Transmission - By direct contact with infected people via air-borne droplets (cough or sneeze) and through blood, especially during and shortly after birth. Pathology – Alveoli (air sacs) are filled with pus and fluid, making breathing painful and limits oxygen intake. Symptoms – Wheezing is more common in viral infections. Severely ill may be unable to…
26 November, 2023
Health
International Space Station (ISS), a place of peaceful collaboration for science, has completed more than 140,000 Earth orbits in its journey of 25 years. ISS is a multi-nation construction project that is the largest single structure humans ever put into space. Origin – Mainly a creation of USA and later Russia was invited to participate. Operated by – 5 agencies Canadian Space Agency (CSA) The European Space Agency (ESA) The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) The State Space Corporation “Roscosmos” Size – Measures 109 meters (357 feet) end-to-end. Location – At Low Earth Orbit (430 kilometers) Among the 1st “live-in” astronauts were…
25 November, 2023
Space
For the first time, scientists were able to visualise plants sensing compounds released by other plants in danger. GLV – A group of compounds that a plant releases into the air when it is injured which may be a warning to other plants that danger is near. They consist of six carbon (C6) compounds including alcohols, aldehydes and esters which are released from almost every plant. 2 major defence mechanisms When a plant is damaged, GLVs are released as by-products. Plants can make themselves less palatable or even indigestible to the insect attackers. When an insect takes a bite of a plant leaf, calcium ions flood the leaves in the cells. Future prospects –…
24 November, 2023
R&D
Psyche mission fires lasers at Earth from 16 million kilometres away, successfully demonstrating the future of communication in space. Launched by - NASA in 2023. Aim – To study the metallic asteroid called ‘16 Psyche’, located in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Type- Orbiter Mission – By 2029, the spacecraft will begin exploring the asteroid and will spend about 2 years orbiting the asteroid. It will take pictures, map the surface, and collect data to determine Psyche’s composition. Psyche was discovered in 1852 by Italian astronomer Annibale de Gasparis. It is sometimes referred to as 16 Psyche. Scientific instruments – Multispectral Imager, Gamma-Ray and Neutron Spectrometer, Magnetometer, Deep Space…
24 November, 2023
Space
Patients in India rely on the advice of unqualified medical shop sellers instead of doctors when buying medicines. What is the difference between generic and branded medicines? About Branded drugs Generic drugs Definition They are also called as the “Innovator drugs” and are at first available in the market as new chemical entities It is a pharmaceutical drug that contains the same chemical substance as a drug that was originally protected by chemical patents Trade name Sold under the manufacturer’s name Not sold under the manufacturer’s name Affordability High Cost Low cost Patent protection Produced by a company which holds the patent…
23 November, 2023
Health
Emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, cyber technology, etc. are vital for Indian military and defence organisations. What is emerging technology? Emerging technologies - It refers to innovative advancements or developments that have the potential to significantly change the way we live and work. These technologies arise from cutting-edge research and offer new opportunities for industries, economies, and societies. What steps were taken to use emerging technologies in Indian defence sector? Chanakya Defence Dialogue- It was held in 2023 which serves as a forum to enhance national and regional security by discussing contemporary issues, including the impact of emerging technologies. Integrated Unmanned Roadmap- It…
22 November, 2023
Defense system
Langlands program, the world’s biggest Math project provides a beautifully intricate set of connections between various areas of mathematics, pointing the way toward novel solutions for old problems. It is a mathematical exercise to find connections between two far-flung areas of mathematics - number theory and harmonic analysis. Launch year – 1967 Number theory – It is the arithmetic study of numbers and the relationships between them. A famous example of such a relationship is the Pythagoras theorem (a2 + b2 = c2 ) It deals with discrete arithmetics like integers. Harmonic analysis – It studies the periodic phenomena and deals with mathematical objects more continuous in…
22 November, 2023
S&T
Researchers from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ropar has detected the presence of tantalum, a rare metal, in the Sutlej river sand in Punjab. Sutlej River is longest of the 5 tributaries of the Indus River that give the Punjab (meaning “Five Rivers”) region its name. 80% of the catchment area of River Sutlej is in China. Tantalum – A chemical element with symbol Ta and atomic number 73 in the periodic table. It is very hard, ductile, lustrous, bluish-grey transition metal that is highly corrosion resistant. It has a melting point of 5,463 °F (2,996 °C), the 4th highest of all metals. It…
21 November, 2023
Achievements of Indians in S&T
In 1969, scientists noticed an abrupt and brief increase in the rotation rate of a pulsar called as pulsar glitch. When heavy stars die, their cores implode and if they’re heavy enough, they become black holes. Else, they collapse to form a ball of neutrons called as neutron stars. Pulsars – They are rotating neutron stars (super-dense object) whose rotation rate slowed over time. Emission of radio signals – The energy saved by reducing the rotation rate was used to accelerate electric charges outside the star, producing the radio signals that are emitted near the poles. It forms a cone that sweeps past the earth with every rotation. Pulsar…
18 November, 2023
Space
The creation a cloned voice of anyone holds significant implications as India approach the upcoming elections, a period particularly susceptible to the proliferation of misinformation. A deep fake audio is one that closely mimics a real person’s voice. Technology – It particularly uses deep learning algorithms, a form of generative AI. Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI)refers to the capability of AI-enabled machines to use existing text, audio files, or images to create new content. Aim – To generate synthetic or manipulated voice recordings that mimic the voice of a specific individual. Prerequisite – A laptop with a good internet connection and the audio clip of the person whose…
17 November, 2023
Artificial Intelligence
Recently, the world’s 1st vaccine for chikungunya was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the U.S.A. It is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus that belongs to the alphavirus genus of the family Togaviridae. Chikungunya outbreak was 1st recognized in 1952 in southern Tanzania. Transmission to humans – By the bites of infected female ‘Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes’. CHIKV has been described as ‘an emerging global health threat’ and since 2004, the frequency and spread of outbreak increased, partly due to viral adaptations to be spread more easily by the Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Geographical spread – It has now been identified in over…
17 November, 2023
Health
Electric battery, as a portable sources of electric power are at the foundation of convenience and sustainability. Electric cell – A device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. Components of Electric Cell Electrode – It is a metal plates in the cell where cathode is the positively charged electrode, the one to which electrons arrive, while anode is the negatively charged electrode, which ‘supplies’ electrons. Electrolyte – It is a liquid or gel that contains ions which allows the flow of electric charge between the electrodes. Separator - It is a barrier that prevents the 2 electrodes from touching and shorting out the cell. Wire – The 2 metal electrodes are connected by a…
15 November, 2023
S&T
Recently, scientists revealed that in 2025, Saturn will align edge-on with Earth, rendering its splendid rings virtually invisible. Saturn is the 6th planet from the Sun, 2nd largest in the solar system after Jupiter and a gas giant composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. It has radius about 9 times that of Earth, although it has a low density and is only about 95 times more massive than Earth. Saturn’s Rings – It is primarily ice particles with a smaller fraction of rocky debris and dust ranging from micrometres to meters in size that spreads out over 280,000km from the planet. 7…
14 November, 2023
Space
Recently, a prisoner in Jammu and Kashmir was released on bail after he was tagged with a Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking device to monitor his movements. GPS trackers are a precondition for bail in several countries including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Malaysia. It is the 1st time this technology has been used in India for this purpose. GPS Tracker – It is a small, portable unit that allows users to monitor and track its location. It connects to a series of satellites to determine location and consists of 3 segments. The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a…
09 November, 2023
Achievements of Indians in S&T
Recently, the World’s 1st Artificial Intelligence (AI) Summit was held at Bletchley Park, a historic site in UK where the Enigma code was cracked during World War II. Bletchley Park- The Birthplace of Artificial Intelligence (AI) It is a historic site in England that was the headquarters of the Government Code and Cypher School during World War II. It is considered the birthplace of modern computing and artificial intelligence. Enigma code - Bletchley Park is most known for cracking the Enigma code, the complex cipher system used by the Nazis during World War II to encrypt their radio messages It was cracked by Alan Turing who was often…
09 November, 2023
Artificial Intelligence
The Keck II Near-Infrared Spectrometer (NIRSPEC) telescope in Mauna Kea, Hawaii is the 1st to see the infrared glow on Uranus, caused by hydrogen molecules in its atmosphere becoming excited. Aurora formations - Charged particles from the solar wind engage with magnetic field of Uranus, steering them towards its magnetic poles. When these particles enter Uranus atmosphere, they collide with its atmosphere molecules, setting them glow. Aurora colour - It is predominantly at ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths as dominant atmospheric gases in Uranus are hydrogen and helium at much lower temperatures than on Earth. On Earth, the auroral light comes from collisions with oxygen and nitrogen atoms, with…
08 November, 2023
Space
The strength of the gravitational force depends on the gravitational constant.Any mass warps the fabric of space-time around itself and more the mass, the more the warping. Gravity – It is the force that an object feels when travelling along the warped path which tends to move the object towards the mass. Gravitational constant – It is denoted by a ‘G’, a fundamental physical constant. Gravitation constant was 1st accurately determined by Henry Cavendish in 1797 and it is an essential component of both Isaac Newton’s law of universal gravitation and Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity. Newton’s theory – The gravitational force between…
05 November, 2023
S&T
Karnataka has stepped up surveillance after a mosquito pool in Chickballapur was found to be positive for Zika virus. It is a vector-borne flavivirus. Zika virus is a mosquito-borne virus 1st identified in Uganda in 1947 in a Rhesus macaque monkey followed by evidence of infection and disease in humans in other African countries in the 1950s. Transmission – Primarily by the bite of Aedes mosquitoes, mainly Aedes aegypti and Aedes Albopictus. It is also transmitted from mother to foetus during pregnancy, as well as through sexual contact, blood transfusion and possibly through organ transplantation. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes also transmit dengue, chikungunya and urban yellow fever which mostly bite…
05 November, 2023
Health
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Lucy spacecraft is on an epic 6-billion-kilometre-long journey to study the Jupiter Trojan asteroids. Discovery - It was discovered in 1999 by the LINEAR survey, and recently identified as a potential fly-by target for the Lucy mission. Orbit - It orbits the Sun in the main belt of asteroids between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Width - It is less than 1 kilometre wide. Composition - Dinkinesh is an S-type asteroid, i.e., it is composed mainly of silicates and some metal. Instrument - The observations were made by Lucy’s high-resolution camera, the Lucy Long Range Reconnaissance Imager ( L’LORRI instrument…
04 November, 2023
Space mission
Recently, Qualcomm announced that fiber and fixed wireless access are central to India’s broadband expansion as it expects 10 Gbps to be the average speed by 2028. Wi-Fi is a wireless networking technology that allows electronic devices to interface with the Internet. Wi-Fi 7 – Also known as IEEE 802.11 be Extremely High Throughput (EHT). It has better reliability and enhanced privacy and security. Features – 4.8× faster than Wi-Fi 6 and accelerates up to 46 Gbps 100× lower latency ( 60% lesser than Wi-Fi 6) 5× network capacity with 320 MHz and Multi-Link Operation (MLO - Enables devices to simultaneously send and receive data across different…
03 November, 2023
Achievements of Indians in S&T
The emergence of Nano and micro drones and compact unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with advanced capabilities, introduce fresh security challenges. Drone- It means an aircraft that can operate autonomously or remotely without a pilot on board.India reported 79 cases of using drones for weapon delivery 2020, 109 in 2021 and 266 in 2022. Provisions under Drone (Amendment) Rules 2022 Criteria- To operate a drone legally, the criteria set by the Civil Aviation Ministry and the Directorate General of Civil Aviation must be adhered to. Exception- Nano/micro category drones for non-commercial use. All drone activities are permitted only after receiving prior approval for a…
03 November, 2023
Nano Technology
Recently, SpaceX launched its Starship cruise ship from the Super Heavy rocket in an unmanned test mission. The upper-stage Starship, however, was unable to separate from the lower-stage Super Heavy, and as a result, the vehicle exploded. Elon Musk established the for-profit business SpaceX in 2002. What is the Starship Project? Known as Starship as a whole, SpaceX's Starship spacecraft and Super Heavy rocket are a fully reusable transportation system intended to take both passengers and cargo to Earth orbit, the Moon, Mars, and beyond. A starship will be able to transport 250 metric tonnes of throwaway cargo and up…
28 April, 2023
Space
Preterm delivery is a leading cause of Neonatal fatalities (deaths among live newborns within the first 28 completed days of life) and problems worldwide. Recently, Indian researchers working on the Garbh-Ini program have discovered 19 genetic markers linked to preterm birth. An improvement in maternal and neonatal outcomes could result from the identification of genetic markers linked to preterm delivery and from the prediction and close monitoring of high-risk pregnancies. What is Preterm Birth? About: Preterm birth sometimes referred to as premature birth, is the birth of a child before the gestational period of 37 weeks is complete. Based on…
28 April, 2023
Bio technology
Web3.0 Web3 is the "internet for the next generation," so discussions about it are growing. What is the World Wide Web? The World Wide Web, commonly referred to as the Web, is a collection of websites or web pages that are kept on web servers and linked to local computers over the internet. There are text pages, digital photos, audio files, videos, etc. on these websites. Users can use their internet-connected devices, such as PCs, laptops, mobile phones, etc., to access the content of these websites from anywhere in the world. In contrast to the current Web 1.0 and Web…
25 April, 2023
Computers and IT
Plant ‘cries’: Recalling J.C. Bose Researchers from Tel Aviv University in Israel claimed to have been able to hear the sounds emitted by distressed plants. Details about News When under stress, such as when they were thirsty, the researchers claimed that these plants have been producing very identifiable, high-pitched ultrasonic sounds. This was the first time that any form of noise from plants had been discovered. Jagadish Chandra Bose (1858-1937) He was a physicist-turned-biologist who demonstrated more than a century ago that plants could sense pleasure and suffering in the same way that animals could. He created the crescograph, a…
24 April, 2023
Achievements of Indians in S&T
R21 Malaria Vaccine With the clearance of the R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine, which was created by the University of Oxford and produced by the Serum Institute of India, Nigeria made medical history. After Ghana, it is the second nation to accomplish so. About The R21, also known as the Matrix-M malaria vaccine, is the second disease-specific vaccination ever created. In 2021, the WHO authorised RTS, S or mosquirix, the first-ever malaria vaccine. Nine nations, including the Maldives, Sri Lanka, Kyrgyzstan, Paraguay, Uzbekistan, Argentina, Algeria, China (2021), and El Salvador (2021), have received this certification from the WHO Director-General since 2015. About…
24 April, 2023
Health
Seeds in Space Both the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) have transported two seed varieties, arabidopsis and sorghum, into space. About The impact of cosmic radiation, microgravity, and high temperatures on plant genomes and biology is the subject of this organisations' initial feasibility study. Impacts Increased radiation alters the genetic makeup of plant seeds, enabling them to adapt to a variety of challenging environmental factors, including higher temperatures, drier soils, diseases, and rising sea levels. Space mutagenesis is the name given to this adaption process. Cosmic Experiment: Its Importance The effort aims to…
22 April, 2023
Space
National Quantum Mission Recently, the National Quantum Mission (NQM) to support scholarly and commercial research and development in quantum technology was approved by the union cabinet, which is presided over by the prime minister. About National quantum mission From 2023 until 2031, the mission will be carried out by the Department of Science & Technology (DST) under the Ministry of Science & Technology. The goal of the mission is to launch, support, and scale up scientific and industry R&D while also developing a dynamic and creative environment in quantum technology. In addition to fostering the nation's ecosystem and elevating India…
22 April, 2023
Computers and IT
India's Science and Technology Innovation Ecosystem In order to connect and identify prospective young start-ups in India's science and technology innovation ecosystem, the YUVA Portal was recently created. Earlier, the "One Week - One Lab" campaign was introduced. Launched in Haryana's Karnal, the astronomy lab offers possibilities for persons with disabilities to flourish in a variety of skill, art, and craft disciplines. What recent changes have occurred in the S&T innovation ecosystem in India? Indian superiority in technology, innovation, and start-ups is dominating the world, as the Prime Minister recently highlighted in his speech to the 108th Indian Science Congress.…
22 April, 2023
Achievements of Indians in S&T
Blastomycosis In the US, there were 100 confirmed or suspected cases of blastomycosis, including at least one death. It is an infection brought on by the fungus Blastomyces. The environment is where the fungus thrives, particularly in damp soil and in organic materials that is degrading, such wood and leaves. Transmission: Breathing in the minute fungus spores from the air can cause blastomycosis in humans. There is no airborne transmission of blastomycosis between humans or between humans and animals. Only very rarely have needlestick wounds, animal bites, or sexual contact resulted in the transmission of blastomycosis between sick people or…
20 April, 2023
Health
Digital Health Summit 2023 Recently, the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) held the Digital Health Summit 2023 in Goa. The CII is a non-profit, business-led, and industry-managed organisation. Major highlight It discussed the relevance of technological breakthroughs in health care, including robotics, bioinformatics, and genomics, and how they potentially enable revolutionary medical treatments. It attempts to create a framework for digital public goods to promote norms for privacy, data security, and interoperability. It emphasised the need for "citizen-centric" digital health systems that enable everyone access to high-quality services. It also emphasised the importance of preventative measures and the fact that…
19 April, 2023
Health
Rooppur Nuclear Plant Since using the Russian ruble to pay for the building of the Rooppur nuclear facility was not currently practical, Bangladesh and Russia have agreed to utilise Chinese yuan as the method of settlement. Highlight Bangladesh is constructing the first of two nuclear power facilities together with Rosatom, the state-owned nuclear enterprise in Russia. At some point, the two reactors at the Rooppur facility, 160 km northwest of Dhaka, will continuously generate 2400 megawatts of clean electricity. The initiative is a part of a comprehensive plan to transform the developing country's economy into a developed one by 2041.…
17 April, 2023
International S&T initiative
Biotransformation Technology A UK-based business has made the claim that it has created a biotransformation technology that might change the nature of plastics and facilitate biodegradation. They claim that the method uses bacteria to organically degrade used plastic packaging and break it down into biodegradable components without accumulating microplastics. About Biotransformation Technology A UK-based firm called Polymateria has been working with Imperial College in London to develop a technology called biotransformation. Plastics can be modified through technology to change their nature and become biodegradable. Biotransformation technology is a revolutionary strategy to guarantee that plastics that escape trash streams are digested…
04 April, 2023
Bio technology
Megha-Tropiques-1 Satellite The Controlled Re-Entry Experiment for the decommissioned Megha-Tropiques-1 (MT-1) satellite was recently completed successfully by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The Pacific Ocean's uninhabited region between latitudes 5°S and 14°S and 119°W and 100°W was chosen as the MT1 re-entry zone's target. About Megha-Tropiques-1 An Indo-French Joint Satellite Mission called Megha-Tropiques was created to examine the water cycle and energy exchanges in the tropics. Understanding the life cycle of convective systems, their impact on the energy and moisture budget of the atmosphere in tropical regions, and how they affect tropical weather and climate are the main goals of…
17 March, 2023
Space mission
Coronary Heart Disease Researchers are particularly concerned about coronary heart disease because it is the primary cause of death worldwide from cardiovascular illnesses. About Coronary Heart Disease Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a condition where the blood channels that bring oxygen-rich blood to the heart become constricted as a result of the accumulation of fatty deposits (plaques) inside the arteries. The arteries may stiffen and constrict as a result of these deposits over time, limiting the amount of blood getting to the heart. The main causes of coronary heart disease are unhealthy lifestyles, poor diets, physical inactivity, cigarette use, and…
17 March, 2023
Health
Bio-Computers The first steps towards developing an "Organoid Intelligence" that will produce "Biocomputers" have recently been made by scientists. About The study of "organoid intelligence," like artificial intelligence, aims to develop autonomous decision-making organoids. Brain organoids are 3D cultures of human stem cell-derived brain tissue created in the laboratory. They accurately depict a variety of morphological and functional aspects of an evolving human brain. In the end, researchers want to build "biocomputers" that are just lab-grown brain cultures connected to actual sensors and input/output devices. Uses These biocomputers can process complex information similarly to human brains. These organoids can shed…
14 March, 2023
Computers and IT
Erythritol Several studies have linked the popular Artificial Sweetener Erythritol to an increased risk of heart attack and stroke. What was the Research's Outcome? The study's findings showed that erythritol facilitated platelet activation and clot formation. The blood cells called platelets, which form clots when they group together, are activated by erythritol. Such platelet accumulation restricts blood flow in blood arteries located throughout the body. Cardiovascular events can be fatal or not when it occurs in blood arteries that feed blood to the heart or brain. Describe Erythritol It is a kind of sugar alcohol that is frequently used to…
14 March, 2023
Health
Chandrayaan-3 Mission The flight acceptance hot test of the CE-20 cryogenic engine, which will power the cryogenic upper stage of the launch vehicle for the Chandrayaan-3 mission, was recently completed successfully by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). In the Tamil Nadu ISRO Propulsion Complex in Mahendragiri, the test was successfully completed. About Chandrayaan 3 Mission The Indian Space Research Organization's Chandrayaan 3 spacecraft is the Third Lunar Exploration Mission (ISRO). This spacecraft was designed by the ISRO to showcase India's expertise in soft landings on stellar bodies. Only a rover and lander will be present, and it will only…
10 March, 2023
Space
Duty Exemptions for Rare Disease medicine The National Policy for Rare Diseases 2021 lists all the rare diseases that must be treated, and the Central Government has granted complete exemption from basic customs duty on all pharmaceuticals and food imported for personal use. About The individual importer must present a certificate from the district's medical officer or civil surgeon, or the central or state director of health services, to be eligible for this exemption. The standard customs duty for medicinal products is 10%, although several categories of life-saving medicines and vaccines are subject to a concessionary rate of 5% or…
01 April, 2023
Health
Daylight Savings Time In Context Of The beginning of Daylight Saving Time (DST) was recently postponed by the Government of Lebanon by one month. Greenland has opted to continue using DST indefinitely, meanwhile. On the final Sunday in March, Lebanon normally springs forward an hour. The clocks will be changed this year on April 21 without providing a reason, the Country's Prime Minister announced. How Does Daylight Saving Time work? The practise of moving the clocks one hour ahead of standard time during the summer and back again in the fall is known as DST, according to Norway-based Time and…
31 March, 2023
S&T
India’s First DNA Vaccine for Dengue The first and only Dengue Fever DNA vaccine candidate in India has been created by scientists at India's National Centre for Biological Sciences in partnership with nine other institutions in India, Africa, and the US. In early tests on mice, the candidate elicited a potent immune response and increased survival rates following illness exposure. About Dengue Vaccine The four strains of dengue are DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4. The most prevalent strain in India is DEN-2. Dengue vaccines are challenging to produce since they must be effective against all 4 strains. Only two dengue…
09 March, 2023
Health
NASA's Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer Recently, using NASA's Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer, astronomers examined a supernova explosion that took place more than 450 years ago (IXPE). People on Earth were able to see the Tycho explosion in 1572, and the blast's shock wave is still resonating throughout the cosmos. Describe Tycho Tycho is categorised as a Type Ia supernova, which happens when a white dwarf star rips apart its partner star, causing a catastrophic explosion and shooting material into space at extremely high velocities. Tycho launched particles into space at speeds close to the speed of light and expended as…
09 March, 2023
Space
Proton Beam Therapy Proton beam therapy (PBT) is difficult for cancer patients in India to access due to a lack of facilities and its high cost, which can reach run into tens of lakhs of rupees. In India, there aren't any public facilities that provide proton beam therapy treatment at the moment. For treating solid tumours, particularly head and neck cancers, the procedure is regarded as an effective substitute for radiation therapy. What is Proton Beam Therapy? It is a type of radiation therapy based on protons that is used to treat cancer, particularly in the neck and head. Moreover,…
09 March, 2023
Nano Technology
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) With the virus undetectable in his body even 4 years after discontinuing the medication, a man from Germany has become at least the third person to have been cured of HIV. Main point: The third person to have an HIV "cure" after receiving a bone marrow transplant from an HIV-resistant donor is a 53-year-old German male. The transplant was done to cure blood cancer, and even four years after he stopped taking antiretroviral medication, the HIV infection was still undetectable in his body. The female donor who provided the patient's stem cells had an uncommon mutation…
06 March, 2023
Health
ALMA Telescope ALMA, the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, will soon get hardware and software updates. More about the news: The improvement will enable it to gather significantly more data and generate photographs that are crisper than ever. The correlator, a supercomputer that integrates the information from many antennas and enables astronomers to make extremely detailed images of celestial objects, will be replaced, and this will be the most major modernization made to ALMA. One of the fastest supercomputers in the world is ALMA's correlator. About Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array at Atacama: ALMA is a cutting-edge radio telescope that analyses astronomical objects…
04 March, 2023
Space
Neutrinos It was recently reported by physicists using the Kamioka Liquid Scintillator Antineutrino Detector (KamLAND) in Japan that despite reviewing two years' worth of data, they were unable to detect any evidence that neutrinos might be their own anti-particles.????? About KamLAND Experiment: The neutrinoless double beta-decay is an event that KamLAND searches for. Two neutrons in an atom decay normally into two protons by generating two electrons and two electron antineutrinos. The absence of anti-neutrinos in neutrinoless double beta decay can only occur if anti-neutrinos are only various varieties of neutrinos. About Neutrinos. After photons (light particles), neutrinos are the…
04 March, 2023
Space
The precise magnetic moment of an electron By accurately measuring the magnetic moment of the electron, physicists recently created history in the field of metrology. It is notable because it offers the Standard Model of particle physics' most accurate test to date. According to the article, the measurement was 0.13 parts per trillion (ppt), which is 2.2 times more precise than the previous best record from 14 years ago. What is the Standard Model? The Standard Model (SM) is a theory that explains the characteristics of subatomic particles, categorises them into groups, and predicts how electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear…
28 February, 2023
S&T
Miniscule Objects A recent study at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) has demonstrated that a brain-inspired image sensor can identify minute items like cellular components or nanoparticles that are undetectable to modern microscopes by going beyond the diffraction limit of light. What kind of technology is this? The method, which makes use of optical microscopy, a neuromorphic camera, and machine learning algorithms, represents a significant advance in the ability to identify objects smaller than 50 nanometers. Optical microscopes cannot discriminate between two objects that are smaller than a specific size due to the diffraction limit (typically 200-300 nanometers). The…
27 February, 2023
R&D
Genetically Engineered Trees The first genetically engineered trees in the United States have been planted in a low-lying region of the pine belt in southern Georgia. Highlight: Poplars have undergone genetic modification to increase their airborne carbon dioxide absorption and hasten wood growth. The modified trees were created in an effort to tackle climate change by the biotechnology business Living Carbon, which has its headquarters in San Francisco. Nonetheless, detractors have raised concern that more thorough research is still needed before commercial plantings may be authorised in order to understand the repercussions and long-term effects on native ecosystems. GM trees…
25 February, 2023
Bio technology
Gut Microbiome link To Autism A study was done to determine how the gut microbiome and autism spectrum disease are related (ASD). It has been discovered that human gut microbiome makeup is linked to several disorders, including autism, Crohn's disease, and others. The bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses that inhabit human digestive tracts are known as the gut microbiome or gut microbiota. These microorganisms have an impact on the body from birth and throughout life by regulating digestion, the immune system, the central nervous system, and other bodily functions. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD): What is it? A range of neurodevelopmental…
25 February, 2023
Health
Blue Food According to a recent study, blue food from aquatic habitats can aid in reducing nutritional deficiencies, creating jobs, and increasing export revenue in India. About blue food: It is widely acknowledged that food systems need to change Rs 250 million people may be on the verge of hunger as nearly 700 million people go hungry. Conflict, economic slowdowns, and climate variability and extremes are some of the major factors that are contributing to an increase in food and nutrition insecurity. In addition, food systems are a major contributor to the loss of biodiversity and account for 25% of…
02 March, 2023
Health
Light Combat Aircraft Tejas Mk2 (LCA MK2) The Indian Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas Mk2 would incorporate heavy standoff weaponry like SCALP, an air-to-ground, long-range deep strike missile. The LCA Mk2 will be able to incorporate unique armaments from many nations, unlike other aircraft. About LCA Tejas Mk2: An Indian fighter jet known as the Indigenous LCATejas Mk2 is capable of carrying eight Beyond-Visual-Range (BVR) missiles at once in addition to incorporating both modern armaments from other nations. The LCA Mk2, which has increased range and mission endurance, is an updated version of the LCA Tejas Mk1. For fighting a…
01 March, 2023
Defense system
Sickle Cell Anaemia The Finance Minister recently declared that India will eradicate sickle cell anaemia in a mission mode by 2047 in the Budget 2023–24. About: In terms of anticipated births with Sickle Cell Anaemia (SCA), or the likelihood of having the condition, India is the second worst impacted nation. Haemoglobinopathies, or blood disorders, are more prevalent among tribal groups in India than non-tribal tribes, according to research and screening programmes. Communities living in malaria-endemic regions frequently experience SCA. Hence, the sickle cell trait provided an evolutionary benefit, providing certain people with immunity during malaria epidemics. About sickle Anaemia: The…
23 February, 2023
Health
Avian Influenza The President of the World Health Organization recently issued a warning, urging everyone to get ready for a potential pandemic of bird flu. 15 million domestic birds have died as a result of the bird flu pandemic, and 193 million more have been culled since October 2021. It has reached North America, South America, and Central America from Europe and Asia. Mammal adaptation: Skunks, a raccoon, and a red foxes are among the mammals that have been verified to have the avian flu by the US Department of Agriculture. It was thought that these mammals had…
23 February, 2023
Artificial Intelligence
Tsetse Flies According to a recent study, tsetse flies emit volatile pheromones that regulate both their mating habits and the harmful diseases they transmit. More people and animals are anticipated to contract these diseases in the upcoming years as climate change is predicted to increase the places where tsetse flies may survive. African trypanosomes, a type of parasite, are known to be carried by tsetse flies. The parasites carry diseases like nagana, which affects livestock and other animals, and African sleeping sickness, which can be lethal to humans, when the insects bite people or animals. About pathogen: A biological agent…
22 February, 2023
Health
Underwater Noise Emissions The Marine Environment is in danger due to the increasing Underwater Noise Emissions (UNE) from ships in Indian waters, according to a News Research titled "Measuring Underwater Noise Levels Radiated by Ships in Indian Waters." By deploying a hydrophone autonomous system around 30 nautical miles off the Goa coastline, the ambient noise levels were measured. Key Findings of the Study: The sound pressure levels of the Underwater Noise Emissions (UNE) in the Indian waters range from 102-115 decibels (dB relative to 1 Pa). According to a scientific consensus, the reference pressure for underwater sound is 1 Pa.…
22 February, 2023
S&T
Lead poisoning The enormous environmental damage, human exposure, and serious public health issues brought on by the widespread use of lead have affected many regions of the world. Regarding Lead Poisoning: Lead poisoning, also known as chronic intoxication, is brought on by the body absorbing lead, and symptoms include weakness or paralysis of the muscles, as well as weariness, nausea, diarrhoea, nausea, lack of appetite, anaemia, and a dark line along the gums. Lead poisoning can have a serious negative impact on a child's physical and mental development, and it is particularly dangerous for children under the age of six.…
20 February, 2023
Health
National Guidelines for Organ Transplantation The National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organization's guidelines contained a stipulation that only allowed patients under the age of 65 to register for transplants. This rule has been abolished by the Union Health Ministry. The Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1994 in India sets up a number of rules regarding the removal and preservation of human organs. Additionally, it controls the transplantation of human organs for medical treatment and stops the trade in human organs. About new guidelines: No Domicile Requirement: As part of the "One Country, One Policy" initiative, the domicile needs to…
20 February, 2023
Health
Monkeypox Recently, the Fourth meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR), Emergency Committee on the Multi-Country Outbreak of monkeypox was held. 196 nations have entered into a legally binding agreement known as the International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005 to develop the capacity to identify and report potential public health emergencies globally. WHO's Most Recent Worldwide Statistics: Since January 1, 2022, reports of (monkeypox) have come from 110 different nations, with up to 85,765 confirmed cases and 1,382 suspected cases. With 29,948 confirmed cases over the time period, the United States was the country most severely impacted. Brazil, Spain, France,…
18 February, 2023
Health
ChatGPT – Powered WhatsApp Chatbot MeitY's BHASHINI is creating a WhatsApp chatbot powered by ChatGPT to help Indian farmers learn about various government initiatives. Important Points: BHASHINI is the name of India's artificial intelligence (AI)-powered language translation platform (BHASHa INterface for India). The introduction of the WhatsApp chatbot may take some time due to ChatGPT's limited support for regional languages and present dependency on English for input. What are the intended purposes? Users will be able to send queries via voice notes. Simply ask a question using voice notes, and ChatGPT will react with a voice-based answer. The chatbot was…
17 February, 2023
Artificial Intelligence
Marburg Virus Disease After at least nine fatalities, Equatorial Guinea has verified its first-ever Marburg virus illness epidemic. About Marburg virus: Humans are susceptible to Marburg virus disease (MVD), formerly known as Marburg hemorrhagic fever. The Filoviridae family includes both the Marburg and the Ebola viruses (filovirus). Although the two diseases are brought on by distinct viruses, they are clinically identical. Haemorrhagic fever is the result of the extremely virulent Marburg virus disease, which is carried by bats and has a fatality rate of up to 88%. It belongs to the same family as the Ebola virus family of pathogens.…
16 February, 2023
Health
Sickle Cell Disease The states are receiving assistance from the Indian government in their efforts to treat and prevent Sickle Cell Disease through the National Health Mission. The government declared a goal to end Sickle Cell Anaemia by 2047 in the Union Budget 2023–24. What is SCD, or Sickle Cell Disease? The devastating systemic illness caused by SCD, a chronic single gene defect, includes chronic anaemia, acute painful episodes, organ infarction, chronic organ damage, and a significantly shortened life expectancy. It is an inherited genetic disease where a point mutation in haemoglobin makes it abnormal and prone to structural change.…
07 February, 2023
Health
Caesium-137 A previously lost eight-millimeter capsule was recently found in Western Australia. It contains radioactive Caesium-137 that was released after the nuclear tragedies at Chernobyl and Fukushima. Important things about Caesium Caesium is a silvery-white, soft, malleable metal that forms bonds with chlorides to produce a crystalline powder with no difficulty. The only stable form of cesium that exists naturally in the environment is 133Cs (read as cesium one-thirty-three). Two radioactive forms of cesium, 134Cs, and 137Cs, can be created by nuclear explosions or the uranium breakdown in fuel components. The decay of both isotopes produces non-radioactive elements. The most prevalent radioactive…
07 February, 2023
S&T
Extended Reality (XR) Startup Program A program to encourage and accelerate XR technology entrepreneurs across India was unveiled as a Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY) effort in partnership with Meta. More about the News: The XR Programs and Research Fund of Meta, a two-year $50 million investment in programs and external research with industrial partners, human rights organizations, governments, nonprofits, and academic institutions, underwrites the XR Startup Program. The XR Startup Program's main objective is to develop technical expertise and skills for the metaverse. It will assist in forming the ecosystem in the nation for these cutting-edge technologies,…
07 February, 2023
Indigenization of Technology
Cholera Due to the rising number of cholera cases in the area, cholera vaccine shortages are a serious concern for African countries. In five African countries, there have been 27,300 new cases of cholera since the year 2023, with 687 deaths. According to the WHO (World Health Organization), cholera epidemics may become more frequent as a result of climate change because the bacteria that cause the disease can grow faster in warmer water. About cholera: It is a bacteria-caused potentially fatal infectious disease and a menace to the public's health. Vibrio cholera infections of the gut result in cholera, an…
06 February, 2023
Health
Space Debris The Indian government has revealed that 111 payloads and 105 pieces of space junk have been identified as being Indian spacecraft orbiting the planet. Every piece of orbital debris will have an impact on space exploration and the next missions. The influence of expanding space debris on the space environment has also been the subject of numerous research by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). About space debris: Space debris is the term for human-made items in Earth's orbit that are no longer functional. The European Space Agency estimates that there are currently about 7,500 objects in orbit…
06 February, 2023
Space
Snakebites in India According to recent research by the Kerala Forest Department, snakebites cause nearly twice as many human fatalities as wild elephants. More on the news: According to an Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) study, India has seen an estimated 12 lakh snakebite deaths since 2000, or an average of 58,000 each year. India is responsible for over 50% of all snakebite deaths worldwide. The monsoon season, which lasts from June to September, saw the occurrence of half of all snakebite deaths. The following States: Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Rajasthan, and Gujarat saw almost…
04 February, 2023
Health
World Neglected Tropical Diseases Day: 30 Jan World Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) Day was designated by the 74th World Health Assembly, which is currently in session. The United Arab Emirates proposed the day to be recognized. The delegates unanimously agreed to adopt it. Informally, the inaugural World NTD Day was observed in 2020. The World Health Assembly is the decision-making body of the World Health Organization (WHO). About Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD): A set of illnesses known as NTDs are particularly prevalent among underserved populations in poor nations in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Numerous pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa,…
30 January, 2023
Health
World Leprosy Day 2023 The final Sunday in January is designated as World Leprosy Day (WLD). The World Leprosy Day falls on January 29, 2023. This global day offers the chance to honor those who have battled leprosy, increase public understanding of the condition, and demand an end to prejudice and stigma connected to the disease. About World Leprosy Day: The theme of World Leprosy Day 2023 is “Act Now. End Leprosy.” This year's theme calls attention to three key messages: Elimination is feasible because we have the capability and resources to halt the spread of the illness and eradicate it.…
01 February, 2023
Health
M1 Abrams & Leopard 2 tanks About M1 Abrams: The US President recently declared that he would dispatch M1 Abrams tanks to Ukraine. The M1 is the best tank in the world because it combines four essential characteristics: more mobility to reach targets and avoid attacks better controllers and sensors to find and attack targets more firepower to obliterate targets superior defences to fend off attacks. Naming: The M1 Abrams is named in honour of the late General Creighton W. Abrams, who oversaw the 37th Armored Battalion and served as Army Chief of Staff. Because of its powerful firepower and…
28 January, 2023
Defense system
Skyglow Skyglow's brightness has recently been found to have increased by 9.2-10% annually between 2011 and 2022 as a result of artificial lighting, with serious ecological, health, and cultural implications. Researchers looked at a global database that indicated the dimmest star that could be viewed from a certain location and comprised more than 51,000 entries supplied by citizen scientists. WHAT is SKYGLOW? The Skyglow is a continuous sheet of light that covers the night sky above and around cities and can obliterate all but the brightest stars. Streetlights, security floodlights, and outdoor decorative lights are to blame for the lightening…
26 January, 2023
Health
Immune imprinting Recent research suggests that "immune imprinting" may reduce the effectiveness of bivalent boosters. More on the news: With the aim that boosters would offer superior protection against the coronavirus infection compared to the original vaccine, nations like the UK and the US have introduced variant-specific or bivalent boosters. Studies have revealed that immunological imprinting, a characteristic of our body, maybe render these new boosters much less effective than anticipated. Bivalent energizers: To combat both the Omicron strains and the initial Covid-19 strain, bivalent boosters are created. About Immune imprinting: When exposed to a newer or somewhat different form…
28 January, 2023
Health
BharOS Software The BharOS was recently created by a startup. About BharOS: Although iOS and Android are two of the most well-known mobile operating systems, BharOS is a new Indian competitor in the space. BharOS, which is supported by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), aims to serve India's 100 crore or so mobile phone subscribers. Like Android or iOS, it is a native mobile operating system (OS). It emphasises security and privacy. A mobile operating system, such as Android by Google or iOS by Apple, is a piece of software that serves as the main user interface on…
26 January, 2023
Indigenization of Technology
INS Vagir Recently, the fifth diesel-electric Kalvari-class submarine Vagir was commissioned by the Indian Navy. Major Points: The submarine, also called Sand Shark, was handed off to the Indian Navy in December 2022. Vagir is one of the six submarines in the project 75-developed Kalvari class. The submarines of the Kalvari class are capable of engaging in a variety of naval warfare situations, such as minelaying, anti-warship and anti-submarine operations, and information collection and surveillance. The submarine's cutting-edge technology has ensured: Superior stealth features include cutting-edge acoustic absorption techniques, low radiated noise levels, and a design that is hydrodynamically optimised.…
27 January, 2023
Defense system
NOROVIRUS Recently, two pupils in Kerala were found to have norovirus. A group of viruses known as norovirus causes gastrointestinal sickness. In addition to severe vomiting and diarrhoea, it also results in inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines. Norovirus outbreaks aren't usually dangerous, but if the right precautions aren't done, the virus can spread quickly. The typical infectious agent is tainted water or food. The faecal-oral pathway is how the virus spreads. About norovirus: It is a category of viruses that causes digestive illnesses. In addition to severe vomiting and diarrhoea, it also results in inflammation of…
27 January, 2023
Health
Measles and Rubella The COVID-19 epidemic snatched two years from the programs therefore the government opted to shift the Measles-Rubella eradication target to 2023. India set the goal of eradicating measles and rubella by 2023 in anticipation that the 2020 target would not be feasible. Why is it important to eradicate diseases? Elimination of measles: Prior to vaccination, measles killed 1% of all children under the age of five, whereas polio paralyzed around 1% of all children under the age of five. Measles case fatality rates ranged from 10% to 15%. Children who made a full recovery would have lost…
27 January, 2023
Health
Aditya-L1 Mission The first space-based Indian mission to study the Sun will be called Aditya L1. The spacecraft will be positioned in a halo orbit around the Sun-Earth system's Lagrange point 1, or L1, which is located approximately 1.5 million kilometres from Earth. About the mission: The Indian Institute of Astrophysics recently handed over the primary payload Visible Line Emission Coronagraph (VELC) for Aditya-L1 to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). ISRO will launch the Aditya-L1 mission to place the satellite in the L1 orbit for solar research. Of the seven payloads/telescopes that will be launched on Aditya-L1, the VELC…
23 January, 2023
Space
IL-38 Aircraft Indian Navy's IL-38 Aircraft will take part in the 74th Republic Day celebrations at the Kartavya Path for the first time and perhaps the last time. It will be among the 50 aircraft including 9 Rafales of the Indian Air Force- will take part in the event. What is an IL-38 Aircraft? IL-38 is a maritime reconnaissance aircraft that was commissioned into the Indian Navy in 1977 and remained a formidable air asset throughout its service life for nearly 44 years. It was with the induction of IL 38 aircraft that the Navy moved into the arena of…
20 January, 2023
Defense system
Shukrayaan mission Shukrayaan I, an ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) Venus mission, could be delayed until 2031. The Venus mission of ISRO was scheduled to launch in December 2024. Venus missions called VERITAS and EnVision, respectively, are scheduled to launch in 2031 by the U.S. European space agencies, while a launch by China could occur in 2026 or 2027. Reason for the delay: The pandemic forced ISRO to delay the launch of Shukrayaan I from mid-2023 to December 2024. Delays in manufacturing and obligations to commercial launch services have also had an impact on other ISRO projects, such as Aditya…
16 January, 2023
Space
Solitary Wave in Martian Magnetosphere The Martian magnetosphere has been shown for the first time to exhibit discrete electric field variations or solitary waves, according to the department of science and technology. The study of these waves is essential because wave-particle interactions directly regulate particle energization, plasma loss, transport, etc. The identification of solitary waves was made possible by the utilization of high-resolution electric field data from NASA's MAVEN mission. About the discovery: Our planet is a massive magnet, and the magnetic field it generates shields us from the solar wind, which is the Sun's continual emission of high-speed charged…
18 January, 2023
Space
Kalashnikov AK-203 Assault Rifles In recent times, an Indo-Russian joint venture in India has begun producing Kalashnikov AK-203 assault guns. About AK-203 Assault Rifles: The AK-200 series assault rifles of the renowned brand were first produced in India. The first batch of 7.62 mm Kalashnikov AK-203 assault rifles was created at the Korwa Ordnance Factory in Amethi, Uttar Pradesh. Out of a total of 6,01,427 AK-203 rifles to be produced over a 10-year period for Rs 5,124 crore, the initial lot will consist of 5,000 of them. Created: An Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA) for the production of AK-203 assault rifles was…
17 January, 2023
Defense system
Antimicrobial-Resistant Kenya has recently seen an antimicrobial-resistant gonorrhoea outbreak. According to specialists, the region as a whole is at risk from the Neisseria gonorrhoeae outbreak, not just the residents of the East African anchor state. Health professionals are extremely concerned about the outbreak, especially since it is occurring while WHO works to eradicate sexually transmitted infections (STIs) as a public health issue by 2030. About Gonorrhea: The bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the source of the sexually transmitted infection (STI) known as gonorrhoea. It can affect the genitalia, rectum, and throat and can affect both males and women. Gonorrhea can result…
17 January, 2023
Health
Prithvi-II Missile From a test range off the coast of Odisha, India recently conducted a successful test launch of the tactical ballistic missile Prithvi-II. Regarding the Prithvi-II Missile: The Prithvi-II surface-to-surface missile short-range ballistic missile has a striking range of 350 kilometers, which is outstanding. It has light propulsion twin engines and can transport warheads weighing between 500 and 1,000 kg. It was incorporated into the arsenal of the Indian armed forces in 2003. It is a single-stage, nine-meter-tall liquid-fueled missile. The cutting-edge missile uses a sophisticated inertial guidance system and a manoeuvring trajectory to hit its target. The missile is…
13 January, 2023
Missile system
Year-End Review-2022: Department of Space The Ministry of Science and Technology recently published the Year-End-Review for the Department of Space for the year 2022. What are the Department of Space's major accomplishments? Support for education, development of capacity, and outreach: Space Technology Incubation Centers (STIC): Since its establishment in 2018, STIC has boosted space research operations. Nine Space Technology Cells (STC), six STIC, and six Regional Academic Centers for Space (RACS) are currently in existence as part of this effort. Satish Dhawan Centre for Space Sciences: Recently, Satish Dhawan Centre for Space Sciences was jointly established by ISRO/DoS and Central…
03 January, 2023
Space
VSHORAD Missile System Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) was granted by the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) to acquire the Very Short Range Air Defence System VSHORAD (IR Homing) missile system. About the VSHORAD missile system: The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) designed and produced it, along with other weapon systems for the Army and Navy, at a cost of Rs 4,276 crore. Since 2018, India has been in talks with Russia to purchase Igla-S air defence missiles for $1.5 billion through the VSHORAD program, in order to replace the Russian Igla-M systems currently in use by the Army. Specifications: It is…
12 January, 2023
Defense system
Kala-azar Disease Between 2007 and 2022, the number of Kala-azar cases in India fell by 98.7%, from 44,533 to 834, with 632 endemic blocks (99.8%) in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, and West Bengal receiving eradication status (less than one case per 10,000). Littipara in the Jharkhand district of Pakur is the sole remaining endemic block (1.23 cases per 10,000 population). About: It is a slow-moving indigenous disease caused by a protozoan parasite from the genus Leishmania. Kala-azar, also known as leishmaniases, is one of the most deadly neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) that is endemic in 76 countries and…
10 January, 2023
Health
Deepfake technology The sophistication of audio, video, and image editing techniques has rapidly increased as a result of recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and cloud computing technology. The country's online overseer, the Cyberspace Administration of China, is implementing new rules to limit the use of deep synthesis technology and stop the deception. About deepfake: A person in an already-existing video or photograph is replaced with another person in a deepfake type of synthetic media. Using machine learning and artificial intelligence, it manipulates the audio/video, which has a tendency to deceive. It has attracted attention because of how quickly false…
24 December, 2022
S&T
Scramjet Engine The Hot Test of the Scramjet Engine was just successfully completed by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). What is Scramjet Engine? A scramjet, also known as a supersonic-combustion ramjet, is a type of ramjet engine where the airflow remains supersonic, or faster than the speed of sound. A scramjet lacks a shock cone and instead slows the airflow utilising shockwaves generated by its ignition source. As a result, the scramjet can run efficiently at very high speeds. Vehicles powered by scramjets are expected to travel at least as fast as Mach 15. Air Breathing Engines: In order…
23 December, 2022
Defense system
Genome Sequencing The banyan (Ficus benghalensis) and peepal (Ficus religiosa) whole genomes were recently sequenced by scientists at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal using leaf tissue samples. The research assisted in the identification of 17 genes for the banyan and 19 genes for the peepal with multiple signals of adaptive evolution (MSA), which are essential for the long-term survival of these two Ficus species. What is Whole genome sequencing? The nucleotide bases adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G) make up the genetic code, or genome, that is unique to each and every…
23 December, 2022
Health
Agni-V ballistic Missile The nuclear-capable intercontinental ballistic missile Agni-V was successfully tested by India. Characteristics of the ballistic missile Agni-V A sophisticated surface-to-surface ballistic missile with clever construction was created as part of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP). The missile's three-stage solid-fuel engine allows it to travel up to 5,000 kilometres and strike targets with extreme precision. Agni-5 has a range of up to 8000 kilometres. The missile boasts a remarkable Mach 24 top speed and extremely high target-hitting precision. Significance: The Agni-V programme aims to increase India's nuclear deterrence against China, which is reported to possess missiles…
22 December, 2022
Missile system
National Policy of Rare Diseases (NPRD) An MP recently expressed concern about rare diseases, claiming that the new policy has benefited no patients. Important Points Policy: In March 2021, the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare notified the NPRD. It increased funding support to 50 lahks per patient with rare diseases for their treatment in May 2022. Current Issue: Despite being in place for several months, the benefits of the National Policy for Rare Diseases (NPRD) have yet to reach any patients suffering from rare diseases. The Centres of Excellence (CoEinterminable )'s delay and lack of urgency have claimed…
21 December, 2022
Health
Anaemia In India Critics have recently claimed that while anaemia in adolescent girls, boys, and women has been extensively studied, anaemia in men has been largely ignored. Anaemia in Men: As per National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5): It found that three out of ten men in rural areas were anaemic; prevalence of anaemia was more in rural areas than in urban areas — one of five urban men are anaemic, while three out of every ten rural men are anaemic. Prevalence of anaemia was found to be higher (34.7%) among men who were underweight compared with men who were overweight…
20 December, 2022
Health
SpaceTech Innovation Network (SpIN) Recently, The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) signed an MoU with Social Alpha to launch SpaceTech Innovation Network (SpIN). About Social Alpha: Social Alpha is a multistage innovation curation and venture development platform for science and technology start-ups. About SpIN: Space entrepreneurship: SpIN is India’s first dedicated platform for innovation, curation, and venture development for the burgeoning space entrepreneurial ecosystem. Public-private collaboration: The space agency said that the tie-up is a one-of-a-kind public-private collaboration for start-ups and SMEs in the space industry. SpIN will primarily focus on facilitating space tech entrepreneurs in three distinct innovation categories:…
13 December, 2022
Space
Binary Merger Of Gamma-Ray Burst with Kilonova A long Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) produced by a compact binary merger twinned with kilonova emissions was recently reported as a rare astronomical event. The Devasthal Optical Telescope (DOT), India's largest optical telescope, also confirmed this combination, which had never before been accepted or proven scientifically. The GRB, designated as GRB211211A, lasted for more than 50 seconds. Kilonovae are produced by the collision of two compact objects, such as binary neutron stars or neutron stars and black holes. How do Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRB) work? GRBs are short, high-energy gamma radiations that are released…
13 December, 2022
Space
Blackhole Astronomers all over the world were astounded early this year by a strange and extraordinarily bright flash of light that originated halfway across the universe. Major Findings: Now that the powerful beam's origin has been discovered, it is pointed directly at Earth by a supermassive black hole that is consuming a star. The light jet was 1,000 trillion times brighter than the sun. Researchers from several institutions, including one from India, worked together to track the activity caused by the black hole, which is located 8.5 billion light-years from Earth. Regarding Black Holes: In a black hole, the gravitational…
08 December, 2022
Space
Zombie Virus Recently, French scientists warned of the possibility of another outbreak after resurrecting a 48,500-year-old zombie virus buried beneath a frozen lake in Russia. This has surpassed the previous record of a 30,000-year-old virus discovered in Siberia by the same team in 2013. About Zombie Virus: A zombie virus is a virus that has become dormant due to being frozen in ice. The virus emerged as a result of permafrost thawing as global temperatures rise. It is a collection of viruses that have lain dormant for thousands of years. Pandoravirus yedoma, named after the mythological character Pandora, is 48,500…
06 December, 2022
Health
Rare Earth Elements The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) has urged the government to encourage private mining in the sector and diversify supply sources in light of India's reliance on China for rare earth minerals imports. Despite having 6% of the world's rare earth reserves, India produces only 1% of global output and imports the majority of its rare earth minerals from China. In 2018-19, for example, China accounted for 92% of rare earth metal imports by value and 97% by quantity. What are CII's Suggestions? As a critical component of the Deep Ocean Mission, the CII proposed establishing a…
06 December, 2022
S&T
PSLV-C54 The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) C54 was successfully launched by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. This was PSLV's 56th flight, and the PSLV-C54 rocket's final mission of the year. What kind of satellites were launched? Bhutan Nano Satellite-2 (INS-2B): The INS-2B satellite is a joint mission between India and Bhutan, carrying two payloads. NanoMx, a multispectral optical imaging payload developed by the Space Applications Centre (SAC) APRS-Digipeater, a collaboration between DITT-Bhutan and URSC, was successfully deployed. The significance of INS-2B is that it will provide Bhutan with…
05 December, 2022
Space
Asian Tiger Mosquitoes A man from Germany recently had the worst experience of his life after being bitten by an Asian tiger mosquito. Asian Tiger Mosquito Also known as the forest mosquito or Aedes Albopictus. Tiger mosquitos are an exotic species named after the single white stripe down the center of their head and back. Native to Southeast Asia's tropical and subtropical regions. Later, it spread to many European countries. Characteristics: bites mostly during the day, Many viral pathogens are present, including the yellow fever virus, Chikungunya fever, filarial nematodes such as Dirofilaria immitis, and the Zika virus. Also a…
05 December, 2022
Health
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) Recently, Hyderabad researchers found a remedy to stop progression of rare genetic diseases. About CTX Only four CTX cases have so far been medically documented in India. About the disease: It is a lipid-storage skin disease with no known medical cure but its progression can be stopped. It is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by an abnormality in the CYP27A1 gene. The lack of this enzyme prevents cholesterol from being converted into a bile acid called chenodeoxycholic acid. It starts with diarrhoea in infancy and progresses to cataract in childhood and neurodegeneration in adolescence or…
23 November, 2022
Health
The Artemis I: Moon Mission by NASA On November 16, 2022, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) successfully launched its unmanned Artemis I mission to the Moon. The Space Launch System (SLS) rocket has launched from the Kennedy Space Centre in Cape Canaveral, Florida after several delays brought on by unforeseen technical issues and natural calamities that spanned two months. About Artemis I Mission: NASA's unmanned Artemis I mission is a lunar mission. It is NASA's follow-up to the Apollo lunar missions from fifty years ago and is named after the sister of Apollo from Greek mythology. It will…
23 November, 2022
Space
Indian Biological Data Centre (IBDC) The Indian Biological Data Bank was recently established by the government at the Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad. Indian Biological Data Centre (IBDC) is the alternative name for the Indian Biological Data Centre. Describe IBDC. IBDC is the first national repository for life science data in India, allowing academics from all around the country to access the data as well as submit it. All life science data produced by publically sponsored research in India must be archived in the IBDC. The Department of Biotechnology provides funding for the data centre (DBT). In association with…
18 November, 2022
R&D
Dengue According to one study, the ongoing spread of Dengue fever in India has been attributed to a late monsoon withdrawal. Dengue transmission is closely linked to three key factors: rainfall, humidity, and temperature, which determine where dengue spreads and how quickly it spreads. What are the Study's Highlights? Each year, the number of months suitable for dengue transmission by Aedes aegypti mosquitos in India has increased to 5.6 months. Between 1951-1960 and 2012-2021, it accounts for a 1.69% increase. According to the study, future climatic changes will cause "expansion of Aedes aegypti in the hot arid regions of the…
17 November, 2022
Health
Vikram-S, India's First Privately Developed Launch Vehicle Hyderabad-based Skyroot's Vikram-S is set to take off from Sriharikota, the country's only spaceport, becoming India's first privately developed launch vehicle. The mission is known as 'Prarambh.' Regarding the Prarambh mission: It will be the first private sector launch in India. The development of privately built rockets and satellites has accelerated, particularly since the finance minister announced that the space sector will be open to private participation in 2020. Skyroot will be the first private company to successfully launch a rocket. Other businesses and missions: Agnikul Cosmos put its semi-cryogenic Agnilet engine to…
14 November, 2022
Space
Vaccine for Malaria: A New Hope After four doses given to young children, the RTS, S/AS01 (Mosquirix) malaria vaccine shows a limited level of efficacy and reduces cases of severe malaria by just 30%. It still has a big impact on public health and has the potential to save thousands of lives annually. Regarding the vaccines GlaxoSmithKline created RTS, S/AS01 for the purpose of immunizing children. It falls short of the 2015 standard set by the WHO for the effectiveness of the malaria vaccine, which was 75%. Another malaria vaccine, R21/Matrix M, created by the University of Oxford in the…
10 November, 2022
R&D
Xenotransplantation In the first-ever transplant of a gene-edited pig heart to a person, the genetically altered pig heart pumped more slowly than usual. Only 61 days passed following the transplant for the human recipient. Such transplant attempts in the past have likewise failed. Describe Xenotransplantation. The transplantation of animal tissues or organs into human recipients is known as xenotransplantation. Gene editing was used in a recent pig-to-human heart transplant to eliminate sugar from the cells that cause incredibly quick organ rejection. A collection of scientific techniques known as genome editing, sometimes known as gene editing, allow researchers to alter an…
10 November, 2022
R&D
C-295 Aircraft The C-295 transport aircraft production plant, which will be built in Vadodara by Airbus Defence and Space S.A., Spain, and Tata Advanced Systems Limited (TASL), recently had its foundation stone placed . This is the first time a complete aircraft will be produced in the nation by a private enterprise. About The C-295 MW transporter : The C-295 is a technologically advanced, 5–10-ton transport aircraft. It is a capable tactical transport aircraft that is strong and dependable and can carry out a variety of tasks. Features: The aircraft can perform multi-role missions in all-weather situations and has a…
03 November, 2022
Defense system
Deinococcus Radiodurans: Mars In a recent study, scientists imitated the intense ionising radiation on Mars and discovered that ancient bacteria may be able to endure considerably longer than previously thought near to the planet's surface. The robust bacterium could live for 280 million years if it were buried, according to a new study, shattering the previous record. This implies that signs of life may still be dormant and hidden beneath Mars' surface. With regards to Deinococcus radiodurans Numerous terrestrial microbes demonstrated that they could be able to thrive on Mars, but one in particular, Deinococcus radiodurans, appeared to be especially…
02 November, 2022
Space
Rising Interest in DNA Testing The Supreme Court recently voiced worry over the rising use of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Tests in legal proceedings. What are the relevant issues? DNA testing are being requested by an increasing number of complainants. According to the government laboratory, these demands are rising by almost 20% a year. Despite the fact that the 3,000 or so DNA tests carried out annually by Indian laboratories pale in comparison to the 70 other countries that rely on DNA Technology, the rise in demand disproves concerns about privacy and potential data abuse. In the quest for justice, DNA…
01 November, 2022
Health
List of Fungal Infections for the First Time: WHO The World Health Organization just published the first-ever Priority Pathogens list of fungi that can endanger public health. What is the WHO's Priority Pathogen List for Fungi? FPPL: The top 19 fungi that pose the greatest risk to human health are listed on the Fungal Priority Pathogens List (FPPL). The list is based on the bacterial priority pathogens list, which was first created by WHO in 2017 with a similar goal of mobilising attention and action on a worldwide scale. Its goal is to direct and encourage additional study and policy…
01 November, 2022
Health
Partial Solar Eclipse On October 25, various portions of India witnessed a partial solar eclipse for the first time in more than ten years. It also marks the last solar eclipse of the year. A solar eclipse is what? A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves in front of the Sun, blocking some of the Sun's light from reaching Earth. An eclipse never occurs on its own. A solar eclipse often occurs two weeks either before or after a lunar eclipse. Recent partial solar eclipse visibility: From sections of Europe, Northern Africa, and a sizable portion of western and…
25 October, 2022
S&T
Launch Vehicle Mark 3 OneWeb's 36 satellites were recently orbited successfully by the Launch Vehicle Mark 3 (LVM3 or GSLV Mark 3) rocket, the heaviest rocket ever built by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). Powered by a constellation of 648 Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, OneWeb is a global communications network. LMV 3: What is it? The LVM3-M2 mission is a dedicated commercial mission for the company OneWeb, carried out by the Central Public Sector Enterprise(CPSE), NewSpace India Limited (NSIL). With 36 OneWeb Satellites to the LEO as the heaviest Payload Mass of LVM3 to date, it is the…
26 October, 2022
Space
Mission DefSpace At the current DefExpo, the Prime Minister just inaugurated "Mission DefSpace." The fourth Defence Indigenisation List, which bans the import of 101 products after specific deadlines, was also announced by him. At the India Pavilion during the Expo, he also debuted the HTT-40 (Hindustan Turbo Trainer-40), an indigenous trainer aircraft created and constructed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). About Mission DefSpace: Through Indian industry and start-ups, an ambitious attempt is being made to develop cutting-edge solutions for the three Services (the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force). Based on the defence needs in the space domain, 75 challenges…
19 October, 2022
Indigenisation of technology
Carbon Dating A Varanasi district court recently denied a request to carbon date a disputed structure that was allegedly discovered on the grounds of the Gyanvapi Mosque. How does carbon dating work? Carbon dating is a popular technique for figuring out how old organic materials—i.e., things that were once alive—are. Carbon exists in a variety of forms in all living things. The carbon-14 (C-14) dating method is based on the fact that C-14 is radioactive and decays at a predictable rate. The carbon isotope C-14 has an atomic mass of 14. C-12 is the most prevalent form of carbon in…
17 October, 2022
R&D
Heli-India Summit 2022 In the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, the Minister of Civil Aviation recently launched the 4th Heli-India Summit 2022. Theme: Helicopters for Last Mile Connectivity. What are the Summit's Highlights? When announcing the accomplishments in the civil aviation sector, it was mentioned that from 1947 to 2014, the nation had only 74 airports; today, it has 141, with 67 of those being added in the last seven years. The current port in Srinagar would be tripled in size, and a civil enclave will be built in Jammu. Announced plans to create a HEMS (Helicopter Emergency Medical…
14 October, 2022
Defense system
INS Arihant Recently, INS Arihant carried out a successful launch of a Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM). About India’s nuclear programme In 1998, India conducted nuclear tests under Pokhran-II. In 2003, India declared its nuclear doctrine based on the No First Use policy while reserving the right of massive retaliation if struck with nuclear weapons first. The Agni series of missiles constitute the backbone of India’s nuclear weapons delivery, which also includes the Prithvi short-range ballistic missiles. The Agni series of missiles are medium and intercontinental-range nuclear-capable ballistic assets. About INS Arihant It was launched in 2009 and commissioned in 2016.…
14 October, 2022
Defense system
Genetically Modified Mosquitoes Recently, scientists genetically altered mosquitoes to inhibit the growth of parasites that cause malaria, which may help to reduce the risk of the disease spreading to humans. Regarding malaria Parasites Through the bites of female Anopheles mosquitoes carrying the parasites that cause malaria, people can contract this potentially fatal illness. In the mosquito's gut, the parasite advances to the next stage and moves to the salivary glands, where it is prepared to infect the next victim it bites. Nevertheless, only around 10% of mosquitoes survive long enough for the contagious parasite to emerge. Symptoms Malaria patients typically experience…
06 October, 2022
Health
Nanomaterials' role in resolving environmental problems The application of contemporary technology, such as nanomaterials or Carbon Dots (CD), may provide remedies for environmental problems like water contamination. The integrity of the aquatic environment has been harmed by the entry of poisonous and hazardous contaminants into waterbodies as a result of modern society's urbanisation. New technological advancements like nanotechnology offer creative answers for effective and sustainable environmental remediation. Nanotechnology: What is it? About: The study of physical phenomena and creation of novel materials and devices with physical sizes between 1 and 100 nanometers constitute the field of nanotechnology (nm). Almost every…
05 October, 2022
Nano Technology
Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2022 has been given to Carolyn R. Bertozzi, Morten Meldal, and K. Barry Sharpless "for the creation of Click Chemistry and Bioorthogonal Chemistry." Sharpless (who won a second time) developed the term "click chemistry" and put a lot of effort into it. Independent of Sharpless, Meldal developed a unique chemical structure called a "triazole," which has a wide range of important uses. Bertozzi then advanced by creating "bioorthogonal" click reactions, which could function inside living creatures (a term she coined). Benjamin List and David MacMillan received the 2021 Nobel…
05 October, 2022
R&D
Nobel Prize 2022 in Medicine/Physiology Svante Pääbo, a Swedish biologist, just received the 2022 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work on the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution. David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian, two American scientists, received the award in 2021 for their work identifying the receptors for temperature and touch. What are Svante Paabo's Research's Key Highlights? Human development and the nearest living relatives of modern humans, the Neanderthals, evolved outside of Africa and lived in Europe and Western Asia from about 400,000 years ago until 30,000 years ago, when they went extinct. Homo sapiens…
05 October, 2022
R&D
Lassa Fever According to a recently released study, the spread of Lassa fever to the central and eastern regions of the continent over the next 50 years would be aided by climate change. About Lassa fever: Parts of West Africa are endemic to this zoonotic illness. Causes: The Lassa virus, a member of the Arenaviridae family, is to blame. The majority of the tropical and subtropical nations in Africa have multimammate rats, which are responsible for the disease's transmission through their urine and droppings. Anything they come into contact with can become contaminated by them. Human-to-human contact with tissue, blood,…
04 October, 2022
Health
Chinese Rover ‘ Zhurong” on Mars By studying underground layers, China's Zhurong rover, which landed on Mars in 2021, discovered evidence of major floods that occurred billions of years ago. The rover investigated its landing site, Utopia Planitia, which is a vast plain in Mars' northern hemisphere. These are the first radar imager results from the rover. The radar's radio waves bounce off underground materials, revealing their grain size and ability to hold an electric charge. Larger objects are usually indicated by stronger signals. What exactly is Zhurong Rover? Zhurong, named after a Chinese mythical fire god, will be carried…
30 September, 2022
Space
NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) recently struck Dimorphous with success. About First planetary defence test for humanity: With the collision, the test was successfully accomplished in a mission that went without a hitch exactly as anticipated. Test purpose: The asteroid's orbit around Didymos, the larger asteroid, should have been subtly altered by the impact. In order to compare this alteration to computer simulations, measurements of this change will be taken by telescopes on Earth and in space. Dimorphos: Why? Didymos is the ideal system for the test mission because it is an eclipsing…
28 September, 2022
Space
Very Short-Range Air Defence System (VSHORADS) Recently, Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO )conducted two successful test flight of Very Short Range Air Defence System (VSHORADS) missile from a ground-based portable launcher at the Integrated Test Range, Chandipur, off the coast of Odisha. Both flight tests have completely met the mission objectives. What is VSHORADS? Very Short-Range Air Defence System (VSHORADS) is a Man-portable air defence system (MANPADS) designed and developed indigenously by DRDO’s Research Centre Imarat (RCI), Hyderabad in collaboration with other DRDO laboratories and Indian Industry Partners The VSHORADS missile's design integrates a number of cutting-edge technology, including an integrated avionics system and a miniaturised reaction…
27 September, 2022
Missile system
Carbon Dating Method The District Court in Varanasi allowed a petition seeking Carbon Dating of the structure inside the Gyanvapi mosque that the Hindu side has claimed is a ‘Shivling’. What is Carbon dating? It is a widely-used method applied to establish the age of organic material, things that were once living. Living things have carbon in them in various forms. The dating method makes use of the fact that a particular isotope of carbon called C-14, with an atomic mass of 14, is radioactive, and decays at a rate that is well known. The most abundant isotope of carbon…
26 September, 2022
S&T
Saturn’s Mysterious Rings & Extreme Tilt A recent analysis concluded that the pre-existing moon Chrysalis likely fled Saturn because of its brilliant rings and unusual tilt. What are the Study's Key Highlights? Significant Tilt: Saturn has a tilt of 26.73 degrees and it is improbable that it tilted during the stages of its development. Neptune, Uranus, and Saturn all currently exhibit a significant tilt, indicating that this trait did not develop throughout the stages of creation. Reason for Tilt: According to a number of theories, gravitational interactions between Saturn and its neighbour Neptune are what caused the planet to tilt.…
24 September, 2022
Space
Moral Problems Caused by Weather Modifications Between 2002 and 2012, China carried out more than 500,000 weather modification operations. China stated plans to expand its weather modification program in 2020, covering an area larger than 5.5 million square kilometers (more than 1.5 times the size of India), including artificial rain or snowfall. To address the problems of water scarcity, ecological collapse, and food security, many nations have studied and used cloud seeding. ??????? How does weather modification work? The deliberate manipulation of the weather, commonly referred to as weather control or weather modification, is a form of geoengineering. Cloud seeding,…
24 September, 2022
International S&T initiative
E-SIM Technology The eSIM (or embedded SIM) is quickly becoming mainstream due to fitness-oriented smartwatches and smartphones. What is an eSIM? An eSIM is an embedded SIM, essentially the same hardware of a regular SIM card chip, but now a permanently embedded part of the motherboard of a watch or smartphone. eSIMs were first established a decade ago in 2012, but despite their futuristic use-cases, have not completely made physical SIMs obsolete yet. Advantages of eSIMs Convenience: It will also save a trip to a telecom store/ service centre when you visit a different state or country where you may…
22 September, 2022
Computers and IT
National Programme on Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) Energy Storage Recently, NITI Aayog presented a report on the current status and future trends in the ACC battery sector. About The report emphasizes the potential role of the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme on ACC energy storage in creating domestic economic value. The policies and incentives recommended in this report could pave the way for top-level battery manufacturers to invest in India. National Programme on Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) Energy Storage Nodal Ministry: the Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises, Government of India Budget allocation: Rs. 18,100 crores Target: Manufacturing capacity…
19 September, 2022
R&D
Web3.0 The Finance Minister recently discussed the usage of Web3 and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology in fraud detection and to produce early warning indications in an unforeseen incident while addressing the 75th Annual General Meeting of the Indian Banks' Association in Mumbai. What is Web3? Web 3.0 is another name for it. A decentralized internet that uses blockchain technology will be created. The phrase "Web3" was initially used in 2014 by Gavin Wood, the creator of Ethereum, a blockchain technology business. Over the following years, many other people have contributed to the concept of Web3. It would be distinct from…
Artificial Sun In recent years, South Korean scientists have developed an "artificial sun" in an effort to produce endless clean energy. Details about the news In their quest for clean nuclear energy, researchers from Seoul National University and the Korea Institute of Fusion Energy have made a significant advancement by building an "artificial sun" at the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) reactor. According to reports, the reactor experienced 30 seconds of temperatures up to 100 million degrees Celsius. In contrast, the sun's core reaches temperatures of about 15 million degrees. Earlier attempts Since 2006, Chinese researchers have been striving…
16 September, 2022
R&D
Project 17A and INS Taragiri The third stealth frigate of Project 17A, Taragiri, was recently launched by the Ministry of Defence-affiliated Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd (MDL). Image Source - News18 Project 17A The Indian Navy initiated Project 17 Alpha frigates (P-17A) in 2019 to build a number of stealth guided-missile frigates. Two businesses, Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders (MDL) and Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers, are currently building these (GRSE). These guided-missile frigates were built using a special stealth design that has radar-absorbent coatings and is low-observable, making it possible for them to approach without being seen by adversaries. The ship's infrared…
14 September, 2022
Defense system
Quick Reaction Surface to Air Missile (QRSAM) System Six flight tests of the Quick Reaction Surface to Air Missile (QRSAM) system were successfully completed by the Indian Army and the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO). Image Source - Hindustan Times Major Points Because QRSAM is a canister-based system, it is kept in and used from compartments that have been specifically created for that purpose. The internal environment of the canister is regulated, making it easier to carry and store the weapon while also considerably extending its shelf life. The system has the ability to engage targets with brief halts…
12 September, 2022
Missile system
Legionnaires Disease The bacteria that causes Legionnaires' disease, legionella, recently produced a cluster of pneumonia cases in Tucumán, Argentina. Image Source - findatopdoc About Legionellosis disease Following an epidemic in 1976 among attendees of an American Legion convention in Philadelphia, Legionella was found. Legionnaires' sickness. A deadly form of pneumonia (lung infection) brought on by the Legionella bacterium is called Legionnaires disease. Small water droplets can make people sick, as can unintentionally ingest water contaminated with Legionella into the lungs. Legionellosis, also known as Legionnaires' disease and Pontiac fever, is a condition brought on by Legionella. People do not typically…
08 September, 2022
Health
Short-term TB treatments (BPaL) A six-month tuberculosis treatment plan known as BPaL that was recently chosen over the customary 18-month protocols by scientists was successful in improving the health of 84% to 94% of the sickest TB patients, according to studies conducted in several different nations. About BPaL Bedaquiline, pretomanid, and linezolid are three more recent antibiotics that are combined to form BPaL. The three-antibiotic regimen is still undergoing clinical trials in India, where it may be incorporated into the country's TB treatment. (3) dosages Pretomanid and bedaquiline, two of the components, are brand-new medications created by TB Alliance and…
07 September, 2022
Health
Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator: ISRO The Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator (IAD) device, which could help with the cost-effective recovery of spent rocket stages and safely land payloads on distant planets, has recently undergone successful testing by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Image Source - Economictimes What is IAD? The Vikram Sarabhai Space Center of ISRO created, developed, and successfully test-flew the IAD (VSSC). The Rohini-300 (RH300 Mk II) sounding rocket from Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station successfully tested the IAD. Scientists from India and beyond, as well as ISRO, frequently employ Rohini-sounding rockets to fly demonstrations of new technologies. The IAD…
06 September, 2022
Indigenisation of technology
Chinook Helicopters Chinook helicopters built by Boeing have recently come under scrutiny due to problems with engine fires. Image Source - Boeing.co.in About Boeing CH-47 Chinook A heavy-lifting, twin-engine helicopter with tandem rotors. Created by the American rotorcraft manufacturer Vertol and produced by Boeing Vertol (later known as Boeing Rotorcraft Systems). High Capacity: Each Chinook helicopter can transport up to 9.6 tonnes of cargo. Disaster management: The helicopter can assist with parachute drops, medical evacuation, search and rescue operations, and aircraft recovery. Salient features of the Chinook Chinook, a heavy-left multi-mission transport helicopter, will be utilized to ferry supplies, equipment,…
05 September, 2022
Defense system
Standalone and non-standalone 5G networks Image Source - Everything RF Reliance, the largest telecom provider in India, just announced the rollout of its 5G services in Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata this year, with plans to extend and cover the entire nation by 2023. According to the corporation, standalone 5G architecture would be used to launch its 5G services. Indian 5G smartphone ecosystem Rise steadily: Over the past two years, India's market share for 5G smartphones has increased. Only 3% of all smartphones shipped in India have 5G capabilities, but that percentage is predicted to rise to 35% by the end…
31 August, 2022
Computers and IT
Cervavac Vaccine for Cervical Cancer Image Source - zeebusiness The scientific completion of Cervavac, India's first locally made quadrivalent human papillomavirus (qHPV) vaccine for the prevention of cervical cancer, was recently announced by the Union Minister of Science and Technology. About Cervavac Manufacturer: The Serum Institute of India, situated in Pune, developed Cervavac in collaboration with the Department of Biotechnology of the Indian Government (DBT). Human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus that is spread through sexual contact, has been related to almost all cases of cervical cancer. Lifecycle: While the HPV infection is typically cleared up spontaneously by the body's immune…
03 September, 2022
Health
Anti-Radiation Pills Image Source - Freepik Recently, as worries of a nuclear accident at Ukraine's Zaporizhzhia power plant increased, the European Union made the preemptive decision to deliver 5.5 million anti-radiation pills to be given to locals. Radiation Emergency Radio-nuclear hazards: These are unintentional or unintended incidents that endanger both people and the environment. Such circumstances involve exposure to radiation from a radioactive source and the need for quick action to lessen the danger. Anti-radiation pills are also needed to handle such a situation. Anti-radiation pills In cases of radiation exposure, potassium iodide (KI) tablets or anti-radiation pills are…
02 September, 2022
Health
National Forensic Science University The Union Home and Cooperation Minister recently spoke at the National Forensic Science University's First Convocation (NFSU). Image Source - Shiksaha.com About National Forensic Science University In order to meet the severe scarcity and the rising need for forensic experts in India and around the world, it was formed by the Indian government in 2020. The National Forensic Sciences University is the first and only university in the world devoted to forensic, behavioural, cybersecurity, digital forensics, and associated sciences. It has the status of an Institution of National Importance. Its campuses have been established outside of…
30 August, 2022
R&D
F/A 18 Super Hornet Fighter Jets Before India's first indigenous aircraft carrier (IAC) Vikrant is put into service, US aviation giant Boeing has suggested that the Indian Navy select the F/A 18 Super Hornet fighter plane. Key Features of F/A 18 The F/A-18 Super Hornet Block III is the most cutting-edge, battle-tested, multi-role frontline naval fighter in the world, offering special and differentiating capabilities as well as full compatibility with Indian Navy carriers. It is fully compliant with INS Vikramaditya and INS Vikrant aircraft carriers and was built and intended for carrier operations. The Indian Navy's aircraft carriers will have…
27 August, 2022
Defense system
Brahmos Missile Three Indian Air Force (IAF) officers have had their employment terminated by the Ministry of Defense as a result of the unintentional launch of a BrahMos missile that landed in Pakistan. About Early in 1980s, Dr A P J Abdul Kalam established the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme, which went on to create a variety of guided missiles with a wide range of capabilities and ranges, including the Prithvi, Agni, Trishul, Akash, and Nag. Early in the 1990s, India's strategic leadership recognized the necessity for cruise missiles, which are guided missiles that travel practically continuously during the majority of…
26 August, 2022
Missile system
Alpha Ship: INS Vikrant The first indigenous aircraft carrier built in India INS VIKRANT will soon join the fleet. By adopting the name, crest, and pennant number (R11) of India's first aircraft carrier, INS Vikrant, it will join the navy force. About INS VIKRANT Beginning in 2007, the project continued until the keel was laid in 2009. The 262-meter-long ship can sail at a top speed of 28 knots and has a full displacement of roughly 45,000 tonnes. It is powered by four gas turbines with an 88 MW capacity. Capability Nearly 30 different types of aircraft, both fixed-wing and…
23 August, 2022
Defense system
Supercharged Biotech Rice Researchers from the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences recently demonstrated how a transcriptional regulator can increase grain yields and speed up rice growth. Image Source - Science The grain output from this "supercharged biotech rice" is 40% higher. Key Highlights of the Report Supercharged Rice: According to the study, a Chinese rice variety's yield was increased by up to 40% after receiving a second copy of one of its own genes. The rice plant benefits from having a second copy of a single gene called OsDREB1C because it increases photosynthesis and nitrogen uptake, speeds up blooming, and…
23 August, 2022
Bio technology
First HFC Bus Indigenously Developed in India Recently, India's first hydrogen fuel cell (HFC) bus was introduced by the Union Minister of State for Science and Technology. A pilot facility for the synthesis of bisphenol-A, a crucial feedstock for the production of epoxy resins, polycarbonate, and other technical plastics, was also opened at the CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (NCL). Key Highlights of this Innovation The Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) and KPIT, an Indian multinational corporation, developed the HFC bus. The National Hydrogen Energy Mission is in line with the release of this first HFC bus that was actually…
23 August, 2022
Indigenization of Technology
Exo-moons Recently, with the aid of ground-based and space telescopes, scientists found approximately 5,000 exoplanets. About Exomoons Exomoons are regarded as those naturally occurring satellites that orbit exoplanets. Exomoons around any of these planets, though, are still untraceable. Exo-moon signals are too feeble due to their small sizes. Origin: The solar system is made up of multiple naturally occurring satellites of various masses and sizes. A few of these satellites have an impact on the solar planet's surrounding environment. Because of this, a sizable number of exomoons are anticipated, which may also have a significant impact on the habitability of…
22 August, 2022
Space
Bioengineered Cornea Implants A successful alternative bioengineered cornea implant comprised of collagen derived from pig skin has recently been developed by Swedish researchers. About the recent research According to estimates, 12.7 million individuals worldwide are blind as a result of their corneas. Medical-grade collagen: The researchers employed medical-grade collagen obtained from pig skin, a by-product of the food industry that is already utilised in medical equipment for glaucoma surgery, as a substitute for human corneas. Collagen, a protein, makes up the majority of the cornea. Important advantages: In addition to being less expensive and more accessible than donated corneas, this…
18 August, 2022
Health
Quantum Key Distribution Technology By releasing a commercial Request for Proposal, the Indian Army has begun the process of acquiring Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) technology created by a cybersecurity firm based in Bengaluru (RFP). About QKD: It is a secure communication technique that makes use of a cryptographic protocol involving a number of quantum mechanical elements. Process: The technique enables two communicating sides to generate random secret keys that are known only to them and shared by the two of them. This ensures that only the communicating sides can use the keys to encrypt and decode messages, resulting in very highly secure…
18 August, 2022
Computers and IT
Dornier Maritime Surveillance Aircraft In an effort to strengthen their bilateral defence cooperation, India recently gave the Sri Lankan Navy a Dornier maritime surveillance aircraft. About Dornier aircraft Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, a state-run aerospace company, is the manufacturer (HAL). Capabilities A short takeoff and landing aircraft is the Dornier 228 maritime patrol aircraft (STOL). The Indian Navy has been using this multipurpose light transport aircraft since 1981 for electronic warfare operations, maritime surveillance, and disaster relief systems. Significance of the move In order to assist Sri Lanka in meeting its immediate security needs, the Indian Navy is providing the country…
17 August, 2022
Defense system
Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System (ATAGS) An indigenously created howitzer called ATAG took part in a 21-gun salute on July 4 at the Red Fort. About the ATAGS An indigenous 155 mm x 52 calibre howitzer gun is called the ATAGS. The name "howitzers" refers to a group of long-range artillery guns. The Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE), a unit of the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) with a location in Pune, is the key agency for its development. In order to replace outdated guns currently in use by the Indian Army with a cutting-edge 155 mm artillery…
16 August, 2022
Defense system
Butterfly Mine The contentious "Butterfly Mine," an anti-personnel mine that is meant to prevent free movement of the soldiers along the enemy line, is said to have been used by Russia in the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine. About Anti-personnel landmines with the designations PFM-1 and PFM-1S are sometimes known as "Butterfly mines" or "Green Parrots." These names were taken from the mines' shape and color. The PFM-1S mine's self-destruction mechanism activates within one to forty hours, which is the primary distinction between PFM-1S and the PFM-1 mine. Specifications It is extremely touch-sensitive, and even picking it up can cause…
13 August, 2022
Defense system
Booster Dose: Corbevax Image Source - The Financial Express According to a recent announcement from the Indian government, persons who have already taken Covishield or Covaxin as their first or second dosage of Covid-19 may take Corbevax as their third booster shot. Corbevax is still seeking the Emergency Use Listing (EUL)from the World Health Organization Up until this point, the vaccination used for the third dose had to be the same as that for the first and second doses. The choice was made when India's drug authorities authorized Corbevax as a heterologous Covid booster dose for people 18 years of…
13 August, 2022
Health
Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) The Earth observation satellite EOS-02 and a student satellite called AzaadiSAT were carried on the inaugural flight of the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) that the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) recently launched. However, because the satellites were already separated from the launch vehicle, the mission failed to deploy them in the necessary orbits. Image Source - Iasgyaan What is a Small Satellite Launch Vehicle? A three-stage launch vehicle called the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) is designed with three solid propulsion stages and a terminal stage called the Velocity Trimming Module (VTM) that uses…
11 August, 2022
Space mission
Novel Langya Henipavirus China's Shandong and Henan provinces have both reported cases of a novel Langya henipavirus (LayV). The zoonotic virus has been identified in 35 people so far, marking the first instances of human-to-animal transmission. What is the Langya virus? Henipaviruses, a new zoonotic virus is categorized as pathogens at biosafety level 4 (BSL4). They can cause serious sickness in both humans and animals, and there are currently no approved medications or vaccines designed specifically for humans. A "phylogenetically different Henipavirus" is the recently found virus. The Paramyxoviridae family of viruses includes the genus Henipavirus, which includes the viruses…
11 August, 2022
Health
Him Drone-a-thon Program The "Him Drone-a-thon" campaign has been started by the Indian Army in association with the Drone Federation of India. Aim: The program's goal is to stimulate the development of ground-breaking drone capabilities for fulfilling the needs of frontline troops by providing specific possibilities to the Indian drone ecosystem. The "Him Drone-a-thon" program is an ongoing connection between all stakeholders in India, including business, academia, software developers, and manufacturers of drone products. Significance According to the Indian Army, this effort supports Make in India's defence manufacturing goals. Based on the idea that "good available locally" is preferable to…
11 August, 2022
Indigenization of Technology
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD EMISSION The Minister of State for Communications recently claimed that India's high levels of electromagnetic fields have no effect on the environment in a written response to a Rajya Sabha inquiry. What are Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Emissions? Invisible magnetic and electric fields of force combine to form electromagnetic fields. Differential voltages produce electric fields; the stronger the voltage, the stronger the resulting field. Electric current flows, generating magnetic fields; the bigger the current, the stronger the magnetic field. Natural Sources of EMF Despite being invisible to the naked eye, electromagnetic fields are prevalent everywhere in our environment. The…
10 August, 2022
S&T
TEJAS JET FOR DELIVERY Malaysia has been promised 18 Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) "Tejas" from the Indian government. The single-engine jet also piqued the interest of Argentina, Australia, Egypt, the United States, Indonesia, and the Philippines. For 83 of the locally made Tejas planes, the Indian government awarded a USD6 billion contract to state-owned Hindustan Aeronautics Limited in 2021, with deliveries beginning in roughly 2023. What is Tejas Aircraft? The Government of India launched the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) programme in 1984 and set up the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) to oversee it. It took the place of the outdated…
10 August, 2022
Defense system
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Nallathamby Kalaiselvi, a senior electrochemical scientist, has been named the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research's first female Director General. Her appointment is for a period of two years with effect from the date of assumption of charge of the post or until further orders, whichever is earlier For more than 25 years, Kalaiselvi has been conducting research on electrochemical power systems, with a particular emphasis on the development of electrode materials and the electrochemical assessment of internally prepared electrode materials for their suitability in the assembly of energy storage devices. Her research interests…
09 August, 2022
S&T
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion plant The Union Ministry of Earth Science’s (MoES) autonomous National Institute of Ocean Technology is building an ocean thermal energy conversion facility. It is being established in Kavaratti, the capital of Lakshadweep. It can produce 65 kilowatts (kW). The project will run the low-temperature thermal desalination plant, which produces 1 lakh liters of drinkable water per day out of seawater. ??????? About Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is a type of energy conversion that takes advantage of the temperature difference between the cooler, deeper ocean waters and the warm, surface waters that…
08 August, 2022
Indigenization of Technology
ANTI TANK GUIDED MISSILE (ATGM) Recently, the Main Battle Tank (MBT) Arjun successfully test-fired locally manufactured Laser-Guided Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGM). The Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) has successfully tested laser-guided anti-tank guided missiles (ATGM) that were built indigenously. About ATGM The main purpose of ATGMs is to strike and obliterate strongly fortified military vehicles. The missiles may be fired and transported by a single soldier, as opposed to bigger tripod-based weapons that need to be transported and fired by a squad or team, as well as missile systems installed on vehicles and aircraft. These guided missiles use an…
06 August, 2022
Missile system
Google's ‘Street View’ Recently, Google announced the launch of its popular ‘Street View’ feature in India – after failing to bring the experience to India at least twice in the past decade following security concerns raised by the government agencies over the collection of data. What is Google Street View? Google Street View is an immersive 360-degree view of a location captured using special cameras mounted on vehicles or on backpacks by data collectors moving around the city streets. The images are then patched together to create a 360-degree view which users can swipe through to get a detailed view…
28 July, 2022
S&T
Cryptojacking Cryptojacking attacks on computer systems have gone up by 30% to 66.7million in the first half of 2022 compared to the first half of last year. About Cryptojacking Cryptojacking is the unauthorized use of someone else's computing resources to mine cryptocurrency. It is a cyber-attack wherein a computing device is hijacked and controlled by the attacker, and its resources are used to illicitly mine cryptocurrency. In most cases, the malicious program is installed when the user clicks on an unsafe link or visits an infected website — and unknowingly provides access to their Internet-connected device. ??????? Detection It is…
28 July, 2022
Computers and IT
Aneurysm Actor Emilia Clarke, who appeared in the Game of Thrones, has revealed her struggle with a brain aneurysm that caused the loss of "quite a bit" of the organ. What s is an Aneurysm?? It is the swelling of the arteries and veins in any part of the body and is caused by the weakening of the walls. It occurs most commonly in the aorta, back of the knees, brain, or intestines. An aneurysm often looks like a berry hanging on a stem. If the aneurysm gets ruptured, it can even cause internal bleeding and even stroke. Blood vessels…
23 July, 2022
Health
SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY As per a study by the United States of America, due to climate change, one-third of all animal and plant species on the planet could face extinction by 2070. Environmentalists consider synthetic biology or ‘synbio’ as a potential tool to preserve biodiversity and restore the natural ecosystem. In the case of India, a draft foresight paper on synthetic biology released by the Department of Biotechnology has stressed the need for a national policy that can consolidate India’s stand on the issue. What is synthetic biology? Synthetic biology combines biotechnological tools with ideas from engineering, computer sciences, and design…
22 July, 2022
R&D
INDIAN SUBMARINE STATUS AFTER NAVY DECOMMISSIONS SINDHUDHVAJ The Navy Kilo Class Submarine INS Sindhudhvaj was decommissioned from service at Visakhapatnam after 35 years in service, the navy now has 15 conventional submarines in service. About Sindhudhvaj Commissioned into the navy in June 1987, Sindhudhvaj was one of the 10-kilo Class Submarines that India acquired from Russia between 1986 and 2000. The Sindhughosh submarines, designated as 877EKM, were designed as part of Project 877 and built under a contract between Rosvooruzhenie and the Ministry of Defence (India). The submarines have a displacement of 3,000 tonnes, a maximum diving depth of 300…
18 July, 2022
Defense system
JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope has delivered the deepest and sharpest infrared image of the distant universe so far. Webb’s First Deep Field of view is galaxy cluster SMACS 0723 and it is teeming with thousands of galaxies – including the faintest objects ever observed in the infrared. About James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) About: It is the world's premier space science observatory. It will solve the mysteries in our solar system and look beyond distant worlds around other stars, and will also probe the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. It…
16 July, 2022
Space
DUNAGIRI- PROJECT 17A FRIGATE Defense Minister Rajnath Singh launched Y- 3023 Dunagiri, Project 17A Frigate built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders Limited (GRSE) in Kolkata on July 15, 2022. About Dunagiri, Project 17A Frigate Named after a mountain range in the state of Uttarakhand, Dunagiri is the fourth ship of P17A Frigates. Dunagiri P17A Frigates are a follow-on class of the P17 (Shivalik Class) Frigates with improved stealth features with advanced weapons and sensors and platform management systems. The first two ships of the P17A project were launched in 2019 and 2020 at Mazagaon Dock Limited (MDL) and GRSE in Kolkata.…
16 July, 2022
Defense system
China’s New High-Tech Aircraft Carrier: Fujian China demonstrated its first indigenous aircraft carrier, the new-generation Fujian. China now has the second-largest fleet of aircraft carriers after the U.S. About Fujian Fujian has been named after China’s eastern coastal province which lies across from Taiwan. Fujian joins two other aircraft carriers currently operated by China — Shandong which is Type 001, commissioned in the year 2019, and the Liaoning, Type 002, bought second-hand from Ukraine in 1998. Fujian, Type 003 carrier is more technologically advanced than its predecessors Shandong and Liaoning. Features The Fujian’s displacement is around 80,000 tons which is…
05 July, 2022
Defense system
Crashing Crypto Market What is the issue? Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies have been crashing since they hit an all-time high last year. What is the current crypto crash? Bitcoin has lost more than two-thirds of its value since it crosses a peak of around $69,000 in November last year and is currently trading at around the $22,000 mark. Ethereum, another cryptocurrency popular among investors, has lost almost 80% of its high value. Due to this, the overall market capitalization of cryptocurrencies has dropped under $1 trillion for the first time since January 2021. The trading volumes in Indian cryptocurrency exchanges…
17 June, 2022
Computers and IT
CABINET APPROVES MEGA 5G AUCTION The central government has approved the auction of airwave capable of offering 5G telecom services, including ultra-high-speed internet. It also gave permission for the setting up of captive 5G networks by big tech. ABOUT 5G 5G is the 5th generation mobile network which is a new global wireless standard after 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G networks. 5G enables a new kind of network which is designed to connect virtually everyone and everything together including machines, various objects, and devices. 5G wireless technology is meant to deliver higher multi-Gbps peak data speeds, ultra-low latency, massive network…
16 June, 2022
Computers and IT
Significance of Transfer Of IN- Orbit Communication Satellite Recently the union cabinet approved the transfer of 10 in-orbit communication satellites from the government of India to NewSpace India limited. NSIL is a public sector enterprise under the administrative control of the Department of Space. The Indian government has also approved increasing the share capital of NSIL from Rs1000 crore to Rs 7500 crore. SIGNIFICANCE It will provide the desired financial autonomy to the company due to the transfer of this asset to realize capital-intensive programs and offer huge employment potential and creation of technology to the other sector of the…
14 June, 2022
Space
World Neglected Tropical Diseases Day Observing the 3rd World Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) Day on 30th Jan 2022, as a key moment to highlight the global community’s commitment to ending NTDs, India joined close to 40 other nations to illuminate the iconic New Delhi Railway Station in purple and orange hues, which is one of the busiest railway stations in the country in terms of train frequency and passenger movement. NTDs are caused mostly by a variety of pathogens including viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi, and toxins. They affect over 1.7 billion people globally. They are “neglected” because they are almost…
01 February, 2022
Health
SEHAT Scheme for Teleconsultation Services e-Health Assistance and Teleconsultation (SeHAT) is the tri-services teleconsultation service of the Ministry of Defense designed for all entitled personnel and their families. As part of the Government’s commitment to Digital India and e-Governance, Minister of Defense launched SeHAT on 27 May 2021. It has been a great example of innovation, especially at a time when the nation is fighting COVID-19. SeHAT stays home OPD is a patient-to-doctor system where the patient can consult a doctor remotely through the internet using his Smartphone, Laptop, Desktop or Tablet. The consultation occurs through video, audio and chat…
01 February, 2022
Health
National Initiative for Design Innovation (NIDI) The government launched the scheme “National Initiative for Design Innovation (NIDI)” in March 2014. The scheme envisaged the establishment of 20 Design Innovation Centres (DIC), One Open Design School (ODS) and One National Design Innovation Network (NDIN) across the country for promoting the culture of innovation, design and creative problem-solving. Presently, 20 DICs have been established on Hub-Spoke Model with 64 Spokes. DIC Hubs include 10 Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT), 9 Central/State Government Universities and a School of Planning and Architecture. ODS and NDIN have been established in IIT, Bombay and Indian Institute of Science…
05 February, 2022
S&T
What is Mission Indradhanush? Mission Indradhanush was launched in 2014 under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. 1. Between 2009 - 2013, only 1% coverage per year has increased. We have to make it to 5%. 2. Objectives of Mission Indradhanush: We have the aim of full coverage by 2020. Cover all those children who are either unvaccinated or are partially vaccinated against vaccine-preventable diseases. 3. New Vaccines: Inactivated Polio Vaccine, Rotavac (Diarrhoea); Measles-Rubella vaccine for 9 months to 15 years in 2017; Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine: Pneumococcal Conjugate. 4. Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP): UIP provide free vaccines to all children in…
09 January, 2022
Health
NITI Aayog Health Index 2021 About NITI Aayog Health Index As a part of cooperative & competitive federalism, NITI Aayog and the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) work to continuously nudge states/UTs towards improvements in health outcomes. In 2017 the National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog) in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) and the World Bank initiated an annual Health Index for tracking Overall Performance and Incremental Performance on health across all states and Union Territories (UTs). The objective of the NITI Aayog Health Index is to track progress on health outcomes and health…
26 December, 2021
Health
Omicron variant of Coronavirus in India On November 24, 2021, a new variant of SARS-CoV-2, B.1.1.529, was reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). This new variant was first detected in specimens collected on November 11, 2021 in Botswana and on November 14, 2021 in South Africa. On November 26, 2021, WHO named the B.1.1.529 Omicron and classified it as a Variant of Concern (VOC). On November 30, 2021, the United States designated Omicron as a Variant of Concern, and on December 1, 2021, the first confirmed U.S. case of Omicron was identified. How did the Omicron variant develop? When…
18 December, 2021
COVID-19
Sun, Solar Missions & Solar Phenomenon Context: This topic is important for UPSE Prelims and Mains GS Paper3. Aurora An aurora also known as the polar lights or aurora Polaris, is a natural light display in Earth's sky, predominantly seen in high-latitude regions (around the Arctic and Antarctic). Auroras display dynamic patterns of brilliant lights that appear as curtains, rays, spirals or dynamic flickers covering the entire sky. Auroras are the result of disturbances in the magnetosphere caused by solar wind. These disturbances alter the trajectories of charged particles in the magnetospheric plasma. These particles, mainly electrons and protons, precipitate into the upper atmosphere (thermosphere/exosphere). The resulting ionization and excitation of atmospheric constituents emit light of varying colour and complexity. The form…
07 November, 2021
Space
Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (AB-HIM) In the Budget speech of FY 21-22, ‘Prime Minister Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana’ (PMASBY) scheme which has now been renamed PM – Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM) was announced on 1st February 2021, with an outlay of about Rs. 64,180 Cr over six years (till FY 25-26). This scheme is in addition to the National Health Mission. The measures under the scheme focus on developing capacities of health systems and institutions across the continuum of care at all levels viz. primary, secondary and tertiary and on preparing health systems in responding effectively to…
01 December, 2021
Health
Initiatives for the Mental Health in Students Manodarpan Initiative The Ministry of Education has undertaken a proactive initiative, named, ‘Manodarpan’, covering a wide range of activities to provide psychosocial support of Emotional Wellbeing and Mental Health in students, teachers, and families during the COVID outbreak and beyond. The following components are included in the ‘Manodarpan’ initiative: Advisory Guidelines for students, teachers, and faculty of School systems and Universities along with families. Web page on Ministry of Education website (URL: http://manodarpan.education.gov.in ) carrying advisory, practical tips, posters, videos, do’s and don’ts for psychosocial support, FAQs, and online query system. National level database and directory of counselors…
30 November, 2021
Health
SWADESH - World’s First Brain Imaging Data & Analytics DBT-National Brain Research Centre (DBT-NBRC) has recently developed project SWADESH - World’s First Brain Imaging Data & Analytics is a unique brain initiative focusing on certified neuroimaging, neurochemical, neuropsychological data and analytics that are made accessible to researchers for managing brain disorders. SWADESH is the first large-scale multimodal neuroimaging database designed specifically for the Indian population with big-data architecture and analytics for various disease categories (Fig. 1) under one platform. To strengthen Alzheimer’s disease (AD) research and help scientific community come up with promising treatments. SWADESH proposes a big-data architecture that manages…
27 November, 2021
R&D
WISER Programme for Women researchers in joint R&D Pro A first-of-its-kind programme to promote women in the field of research and development through lateral entry was launched. The programme called Women’s Involvement in Science and Engineering Research (WISER) program was launched by Indo-German Science & Technology Centre (IGSTC) for encouraging women researchers in joint R&D projects. This program by IGSTC, a joint initiative of the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Government of Germany, will support women scientists holding regular/long-term research positions in academia or research institutes/industry. Involvement…
27 November, 2021
R&D
National Family Health Survey NFHS – 5 What is the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)? The NFHS is a large-scale, multi-round survey conducted in a representative sample of households throughout India. Five rounds of the survey have been conducted since the first survey in 1992-93. The survey provides state and national information for India on fertility, infant and child mortality, the practice of family planning, maternal and child health, reproductive health, nutrition, etc. The Ministry of Health has designated the International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) Mumbai, as the nodal agency, responsible for providing coordination and technical guidance for the…
26 November, 2021
Health
O SMART Scheme The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs chaired by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi today gave its approval for the continuation of the umbrella scheme "Ocean Services, Modelling, Application, Resources, and Technology (O-SMART)" of the Ministry of Earth Sciences, for implementation during the period from 2021-26 at an overall cost of Rs. 2177 crore. What is O SMART Scheme? The scheme encompasses seven sub-schemes namely Ocean Technology, Ocean Modelling and Advisory Services (OMAS), Ocean Observation Network (OON), Ocean Non-Living Resources, Marine Living Resources and Ecology (MLRE), Coastal Research and Operation and Maintenance of Research Vessels. These sub-schemes are…
25 November, 2021
S&T
ACROSS Scheme The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs chaired by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi today gave its approval for the continuation of the umbrella scheme "Atmosphere & Climate Research-Modelling Observing Systems & Services (ACROSS)" along with its eight sub-schemes to the next finance cycle of five years i.e. 2021-2026 at an estimated cost of Rs.2,135 crore. ACROSS Scheme One of the mandates of the Ministry of Earth Sciences is to observe the weather, climate, and ocean parameters and carry out R&D activities to develop and improve the capability to forecast weather, climate, and hazard-related phenomena for societal, economic, and…
25 November, 2021
S&T
Jigyasa: Scientist – Student Connect Programme Since the Jigyasa program launch in 2017, Jigyasa was successful in connecting nearly 3,00,000 students and more than 5,000 teachers with CSIR and they have benefited directly through visits to CSIR labs. The majority of the CSIR labs are participating in this program and subsequently, MoU has been signed with Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya and also with Atal Tinkering Labs of NITI AAYOG. The major stakeholders for the program are academic-based community consisting of MHRD, CSIR scientist’s faculties, Ph.D. research students, school and junior college students, Sanstha's, NGOs, Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan, Navodaya Vidyalaya Samithi, State Government…
23 November, 2021
S&T
4G Vs. 5G Context: This topic is important for UPSE GS Paper 3 And Prelims. Background- "G" stands for "GENERATION". While connected to the internet, the speed of the connection depends upon the signal strength that is shown in abbreviations like 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, etc. on any mobile device. Each generation of wireless broadband is defined as a set of telephone network standards that describe the technical implementation of the system. Brief History of Data Transmission The transmission of data through networks evolved in 1980 with the emergence of 1st generation of networks. Since then, data transmission has seen an up-gradation…
04 November, 2021
Computers and IT
World Bank and Meghalaya signed a project on Health The government of India, the Government of Meghalaya and the World Bank signed a $40 million health project for the state of Meghalaya. The project will improve the quality of health services and strengthen the state’s capacity to handle future health emergencies, including the COVID-19 pandemic. The Meghalaya Health Systems Strengthening Project will enhance the management and governance capabilities of the state and its health facilities; expand the design and coverage of the state’s health insurance program; improve the quality of health services through certification and better human resource systems; and…
01 November, 2021
Health
Mission Samudrayan – India’s first Manned Ocean Mission About Mission Samudayan Based on the experience gained over two decades in the development of unmanned robotic vehicles and systems for 6000 m operational capability, MoES-NIOT is indigenously developing a manned submersible with a depth capability of 6000 meters under the aegis of Deep Ocean Mission. The manned submersible is designed to carry three persons in 2.1-meter diameter Titanium Alloy Personnel Sphere with an operational endurance of 12h and systems to support emergency endurance up to 96h. Some of the critical subsystems of the manned submersibles are development of Ti Alloy Personnel…
29 October, 2021
S&T
Agni 5 Missile A successful launch of the Surface to Surface Ballistic Missile, Agni-5, was carried out on October 27, 2021, at approximately 1950 hrs from APJ Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha. The missile, which uses a three-stage solid-fuelled engine, is capable of striking targets at ranges up to 5,000 kilometres with a very high degree of accuracy. The successful test of Agni-5 is in line with India’s stated policy to have ‘credible minimum deterrence’ that underpins the commitment to ‘No First Use’. Allied Topics: Click here to read about Agni P (Prime) Missile. For a complete Lecture on India Year…
27 October, 2021
Missile system
Healthcare and associated Policy In India CONTEXT: Health policy is an important topic for UPSC prelims and mains. National Health Policy aims for the development of social capital and to protect the health interest of Indian population. Health Policy supplemented by Ayushman Bharat Abhiyan and Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission is an important step towards sustainable development of country and to counter the emerging health crises. Various health care policies National Health Policy 1983 -Indira Gandhi Government The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, initiated India’s first National Health Policy in 1983 i.e. 36 years after independence.…
28 December, 2021
Health
Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission Under this, every citizen will now get a digital health ID and health records digitally protected A campaign of strengthening health facilities that had been going on for the last seven years was entering a new phase today, said Prime Minister Narendra Modi while launching the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission. The Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission would now connect the digital health solutions of hospitals across the country with each other. A release issued by the Central Government stressed that the mission would not only make the processes of hospitals simplified but also increase ease of living.…
28 September, 2021
Health
Medical Devices Parks Scheme The Union government notified a scheme to promote medical device parks at a financial outlay of? 400 crore till the financial year 2024-2025. The scheme aims to ensure easy access to testing and infrastructure facilities. It is expected that this will bring down the cost of production of medical devices, thereby making them more affordable for domestic consumption, the Department of Pharmaceuticals said in a statement. The financial assistance for a selected medical device park would be 90% of the project cost of common infrastructure facilities for the northeastern and hilly States. For the rest, it…
25 September, 2021
Health
Major overhaul in the B.Sc Nursing Syllabus The B.Sc. nursing programme in the country has undergone its first major overhaul after 1947, making it a competency-based curriculum. To be implemented from January 2022, the revised curriculum has been standardised, updated and aimed at bringing in uniformity in nursing education across India. Medical ethics has been introduced for the first time. The new system now adopts a credit-based semester pattern with more emphasis on acquiring competency in each area of study. Also, forensic nursing and nursing informatics have been introduced in the syllabus. Unfortunately the revised curriculum did not include disability…
13 September, 2021
Health
DRDO (Defence Research & Development Organisation) DRDO is the R&D wing of the Ministry of Defence, Govt of India, with a vision to empower India with cutting-edge defence technologies and a mission to achieve self-reliance in critical defence technologies and systems, while equipping our armed forces with state-of-the-art weapon systems and equipment in accordance with requirements laid down by the three Services. DRDO's pursuit of self-reliance and successful indigenous development and production of strategic systems and platforms such as Agni and Prithvi series of missiles; light combat aircraft, Tejas; multi-barrel rocket launcher, Pinaka; air defence system, Akash; a wide range of…
31 August, 2021
Missile system
Indian astrophysicists spot rare merger of 3 jumbo black holes A rare merging of three supermassive black holes has been spotted by a team of astrophysicists from the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), working with Professor Francoise Combes from the Paris Observatory. This is only the third time such an event has been observed and the findings were published as a letter in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics in June. The team were observing the merging of two galaxies — NGC7733 and NGC7734 — in the earth’s celestial neighbourhood when they detected unusual emissions from the centre of the latter…
28 August, 2021
Space
ASTROSAT Mission ASTROSAT is India’s first dedicated multi-wavelength space observatory. AstroSat is the first dedicated Indian astronomy mission aimed at studying celestial sources in X-ray, optical and UV spectral bands simultaneously. The payloads cover the energy bands of Ultraviolet (Near and Far), limited optical and X-ray regime (0.3 keV to 100keV). One of the unique features of AstroSat mission is that it enables the simultaneous multi-wavelength observations of various astronomical objects with a single satellite. AstroSat with a lift-off mass of 1515 kg was launched on September 28, 2015 into a 650 km orbit inclined at an angle of 6…
28 August, 2021
Space
Yuktadhara - Geospatial Planning Portal Yuktadhara is a geospatial planning portal for facilitating Gram Panchayat level planning of MGNREGA activities across India using Remote Sensing and GIS-based information. It integrates a wide variety of spatial information contents to enable a holistic approach toward planning using open source GIS tools. The current level of integration under Yuktdhara, as a part of Bhuvan, incorporates multi-temporal IRS satellite data of better than 3 m detail in natural colour, digital terrain, thematic layers as well as locations of MGNREGA works and watershed management assets. This platform will serve as a repository of assets (Geotags)…
24 August, 2021
Space
Nuclear Fusion Energy What is Nuclear Fusion? Fusion is the energy source of the Sun and stars. In the tremendous heat and gravity at the core of these stellar bodies, hydrogen nuclei collide, fuse into heavier helium atoms and release tremendous amounts of energy in the process. Nuclear fusion is defined as the combining of several small nuclei into one large nucleus with the subsequent release of huge amounts of energy. Nuclear fusion powers our sun and harnessing this fusion energy could provide an unlimited amount of renewable energy. Twentieth-century fusion science identified the most efficient fusion reaction in the…
22 August, 2021
S&T
Nanotechnology in India What is Nano Technology? Nanotechnology in India is the development and use of techniques to study physical phenomena and develop new devices and material structures in the physical size range of 1-100 nanometres (nm), where 1 nanometre is equal to one billionth or 10^−9 of a meter. Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers. On the other hand, the smallest cellular life-forms, the bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma, are around 200 nm in length. The concept of Nanotechnology was first discussed…
14 January, 2022
Nano Technology
ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) is the space agency under the Dept of Space. ISRO headquarters are in Bengaluru, Karnataka. ISRO was initiated under Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, the founding father of Indian space programme, during 1960’s. Vikram Sarabhai is the father of Indian Space Program. Hence Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre is located at Kerala. Dr. K. Sivan is the ISRO Chairman, Department of Space. ISRO’s vision is to harness space technology for national development, while pursuing space science research and planetary exploration. Indian space programme had 3 distinct elements such as, Satellites for communication and remote sensing,…
23 November, 2021
Space
SATYAM Programme and Cognitive Science Research Initiative Recently, the Department of Science and Technology (DST) initiated the Science and Technology of Yoga and Meditation (SATYAM) programme. Under SATYAM, DST has invited proposals to study appropriate intervention of yoga and meditation in fighting Covid-19 and similar kinds of viruses. Aim: To provide assistance to society in today’s critical condition arising due to pandemic Covid-19. This is a need-based call, therefore, proposed work should be completed within 6-12 months. Dimensions of Covid: Covid-19 usually has three dimensions, related to: Stress (worry, sitting at home). Respiratory. Immune system. Scientific Investigation: The effects of yoga and meditation on the life of a person during such stressful times have to be scientifically…
07 August, 2021
COVID-19
Rural Healthcare Services NHM support is also provided for the provision of a range of free services related to maternal health, child health, adolescent health, family planning, universal immunisation programme, and for major diseases such as Tuberculosis, vector-borne diseases like Malaria, Dengue and Kala Azar, Leprosy etc. Other major initiatives supported under NHM include Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK) (under which free drugs, free diagnostics, free blood and diet, free transport from home to institution, between facilities in case of a referral and drop back home is provided), Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK) (which provides newborn and child health screening…
07 August, 2021
Health
Schemes for promoting domestic manufacturing of APIs Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for promotion of domestic manufacturing of critical Key Starting Materials (KSMs)/ Drug Intermediates (DIs) and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) In India: The scheme provides for financial incentives to manufacturers selected under the scheme for manufacturing of 41 Key Starting Materials (KSMs)/ Drug Intermediates (DIs) and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs). The incentives will be provided on incremental sales to selected participants for a period of 6 years. The total financial outlay of the scheme is Rs. 6,940 crore and the tenure of the scheme is from FY 2020-2021 to…
04 August, 2021
Health
Genetic Engineering What is Genetic Engineering? Through genetic engineering, scientists are able to move desirable genes from one plant or animal to another or from a plant to an animal or vice versa. In essence, genetic engineering is a technology wherein a specific gene can be selected and implanted into the recipient organism. The process of genetic engineering involves splicing an area of a chromosome, a gene, that controls a certain characteristic of the body. For example: A gene may be reprogrammed to produce an antiviral protein. A gene can be removed and can be placed into a bacterial cell…
02 August, 2021
S&T
Progress under National Health Mission (NHM) in 2019-20 The Cabinet noted that NHM has envisaged new Initiatives in 2019-20 as: Social Awareness and Actions to Neutralize Pneumonia Successfully (SAANS) initiative was launched to accelerate action to reduce deaths due to childhood pneumonia. SurakshitMatritvaAashwasan (SUMAN) initiative was launched to provide assured, dignified, respectful and quality healthcare at no cost and zero tolerance for denial of services and all existing Schemes for maternal and neonatal health have been brought under one umbrella. Midwifery Services Initiative aims to create a cadre of Nurse Practitioners in Midwifery who are skilled in accordance to competencies…
31 July, 2021
Health
Biotech PRIDE Guidelines The release of Biotech-PRIDE (Promotion of Research and Innovation through Data Exchange) as 1st of its kind developed by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of Science and Technology. India ranks number 4 amongst the top 20 countries contributing to biological databases1. The Government invests a large amount of public funds to generate data in various sectors, including in the biosciences for knowledge generation, to gain deep insights into intricate biological mechanisms and other processes and for translation. These Guidelines will be implemented through Indian Biological Data Centre (IBDC) at Regional Centre for Biotechnology supported by Department…
31 July, 2021
Bio technology
Stem Cells research in India Stem cells are special human cells that have the ability to develop into many different cell types (from muscle to brain). In some cases, they also have the ability to repair damaged tissues. Stem cells differ from other kinds of cells in the body. Self-renewal: They can divide and renew themselves for long periods. Unspecialised: It does not have any tissue-specific structure that allows it to perform specialized functions. Potency: Specialised cells can be derived from stem cells through a process called differentiation. They are divided into 2: Embryonic stem cells: come from unused embryos resulting from an in-vitro fertilisation. They are pluripotent meaning that they can…
31 July, 2021
R&D
PM SVANidhi Scheme for Street Vendors PM SVANidhi is a Central Sector Scheme. Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs is implementing Pradhan Mantri Street Vendors’ Atma Nirbhar Nidhi Scheme (PM SVANidhi) since June 01, 2020, to facilitate the working capital loan of up? 10,000 of 1-year tenure to Street Vendors, vending in urban areas, to resume their businesses, adversely impacted by the pandemic. On prepayment or repayment, they are eligible for an enhanced working capital loan of upto ?20,000 and ?50,000 in the second and third tranches respectively. In addition, ‘SVANidhi se Samriddhi’ initiative, designed to build safety net for the…
10 September, 2021
COVID-19
Space reforms in India Space Activities Bill aims at regulating and promoting private players in the space sector. The government is committed to creating an ecosystem to encourage more private participation in the indigenous production of space technologies, services and devices. Government of India has announced space sector reforms in June 2020. The Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre (IN-SPACe) was created as an independent nodal agency under the Department of Space with the mandate of promoting, handholding, licensing, authorization and monitoring of private space activities in India. Access to Department of Space (DOS) facilities and expertise are extended…
30 July, 2021
Space
Organ Donation and Transplantation Definition of Organ & Tissues Transplantation Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or missing organ. The donor and recipient may be at the same location, or organs may be transported from a donor site to another location. Organs and/or tissues that are transplanted within the same person's body are called autografts. Transplants that are recently performed between two subjects of the same species are called allografts. Organs that have been successfully transplanted include the heart, kidneys,…
28 July, 2021
Health
Infant Mortality due to Pneumonia and SAANS Initiative As per Sample Registration System Report (2010-13) of Registrar General of India, Pneumonia contributes 16.9% of infant deaths and it is the 2nd highest cause of infant mortality. The list of major causes of infant mortality- Top 10 Causes of Death in age below 1 year in India : 2010-2013 Rank Cause of Death Deaths (%) Male Female Person 1 Prematurity & low birth weight 35.6 36.4 35.9 2 Pneumonia 17.0 16.8 16.9 3 Birth asphyxia & birth trauma 10.7 9.1 9.9 4 Other noncommunicable diseases 8.2 7.5 7.9 5 Diarrhoeal diseases 6.2…
27 July, 2021
Health
Progress Under National Health Mission (NHM) in 2019-20 The Cabinet noted that NHM has envisaged new Initiatives in 2019-20 as: Social Awareness and Actions to Neutralize Pneumonia Successfully (SAANS) initiative was launched to accelerate action to reduce deaths due to childhood pneumonia. SurakshitMatritvaAashwasan (SUMAN) initiative was launched to provide assured, dignified, respectful and quality healthcare at no cost and zero tolerance for denial of services and all existing Schemes for maternal and neonatal health have been brought under one umbrella. Midwifery Services Initiative aims to create a cadre of Nurse Practitioners in Midwifery who are skilled in accordance to competencies…
25 March, 2021
Health
AYUSH It was earlier known as Indian System of Medicine. It is governed by Ministry of AYUSH and National AYUSH Mission both in 2014. NAM includes co-location of AYUSH at PHCs, CHCs and District Hospitals, upgradation of hospitals and setting up of upto 50 bedded integrated AYUSH hospitals. For AYUSH drugs, MoAYUSH has amended Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945 for scientific studies. Ministry of AYUSH launched TKDL (Traditional Knowledge Digital Library) in collaboration with CSIR for prevention of grant of patents on non-original inventions by International Patents office. ‘Ayurveda’ (Jaipur) literally means “Science of Life”. Ayurveda is the upaveda of Atharvaveda. The Charak Samhita and Sushruta Samhita…
28 July, 2021
Health
PM CARES for Children Scheme UPSC The Union government announced a special “PM-CARES for Children” scheme for all those orphaned due to COVID-19. It will include a corpus of 10 lakh for each child till he or she reaches the age of 18. Children who have lost both parents or the lone surviving parent or their legal guardian or adoptive parent due to COVID-19 will be supported under the scheme. The Women and Child Development Ministry has said that there are a total 577 COVID-19 orphans identified across the country. When a child turns 18, he or she will draw…
30 May, 2021
COVID-19
China’s Space Missions China took another step towards completing the construction of its first space station by the end of next year following the launch and docking of a cargo spacecraft early on Sunday. The Tianzhou-2 cargo spacecraft, described by China’s state media as “the delivery guy for China’s space station”, was launched late on Saturday on a Long March-7 rocket from the island of Hainan, and docked eight hours later with the space station’s first core module called Tianhe, or “heavenly harmony”. The launch was a third landmark for China’s space programme in recent weeks. China landed a spacecraft…
31 May, 2021
Space
PM CARES for Children scheme Ministry of Women and Child Development has launched the web-based portal pmcares for children.in to facilitate submission of applications, identification of children eligible to receive support under the 'PM CARES for Children' scheme and processing of applications for securing benefits for them. 'PM CARES for Children scheme was announced by the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi for supporting children who have lost both parents or surviving parent or legal guardians or adoptive parents due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The scheme aims to ensure comprehensive care and protection of children who have lost their parents to…
26 July, 2021
COVID-19
National IPR Policy, 2016 (1st IPR Policy) It came in the backdrop of the USTR Special 301 Report (on Global State of IPR Protection and Enforcement) retaining India on the 'Priority Watch List. ‘Creative India, Innovative India’ is the tagline of the policy. This is to incentivize entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation and curb the manufacturing and sale of counterfeits. Objectives: IPR Awareness, outreach and promotion; Create an atmosphere of innovation; replace outdated laws; HRD in IPR; Commercialization of IPR; Administration and management of innovation; combat IPR infringements etc. Features It aims to realise IPRs as a marketable financial asset, and promote innovation and entrepreneurship…
26 July, 2021
S&T
Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Policy, 2013 The policy seeks to focus on both STIs for people and people for STIs. It aims to bring all the benefits of STI to national development and sustainable and more inclusive growth. It seeks the right sizing of gross expenditure on R&D by encouraging private sector participation in R&D, Technology and Innovation. It also wants to bring gender parity in STI activities and gaining global competitiveness in select technological areas through International collaboration and alliances. A Strong and viable Science, Research and Innovation system for High Technology led path for India (SRISHTI) is the goal for the STI policy. Key…
26 July, 2021
S&T
I-STEM Web Portal: Phase II The Indian Science Technology and Engineering facilities Map (I-STEM), the national web portal for sharing R&D facilities was formally launched in January 2020. I-STEM (www.istem.gov.in) is an initiative of the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Govt. of India (PSA, GOI) under the aegis of the Prime Minister Science, Technology and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC) mission. I-STEM project has been accorded extension for five years, until 2026 and enters its second phase with added features. The goal of I-STEM is To strengthen the R&D ecosystem of the country by connecting researchers with resources, in…
26 July, 2021
S&T
PM's Science, Technology and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC) Govt scraps Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC) and replace it with PM's Science, Technology and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC) It has 2 functions Act as a high-level advisory body to several ministries. Execute Mission-oriented programmes. It has 9 members. Unlike the earlier SACs, Secretaries of various scientific ministries like Education, Environment and Health would be special invitees to PM STIAC meetings. PM-STIAC identified 9 National S&T Missions National Language Translation By MEITy, MHRD and DST. It combines machine and human translation, which will eventually enable access to teaching and research material bilingually i.e. in English and one's…
26 July, 2021
S&T
Indian scientists discover materials that self-repair mechanical damages New materials may soon make it possible for damaged electronic components, such as in space crafts, to mend themselves. The materials recently developed by scientists can repair their own mechanical damages with the electrical charges generated by the mechanical impact on them. Devices that we use daily often break down due to mechanical damage, forcing us either to repair or replace them. This decreases the life of the equipment and increases maintenance costs. In many cases, like in space crafts, human intervention for restoration is not possible. Keeping such necessities in mind,…
25 July, 2021
S&T
National Policy for Rare Diseases, 2021 Rare Diseases: WHO defines a rare disease as a lifelong disease or disorder that often highly weakens an individual. It has a prevalence of 1 or less per 1000 population. Example: Haemophilia, Thalassemia, Sickle cell anaemia, auto-immune diseases among others. However, every country has its own definition for rare diseases. The US defines rare diseases as a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 patients in the country. Likewise, the EU defines rare diseases as life-threatening or chronically debilitating (weakening) conditions. It should affect no more than 5 in 10,000 people. About National…
10 December, 2021
Health
Healthcare systems in Rural areas Health and Wellness centres under AB-PMJAY HWCs are providing a package of the following 12 services to make basic health facilities equitable, accessible, and affordable to under-served people, especially in rural and remote areas: Care in Pregnancy and Child Birth. Neonatal and Infant health care services. Childhood and Adolescent health care services. Family planning, contraceptive services and other reproductive health care services Management of communicable diseases: National Health programmes General out-patient care for acute simple illnesses and minor ailments Screening, prevention, control and management of non-communicable diseases and chronic communicable diseases like tuberculosis and leprosy…
24 July, 2021
Health
Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) About Ayushman Bharat Scheme It is to address health issues at all levels - primary, secondary and tertiary. It is the largest Govt funded Healthcare program of World with ~ 50 crore beneficiaries. It is an integrated approach comprising of health insurance. Components of PMJAY Create 1.5 lakh Health and Wellness Centers (for Primary healthcare) HWCs are created by converting existing PHC and subcenters. They are based on the preventive care concept. They provide comprehensive primary health care (CPHC) including a child and maternal health services, NCDs, and also diagnostic services and free essential drugs. PM Jan Arogya Yojana aka National Health Protection…
28 September, 2021
Health
The lightweight anti-tank missile tested by DRDO What is Man-Portable Anti-Tank Guided Missile? The MPATGM is a third-generation anti tank guided missile (ATGM), which has been developed by DRDO in partnership with Indian defence contractor VEM Technologies Ltd. Fitted with a high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) warhead, the MPATGM boasts a top attack capability and has a maximum engagement range of about 2.5 kilometres.. Design and development of the MPATGM weapon system is undertaken for deployment by Infantry and Parachute Battalions of the Indian Army. MPATGM will complement the Spike Anti-Tank Guided Missile to be procured from Israel. Anti-tank Guided Missile (ATGM) The primary purpose of ATGM…
12 January, 2022
Defense system
Automated Train Toilet Sewerage Disposal System Automated Train Toilet Sewerage Disposal System: 7 times cheaper alternative to Biotoilets An automated technology for collection of toilet waste which is easy to maintain and seven times cheaper alternative to the bio-toilets, developed by an Indian scientist, can be used to maintain the toilet system of the Indian Railways. Existing Bio toilets use anaerobic bacteria for converting human waste to gas, but that bacteria can’t decompose plastic and cloth materials dumped into toilets by passengers. Hence maintenance and removal of such non-decomposed materials inside the tank are difficult. The technology developed by Dr…
17 July, 2021
S&T
Tech developed for Improved Lithium-ion Battery Performance Researchers from IIT Guwahati have developed a technique to improve the performance of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, which power most of the portable devices used today. New Technology The 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was jointly awarded to Stanley Whittingham, John Goodenough and Akira Yoshino for work that led to the development of lithium-ion batteries. These batteries are used in most mobile phones, smartphones, tablets, laptops and power banks, among other devices. Today, most Electrical Vehicles (EV) use Li-ion batteries as well, but are slowly reaching their theoretical limits of being able to provide roughly up to 300-watt hour…
12 April, 2021
R&D
Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered grievance management application Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh launched an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered grievance management application in New Delhi on July 15, 2021, developed by the Ministry of Defence with the help of IIT-Kanpur. This is the first AI-based system developed to improve grievance redressal in the Government. The AI tool developed as part of the initiative has the capability to understand the content of the complaint based on the contents therein. As a result, it can identify repeat complaints or spam automatically. Based on the meaning of the complaint, it can categorise complaints into different categories…
16 July, 2021
Artificial Intelligence
North Eastern Institute of Ayurveda & Folk Medicine Research (NEIAFMR) at Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh Cabinet approves the change of nomenclature & mandate of North Eastern Institute of Folk Medicine (NEIFM) as North Eastern Institute of Ayurveda & Folk Medicine Research (NEIAFMR). The NEIFM, Pasighat was established for systemic research, documentation and validation of traditional folk medicine and health practices of the region. The objectives for which the Institute was established include to function as an apex research centre for all aspects of Folk Medicine, to create an interface between traditional healers and scientific research, to survey, documentation and validation of…
18 July, 2021
Health
Deep Ocean Mission and Sagar Nidhi About Deep Ocean Mission The Union Cabinet has approved the long-pending deep ocean mission, which among other things involves developing a submersible vehicle that will allow a crew to plunge 6,000 metres into the ocean and hunt the floor for precious metals. The Deep Ocean Mission was in 2019 envisaged as a Rs. 8,000 crore mission. India has been allotted a site of 75,000 square kilometres in the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB) by the UN International Sea Bed Authority for exploitation of polymetallic nodules (PMN). These are rocks scattered on the seabed containing…
30 October, 2021
Indigenization of Technology
India's Rising Supercomputing Capabilities India is fast emerging as a leader in high-power computing with the National Super Computing Mission (NSM) boosting it to meet the increased computational demands of academia, researchers, MSMEs, and startups in areas like oil exploration, flood prediction as well as genomics and drug discovery. Completion in of Phase II of NSM in September 2021 will take the country’s computing power to 16 Petaflops (PF). Infrastructure planned in NSM Phase I has already been installed and much of Phase II will be getting in place soon. Phase III, initiated this year, will take the computing speed…
06 April, 2021
Computers and IT
Indian astronomers from Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences have tracked a rare supernova explosion and traced it to one of the hottest kind of stars called Wolf–Rayet stars or WR stars. The rare Wolf–Rayet stars are highly luminous objects a thousand times that of the Sun. They strip their outer hydrogen envelope which is associated with the fusion of Helium and other elements in the massive core. Supernova A supernova is the explosive death of a star and often results in the star obtaining the brightness of 100 million suns for a short time. The extremely luminous burst of radiation expels much or all of a star’s…
06 April, 2021
Space
Advanced Chaff Technology by DRDO for Naval Safety DRDO has developed an Advanced Chaff Technology to safeguard the naval ships against enemy missile attacks. The successful development of Advanced Chaff Technology by DLJ is another step towards Atmanirbhar Bharat. Chaff is a passive expendable electronic countermeasure technology used worldwide to protect naval ships from enemy radar and Radio Frequency (RF) missile seekers. The importance of this development is that very less quantity of chaff material deployed in the air acts as decoy to deflect enemy’s missiles for safety of the ships. Defence Research and Development Organisation DRDO works under the administrative control…
05 April, 2021
Indigenization of Technology
Center tells State to declare Mycormycosis an epidemic Rajasthan, Telangana and Tamil Nadu have declared it an epidemic. Maharashtra Health Minister Rajesh Tope said black fungus had claimed 90 lives in the State so far. Eight people had died of the infection in Haryana, which has reported 316 cases. Rajasthan has 100 patients, while Tamil Nadu has reported nine cases. Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 The colonial government introduced the Act to tackle the epidemic of bubonic plague that had spread in the erstwhile Bombay Presidency in the 1890s. Using powers conferred by the Act, colonies authorities would search suspected plague…
21 May, 2021
COVID-19
Rajasthan govt. declares mucormycosis an epidemic Rajasthan, Telangana and Tamil Nadu have declared it an epidemic. Maharashtra Health Minister Rajesh Tope said black fungus had claimed 90 lives in the State so far. Eight people had died of the infection in Haryana, which has reported 316 cases. Rajasthan has 100 patients, while Tamil Nadu has reported nine cases. Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 The colonial government introduced the Act to tackle the epidemic of bubonic plague that had spread in the erstwhile Bombay Presidency in the 1890s. Using powers conferred by the Act, colonies authorities would search suspected plague cases in…
20 May, 2021
COVID-19
COVID Transmission through Aerosols Aerosols can be carried in the air for up to 10 m and improving the ventilation of indoor spaces will reduce transmission, a government advisory on stopping the spread of COVID-19. The advisory, issued by the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India, said there was a need to remember the simple measures that could reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. “Ventilation can decrease the risk of transmission from one infected person to the other. Just as smells can be diluted from the air through opening windows and doors and using exhaust systems,…
21 May, 2021
COVID-19
DBT-NIBMG creates the world’s first database of genomic variants of oral cancer DBT-National Institute of Biomedical Genomics (NIBMG), Kalyani an Autonomous Institute funded by the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India has created a database of genomic variations in oral cancer; the first of its kind in the world. NIBMG has made this database publicly-accessible. dbGENVOC is a browsable online database of GENomic Variants of Oral Cancer and is a free resource. First release of dbGENVOC contains ~24 million somatic and germline variants derived from whole exome sequences of 100 Indian oral cancer patients and whole genome sequences of 5…
08 July, 2021
S&T
Rajasthan govt. declares mucormycosis an epidemic Amid the increasing instances of mucormycosis or black fungus, which is primarily affecting people recovering from COVID-19, the Rajasthan government declared it an epidemic and a notifiable disease. What is Mycormycosis? It is a serious but rare fungal infection caused by a group of molds called mucormycetes, which is abundant in the environment. It mainly affects people who have health problems or take medicines that lower the body’s ability to fight germs and sickness. The types of Mucormycosis are: Rhinocerebral (Sinus and Brain), Pulmonary (Lung), Gastrointestinal, Cutaneous (Skin), and disseminated Mucormycosis. The transmission occurs…
20 May, 2021
COVID-19
Clinical Trials Registry – India (CTRI) Clinical Trials Registry – India (CTRI) is the government of India's official clinical trial registry. The National Institute of Medical Statistics of the Indian Council of Medical Research established the CTRI on 20 July 2007. Since 2009 the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization has mandated that anyone conducting clinical trials in India must preregister before enrolling any research participants. The CTRI requests all the information which the World Health Organization recommends for clinical trial registries. Additionally, the CTRI collects information specific to the circumstances of India, including the address of the principal investigator, the…
05 July, 2021
COVID-19
E Sanjeevani Telemedicine Service Union Health Ministry's National Telemedicine Service – eSanjeevani has crossed another milestone by completing 7 million (70 lakh) consultations. Patients consult with doctors and specialists on a daily basis using this innovative digital medium to seek Health services. In another significant milestone, in June it served around 12.5 lakh patients, which is the highest since the services were launched last year in March. Currently, the National Telemedicine Service is operational in 31 States/Union Territories. eSanjeevaniAB-HWC – the doctor-to-doctor telemedicine platform has been implemented at around 21,000 Health and Wellness Centres as spokes and over 1900 hubs,…
04 July, 2021
Health
Everything about: Gravitational Waves Gravitational Waves (GW): When 2 black holes merge, it will radiate GW. GW are ‘ripples’ in the fabric of space-time caused by some of the most violent and energetic processes in the Universe. They are extremely weak so are very difficult to detect. Albert Einstein predicted the existence of gravitational waves in 1916 in his general theory of relativity. These ripples travel at the speed of light without being scattered significantly. Sources of Gravitational waves Mergers of black holes or neutron stars, rapidly rotating neutron stars, supernova explosions and the remnants of the disturbance caused by the formation of the universe, the Big Bang itself,…
04 July, 2021
S&T
WHO declared China Malaria free! Malaria is caused by single-celled microorganisms/ Parasite of the Plasmodium group. The disease is most commonly spread by an infected female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria Parasite jumped from Gorilla to humans. RH5 protein can bind with human RBCs. Argentina and Algeria both certified malaria free by WHO. And now China. Initiatives for Malaria Odisha Government had launched a malaria control programme – "Durgama Anchalare Malaria Nirakaran (DAMaN)" initiative. Ingenious technique to eradicate mosquito. Through 2 population control methods viz. Radiation and Bacteria (named Wolbachia). Through radiation the mosquito is sterilized and through bacteria the eggs are dead. The test is done on…
04 July, 2021
Health
Pregnant women can take vaccination Pregnant women in India are now eligible to get vaccinated against COVID-19 with the Union Health Ministry giving the approval based on recommendations of the National Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (NTAGI). The decision empowers pregnant women to make an informed choice on taking the COVID-19 vaccination, the Ministry said, adding these women can now register on Cowin or walk into the nearest vaccination centre to get themselves inoculated. The decision has been communicated to all the States and Union Territories. Studies have shown that COVID infection during pregnancy may result in rapid deterioration of…
04 July, 2021
COVID-19
China’s Mars Mission China landed a spacecraft on Mars carrying its first Mars rover in a big boost to its space ambitions, the country’s space agency said on Saturday. China had in July last year launched its first Mars mission, called Tianwen-1, meaning Questions to Heaven, carrying a lander and rover. Tianwen-1 had been in orbit since February, and on Saturday, a lander descended successfully on to the surface of the red planet carrying a rover named Zhurong, named after a god of fire for a planet known in Chinese as the planet of fire. Only the Soviet Union and…
16 May, 2021
Space mission
Genome sequencing in India The facility for genome sequencing to identify new variants of SARS-CoV-2 has been started at Sawai Man Singh Government Medical College here, making Rajasthan the first State in the country to have such a provision for complete sequencing at the State level. The facility had been made available in the State at a cost of ?1 crore for getting information about new variants of the virus. The samples from the State were so far being sent to the Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology’s laboratory in New Delhi. Genes Gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA…
03 July, 2021
S&T
Production Linked Incentive scheme “National Programme on Advanced Chemistry Cell Battery Storage” The Cabinet has approved the proposal of the Department of Heavy Industry for the implementation of the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme 'National Programme on Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) Battery Storage’ for achieving manufacturing capacity of Fifty (50) Giga Watt Hour (GWh) of ACC and 5 GWh of "Niche" ACC with an outlay of Rs.18,100 crore. Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACCs) are the new generation of advanced storage technologies that can store electric energy either as electrochemical or as chemical energy and convert it back to electric energy as…
12 May, 2021
S&T
1.5 Lakh units of Oxycare Systems to be procured through PM CARES Background: In India, the spread of coronavirus has been increasing and is posing serious challenges for the health and economic security of millions of people. There have been calls for citizen donations to support the government in the wake of this emergency with people from all walks of life expressing their desire to donate to India’s war against COVID-19. Details: Catering to the need for having a dedicated national fund with the primary objective of dealing with any kind of emergency or distress situation, and providing relief to…
12 May, 2021
COVID-19
Household spending on health The World Health Organization (WHO) provides data on the percentage of the total population where the household expenditure on health was greater than 10% and 25% of the total household expenditure or income in India in 2011. This provides a clear picture of the status of spending on health by the rural and urban populations. Population, that spent more than 10% of their income (out of their pocket) on Health. 17.33% of the population in India made out-of-pocket payments on health. The percentage was higher in rural areas compared to urban areas. Globally, the average was…
28 June, 2021
Health
COVID and Malnourishment The pandemic has worsened the problem of Malnutrition. While malnutrition already remains the predominant risk factor for child deaths and total disability-adjusted life years (DALY), COVID-19 has pushed back our efforts on ending malnutrition, which plagues India's children. There is a real risk that, as nations strive to control the virus, the gains made in reducing hunger and malnutrition will be lost. The need for more equitable, resilient and sustainable food and health systems has never been more urgent. What is Malnutrition ? Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or…
30 June, 2021
Health
Delta and Delta Plus Variants: Frequently Asked Questions Q. Why does a virus mutate? A virus by its very nature mutates. It is part of its evolution. The SARS-Cov-2 virus is a single-stranded RNA virus. So, changes in the genetic sequence of the RNA are mutations. The moment a virus enters its host cell or a susceptible body, it starts replicating. When the spread of infection increases, the rate of replication also increases. A virus that has got a mutation in it is known as a variant. Q. What is the impact of mutations? The normal process of mutations begins…
29 June, 2021
COVID-19
Rs. 6.28 lakh crore stimulus post 2nd COVID wave Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced some fresh relief measures for the economy, the first such package after the second COVID-19 wave, focusing largely on extending loan guarantees and concessional credit for pandemic-hit sectors and investments to ramp up healthcare capacities. The government pegged the total financial implications of the package, which included the reiteration of some steps that were already announced, such as the provision of foodgrains to the poor till November and higher fertilizer subsidies, at ?6,28,993 crore. Economists, however, noted that the elements of direct stimulus in the package…
29 June, 2021
COVID-19
Treatment of Cancer: SPAG9 and ASPAGNIITM Cancer is a large group of diseases that can start in almost any organ or tissue of the body when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably, go beyond their usual boundaries to invade adjoining parts of the body and/or spread to other organs. The latter process is called metastasizing and is a major cause of death from cancer. A neoplasm and malignant tumor are other common names for cancer. Lung, prostate, colorectal, stomach and liver cancer are the most common types of cancer in men, while breast, colorectal, lung, cervical and thyroid cancer are the most…
05 June, 2021
Health
Everything about Neutrinos Neutrinos was 1st proposed by Swiss scientist Wolfgang Pauli in 1930. It is the 2nd most widely occurring particle in the Universe, after Photons (the particle which makes up light). Neutrinos are so abundant among us that every second there are > 100 trillion of them passing right through each of us. Properties of Neutrinos They are subatomic part different from Neutrons. Leptons family. No charge. In 2015, Nobel Prize was given to Takaaki Kajita and Arthur Mcdonald for discovering Neutrino Oscillations demonstrating that Neutrinos have mass (tiny mass). Not affected by electromagnetic forces which act on electrons. Neutrinos occur in 3 different types. They are separated in terms…
28 June, 2021
Indigenization of Technology
Antimicrobial resistance in India What is Antimicrobial resistance? Antimicrobial resistance (AMR or AR) is the ability of a microbe to resist the effects of medication that once could successfully treat the microbe. In other words, Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of a microorganism (like bacteria, viruses, and some parasites) to stop an antimicrobial (such as antibiotics, antivirals and antimalarials) from working against it. As a result, standard treatments become ineffective, infections persist and may spread to others. When an organism is resistant to more than one drug, it is said to be multidrug-resistant. Then What is Antibiotic resistance? The…
27 June, 2021
Antimicrobial resistance
Delta Plus variant of COVID-19 What is the Delta variant? How is it different from the Delta Plus variant? Why has it become a global concern? A mutant variant of SARS-CoV-2, B.1.617.2 is now named the Delta variant. It has mutations in its spike protein, which makes it more transmissible and able to evade immunity. It has already spread to 80 countries across the world. After India, now it is spreading fast in the U.K., some States in the U.S., Singapore and southern China. When the Delta variant develops additional mutations of possible importance, it is called Delta Plus. As…
27 June, 2021
COVID-19
VERITAS Mission and DAVINCI+ Mission: NASA Missions on Venus NASA announced two missions to Venus, Earth’s closest planetary neighbour, as part of its ‘Discovery Program’ that aims to explore and study the solar system. Missions are The VERITAS (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy) mission will map the surface of the planet, study its geology, and hunt for volcanic activity. The DAVINCI+ (Deep Atmosphere Venus Investigation of Noble gases, Chemistry, and Imaging) with its atmospheric probe, called Plus, will study the dense atmosphere of Venus to understand the trigger and evolution of the runaway greenhouse effect active on…
04 June, 2021
Space
Rajasthan gets genome sequencing laboratory The facility for genome sequencing to identify new variants of SARS-CoV-2 has been started at Sawai Man Singh Government Medical College here, making Rajasthan the first State in the country to have such a provision for complete sequencing at the State level. The facility had been made available in the State at a cost of ?1 crore for getting information about new variants of the virus. The samples from the State were so far being sent to the Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology’s laboratory in New Delhi. Genes Gene is a sequence of DNA or…
26 June, 2021
S&T
Deep Ocean Mission The Union Cabinet has approved the long-pending deep ocean mission, which among other things involves developing a submersible vehicle that will allow a crew to plunge 6,000 metres into the ocean and hunt the floor for precious metals. The Deep Ocean Mission was 2019 envisaged as a ? 8,000 crore mission. India has been allotted a site of 75,000 square kilometres in the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB) by the UN International Sea Bed Authority for the exploitation of polymetallic nodules (PMN). These are rocks scattered on the seabed containing iron, manganese, nickel and cobalt. Funding: In the…
17 June, 2021
Indigenization of Technology
NAFED launches Fortified Rice Bran Oil Rice Bran oil has multiple health benefits, including lowering cholesterol levels due to its low trans-fat content and high mono-unsaturated and polyunsaturated fat contents. It also acts as a booster and reduces the risk of cancer due to the high amount of Vitamin E it contains. This oil is recommended by The American Heart Association and the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the best substitutes for other edible oils. Rice Bran oil from Nafed will be fortified and it will be ensured that it will contain additional nutrients and vitamins. According to…
16 June, 2021
Health
Why do new waves of COVID-19 happen? Dr. V.K. Paul, Member (Health), NITI Aayog was explaining the reasons behind the emergence of new pandemic waves and how it can be controlled or even avoided by following COVID appropriate behaviours and taking measures such as vaccination. Dr. Paul said that there are four elements leading to the formation of a new wave. The behaviour of the virus: The virus has the capacity and ability to spread Susceptible host: The virus keeps looking for susceptible hosts for it to survive. So, if we are not protected either via vaccination or by the…
23 June, 2021
COVID-19
Cryptocurrency and China China’s central bank said all financial transactions involving cryptocurrencies are illegal, sounding the death knell for the digital trade in China after a crackdown on the volatile currencies. What is Blockchain Technology? Blockchains are a new data structure that is secure, cryptography-based, and distributed across a network. The technology supports cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and the transfer of any data or digital asset. Spearheaded by Bitcoin, blockchains achieve consensus among distributed nodes, allowing the transfer of digital goods without the need for centralized authorisation of transactions. The technology allows transactions to be simultaneously anonymous and secure, peer-to-peer, instant and frictionless. It does this by distributing trust from…
25 September, 2021
S&T
Malnutrition and COVID-19 What is the news? A parliamentary panel asked the Ministry of Women and Child Development to conduct a survey on the impact of the pandemic on anganwadi services and malnutrition levels among children. The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Education, Women, Children, Youth and Sports chaired by Rajya Sabha MP Vinay Sahasrabuddhe is learnt to have grilled the officials of the Ministry on the need for data to understand “how anganwadi services were delivered on the ground during the pandemic, and to assess the impact of COVID-19 on stunting and wasting levels. While the government has launched an…
23 June, 2021
Health
Assam planted the World's first-ever genetically modified rubber plant World’s first GM Rubber plant in Assam A Rubber Board research farm on the outskirts of Guwahati now sports the world’s first genetically modified (GM) rubber plant tailored for the climatic conditions in the Northeast. The GM rubber has additional copies of the gene MnSOD, or manganese-containing superoxide dismutase, inserted in the plant, which is expected to tide over the severe cold conditions during winter — a major factor affecting the growth of young rubber plants in the region. The plant was developed at the Kerala-based Rubber Research Institute of India…
23 June, 2021
S&T
Illegal sale of HT Bt Cotton doubled What is Genetic Engineering? Through genetic engineering, scientists are able to move desirable genes from one plant or animal to another or from a plant to an animal or vice versa. In essence, genetic engineering is a technology wherein a specific gene can be selected and implanted into the recipient organism. The process of genetic engineering involves splicing an area of a chromosome, a gene, that controls a certain characteristic of the body. For example: A gene may be reprogrammed to produce an antiviral protein. A gene can be removed and can be…
19 June, 2021
S&T
Nuclear Race China is in the middle of significant modernisation and expansion of its nuclear weapon inventory, and India and Pakistan also appear to be expanding their nuclear arsenals, according to the Swedish think tank Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) Year Book 2021. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) This think tank is an independent international institute dedicated to research into conflict, armaments, arms control and disarmament. It was established in 1966 at Stockholm (Sweden). It provides data, analysis and recommendations, based on open sources, to policymakers, researchers, media and the interested public. The overall number of…
20 June, 2021
Indigenization of Technology
Nuclear Programme of India This topic is important for Paper III of UPSC Mains 2021 and UPSC Prelims 2021 also since many questions come directly through AspireIAS notes on Nuclear Programme of India. In 2018, India commemorated 20 years since it conducted its five nuclear tests, known as Operation Shakti–98, and 10 year since India – U.S Civil Nuclear Agreement in 2008, also called as 123 Agreement. India on November 5, 2018, declared that its nuclear triad, stated in its nuclear doctrine, is operational after indigenous ballistic missile nuclear submarine INS Arihant achieved a milestone by conducting its first deterrence patrol. Nuclear power in…
20 June, 2021
Indigenisation of technology
Project O2 for India The second wave of COVID-19 saw an increase in demand for medical oxygen in different parts of the country. While meeting the current demand, manufacturing medical oxygen also became important to ensure we have an adequate supply in the future. ‘Project O2 for India’ of the Office of Principal Scientific Adviser, Government of India, is to enable stakeholders working to augment the country’s ability to meet this rise in demand for medical oxygen. Under Project O2 for India, a National Consortium of Oxygen is enabling the national level supply of critical raw materials such as zeolites,…
13 June, 2021
COVID-19
AI-powered Contact-free Health Monitor & Step-Down ICU Dozee, a Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and its PSU Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC) funded start-up offers 'contact-free monitoring of the vital parameters of the patients on a normal bed. About DBT The Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of Science and Technology, boosts and augments the development of the biotechnology ecosystem in India through its expansion and application in agriculture, healthcare, animal sciences, environment, and industry. About BIRAC Set up by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India, Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC), is a not-for-profit Section 8, Schedule…
15 June, 2021
COVID-19
IIT Ropar develops the nation's first power-free CPAP device 'Jivan Vayu' Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar has developed a device ‘Jivan Vayu’ which can be used as a substitute of a CPAP machine. What is Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)? CPAP is a treatment method for patients having breathing problems during sleep called sleep apnea. The machine uses mild air pressure to keep the airways open for easy breathing. It is also used to treat infants whose lungs have not fully developed. The machine blows air into the baby's nose to help inflate his or her lungs. The treatment is…
14 June, 2021
COVID-19
CHIME Telescope Scientists with the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME) Collaboration, who include researchers at the Pune-based Tata Institute for Fundamental Research (TIFR) and the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (NCRA), have assembled the largest collection of fast radio bursts (FRBs) in the telescope’s first FRB catalogue. While catching sight of an FRB is considered a rare thing in the field of radio astronomy, prior to the CHIME project, radio astronomers had only caught sight of around 140 bursts in their scopes since the first FRB was spotted in 2007. What is CHIME? CHIME is an interferometric radio telescope…
11 June, 2021
International S&T initiative
Russia to supply hi-tech satellite to Iran Russia is set to deliver an advanced satellite system to Iran that will vastly improve its spying capabilities. Moscow is preparing to give Iran a Kanopus-V satellite with a high-resolution camera. It will allow the Islamic republic to monitor facilities of its adversaries across the West Asia, the newspaper said, citing current and former U.S. and West Asian officials. The satellite would be launched in Russia and contain Russian-made hardware. What is Kanopus V Satellite? Kanopus-V 3 and 4 are the third and fourth members of Russia’s Kanopus-V Remote Earth Sensing Satellite carrying…
12 June, 2021
Science diplomacy
Fatalities of Medical Practitioners due to COVID19 Bihar recorded the highest number of doctors — 69 —who died of COVID19 in the second wave so far followed by Uttar Pradesh (34) and Delhi (27). According to the Indian Medical Association (IMA)registry, 244 deaths have been recorded in the second wave “While last year we lost nearly 730 doctors across India, this year in a short period of time we have lost 244doctors. The second wave is proving extremely fatal for all and especially those at the forefront of the battle. Solution Vaccination cover must be actively increased among the medical…
14 June, 2021
Health
Defence Spending in India Despite the huge countries due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, global military spending in 2020 was the highest in at least 22 years, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. The world's military expenditure stood at $1,981 billion in 2020. The five biggest spenders, which accounted for 62% of global military expenditure in 2020, were the U.S, China, India, Russia, and the U.K. India's military expenditure as a share of the GDP and total government spending among comparable economies was second only to that of Russia. Expenditure Peaks Countries With the highest military expenditure in…
24 April, 2021
Defense system
Dynamics of Second Wave of COVID-19 The coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) is now a global concern because of its higher transmission capacity and associated adverse consequences including death. Number of Cases In 1st wave (March, 2020), cases were less than 5,000. Only in September its peak at around one lakh. But in the 2nd wave, by April only, there are close to 2 lakh cases a day and the current doubling time is 10 days. Therefore, India will reach ~3.1 million detected cases, spelling the peak of the second wave. Inter-Regional and Intra-Regional Disparities in Health System: There are inter-regional and intra-regional…
16 April, 2021
Health
What does Community transmission (CT) mean? CT happens when new cases in the last 14 days cannot be traced to those who have an international travel history when cases cannot be linked to a specific cluster. The WHO guidelines further suggest four subcategories within the broader definition of CT. CT-1 implies “low incidence of locally acquired, widely dispersed cases... and low risk of infection for the general population” with the highest, a CT-4 suggesting “very high incidence of locally acquired, widely dispersed cases in the past 14 days and very high risk of infection for the general population”. India still…
14 May, 2021
COVID-19
Sputnik V Covid vaccine to cost ?995 Introduction The country is looking to produce 15.6 crore doses of the Russian Covid vaccine The imported doses of Russia's Sputnik V Covid-19 vaccine will cost ? 995.40 per shot, said the company’s partner in India Dr Reddy's Laboratories Made in India However, the doses of the vaccine that will be made in India are expected to be cheaper. The company said it is working closely with its six manufacturing partners to fulfil regulatory requirements to ensure a smooth and timely supply. The first dose of the vaccine was also administered in Hyderabad…
14 May, 2021
Health
What is medical oxygen? The air we breathe is a mix of several gases, such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The term ‘medical oxygen’ means high-purity oxygen, which is used for medical treatments and developed for use in the human body. The medical oxygen cylinders actually contain highly pure oxygen gas. To get medical oxygen, a person requires a prescription. To prevent contamination, no other types of gases are allowed in the cylinder. How different is it from industrial oxygen? Oxygen is also used in industries for combustion, oxidation, cutting and chemical reactions. The difference is that purity…
13 May, 2021
Health
PM CARES fund to buy 1.5 lacs Oxycare system of DRDO Oxycare system The PM CARES (Prime Minister’s Citizen Assistance and Relief in Emergency Situations) Fund has sanctioned the procurement of 1.5 lakh units of the Oxycare system, developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), at a cost of ?322.5 crore. Separately, a four lakh litre capacity oxygen production plant supplied by Germany started functioning at the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel COVID Hospital set up by the DRDO in the national capital while naval ships continued to bring in emergency supplies from friendly foreign countries. The Oxycare system was…
13 May, 2021
Health
Positron and Antimatter What is Matter? The matter is made up of atoms, which are the basic units of chemical elements such as hydrogen, helium or oxygen. Atoms are the basic units of matter and the defining structure of elements. atoms are made up of three particles: Protons, Neutrons and Electrons. What is Antimatter? Antimatter is the opposite of normal matter. More specifically, the sub-atomic particles of antimatter have properties opposite those of normal matter. So atoms in the anti matter are made of subatomic particles which have opposite characteristic as of Electrons also known as Anti Electrons or Positrons.…
02 May, 2021
Achievements of Indians in S&T
Vande Bharat Mission (VBM) It is the biggest civilian evacuation exercise to bring back Indian citizens stranded abroad amidst the coronavirus-induced travel restrictions. It has surpassed the large-scale airlift of 1,77,000 people in 1990 at the onset of the Gulf War. The mission is undergoing its 10th phase and has carried 32 lakh passengers approximately both inbound and outbound. National carrier Air India, along with its budget carrier Air India Express (AIE) carried out the bulk of air transfers under the mission. AIE used its fleet to lift agricultural products, mainly fruits and vegetables (the most sought-after items among the…
01 May, 2021
COVID-19
DCGI approves anti-COVID drug- BY DRDO & Clinical Trials GS-Paper-3: S&T - Innovation – UPSC PRELIMS – Mains Application Context: An anti-COVID-19 therapeutic application of the drug 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) has been developed by Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), a lab of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), in collaboration with Dr Reddy’s Laboratories (DRL), Hyderabad. An anti-COVID-19 therapeutic application of the drug 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) has been developed by Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), a lab of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), in collaboration with Dr Reddy’s Laboratories (DRL), Hyderabad. Clinical trial results have…
09 May, 2021
Health
Rare diseases and their occurrence in India The common denominator of rare diseases is the infrequency of their occurrence in the human population. Often debilitating lifelong disease or disorder condition with a prevalence of 1 or less, per 1000 populations is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a rare disease. As per an estimate, there are 7,000 known rare diseases with an estimated 300 million patients in the world; 70 million are in India. According to the Organization for Rare Diseases India, these include inherited cancers, autoimmune disorders, congenital malformations, Hirschsprung’s disease, Gaucher disease, cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophies…
07 May, 2021
Health
What is an Oxygen Concentrator? How does a concentrator help? With the demand for medical oxygen continuing unabated and several States struggling to keep pace with demand, the oxygen concentrator has emerged as a sought-after device. Unlike medical oxygen sourced from industrial units, which are supplied via cylinders, concentrators are devices that can be operated at home. When is an oxygen concentrator needed? The device can aid those whose oxygen saturation levels are between 88 and 92. When blood saturation levels drop below 94%, it could be a sign of respiratory distress. Usually, this merits hospitalisation, but due to the…
05 May, 2021
COVID-19
Mobile Phone Technologies 1G Technology The development of 1G mobile phones took place in the late 1970s. The 1G mobile devices sent only the “analogue voice information” via amplitude modulation (AM), which varies the amplitude of the carrier signal, and frequency modulation (FM), which changes the Frequency of the career signal. In electronics, the analog signal devices were followed by Analog to Digital convertors. The most important 1G system were Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) Total Access Telephone System (TACS). The devices of the 1G included the Cordless Phone, Paging Systems, Private Mobile Radio, Some primitive mobile…
05 May, 2021
Computers and IT
Zhurong – Mars rover GS-Paper-3: S&T-Space – UPSC PRELIMS – Mains Application The Chinese government announced that its first Mars rover will be named Zhurong after a traditional fire god. This name fits with the Chinese name for Mars - “Huo Xing” or fire star. The rover is aboard the Tianwen-1 probe that arrived in Mars orbit in February 2021 and is due to land in May to look for evidence of life. The top candidate for the landing site on Mars is Utopia Planitia, a rock-strewn plain where the U.S. lander Viking 2 touched down in 1976. Tianwen-1's Goals - To analyse…
29 April, 2021
Space
Odisha’s first case of harlequin ichthyosis WHY? Mutations in the ABCA 12 gene are stated to cause harlequin ichthyosis. The ABCA12 protein plays a major role in transporting fats in cells which make up the outermost layer of skin. Severe mutations in the gene lead to the absence or partial production of the ABCA12 protein. This results in lack of lipid transport and as a result, the skin development is affected by varying degrees according to the severity of the mutation, a doctor said citing a research paper on the disease. Condition: The facial features of the baby, including the mouth,…
29 April, 2021
Health
Supplemental Oxygen Delivery System developed by DRDO Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has launched the SpO2 (Blood Oxygen Saturation) supplemental Oxygen Delivery System which will be useful for soldiers in extreme high-altitude areas. About DRDO’s Supplemental Oxygen Delivery System: The system delivers supplemental oxygen based on the SpO2 (Blood Oxygen Saturation) levels. Thus, it prevents the person from going into a state of Hypoxia. Hypoxia is a state in which the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues is inadequate to fulfill all the energy requirements of the body. It is developed by Defence Bio-Engineering & ElectroMedical Laboratory (DEBEL), Bengaluru…
22 April, 2021
Health
NASA's Ingenuity Rover takes flight in Mars' Atmosphere NASA’s Mars Helicopter Ingenuity has successfully flown on Mars. It is the first powered flight on another planet. About NASA’s Mars Helicopter Ingenuity Ingenuity is the first helicopter to fly on Mars. NASA’s rover called Perseverance carried it to the Red Planet. The helicopter’s main task is to carry out a technology demonstration to test the first powered flight on Mars. It also aims to collect samples from the locations on Mars that the rover cannot reach. Features: NASA’s Mars Helicopter Ingenuity is able to fly using counter-rotating blades that spin at…
21 April, 2021
Space mission
Apophis Asteroid and Asteroid research programmes GS: Paper-3: Space-based missions: Prelims-Personality Test First detected in 2004, Apophis is now officially off the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA's) asteroid “risk list”. This has ruled out any chance of Apophis smacking Earth in 2068, and doesn’t show any impact risk for at least the next 100 years. Asteroids or planetoids or minor planets are made up of metals and rocks. They revolve around the sun and are too small to be called planets. The asteroid belt is located roughly between the orbits of the planets Jupiter and Mars. The mass of all…
02 April, 2021
Space
Large Hadron Collider GS-Paper-3: S&T– UPSC PRELIMS – Mains Application Context: Large Hadron Collider beauty Experiment. The LHCb experiment at CERN (European Council for Nuclear Research) has announced the results of their latest analysis of data. LHCb is an experiment set up to explore what happened after the Big Bang that allowed matter to survive and build the Universe we inhabit today. Fourteen billion years ago, the Universe began with a bang. Crammed within an infinitely small space, energy coalesced to form equal quantities of matter and antimatter. But as the Universe cooled and expanded, its composition changed. Just one…
02 April, 2021
International S&T initiative
CIISCO Algorithm- Aditya-L1 Solar probe – UPSC Prelims S&T Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) Identification in Inner Solar Corona (CIISCO) algorithm will be used in India’s first solar mission, Aditya-L1. CIISCO was developed by the Aryabhatta Research Institute of observational sciences (ARIES) and Royal Observatory of Belgium. This new algorithm will be used to detect and track the accelerating Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) in the lower corona of the Sun. Previously, Computer Aided CME Tracking Software (CACTus) based on a computer vision algorithm was used to detect and characterise such eruptions. This vision algorithm detects the CMEs automatically in the outer corona where…
02 April, 2021
Space
34th Foundation Day of C-DAC Context This 13th of April is the 34th Foundation Day of the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), the premier R&D organization of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) Three novel innovative technologies – Cyber Security Operation Centre (CSoC) as a service ,offering end to end security solutions including managed security services. C-DAC’s indigenous High-Performance Computing software solutions- Parallel Development Environment (ParaDE) . ParaDE is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for creating parallel applications on HPC platforms. Automatic Parallelizing Compiler (CAPC) were launched by C-DAC. CAPC is an innovative software which provides a…
14 April, 2021
Indigenisation of technology
NITI Aayog's “AIM-PRIME” scheme to support science-based startups Atal Innovation Mission (AIM), NITI Aayog with Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation launched AIM-PRIME (Program for Researchers on Innovations, Market-Readiness & Entrepreneurship). About AIM-PRIME: AIM-PRIME Program aims at promoting science-based, deep technology. For that, it will provide training and guidance over a period of 12 months. Implementation to be done by Venture Center – a non-profit technology business incubator. The program is open to: Technology developers (early-stage deep tech start-ups, and scientists/ engineers/ clinicians) with strong science-based deep tech business ideas. CEOs and Senior incubation managers of AIM Funded Atal Incubation Centers…
04 April, 2021
Artificial Intelligence
Mission Aahaar Kranti The mission is aimed to spread the message of the need for a nutritionally balanced diet and to understand the importance of accessible to all local fruits and vegetables. Vijnana Bharati (Vibha) and Global Indian Scientists’ and Technocrats’ Forum (GIST) have come together to launch the mission with the motto of (Uttam Aahaar Uttam Vichaar) or `Good Diet-Good Cognition’. The `Aahaar Kranti’ movement is designed to address the peculiar problem being faced by India and the world called `hunger and diseases in abundance’. Studies estimate that India produces as much as two times the amount of calories…
13 April, 2021
Health
Use of Technology in Health Sector Samsung Case Study Samsung Electronics is recycling its old Galaxy smartphones into healthcare equipment for under-served people in India, Morocco, Vietnam and Papua New Guinea. Old phones will be remodelled as eyecare equipment to screen patients with eye diseases, the company said in a statement. When the South Korea handset maker introduced the recycling programme in 2017, it made a handheld camera to enable diagnosis of an internal organ. The smartphone captured images, and the Galaxy device used Artificial Intelligence (AI) to analyse images for ophthalmic diseases. It then connects to an app that…
13 April, 2021
Health
Integrated Health Information Platform (IHIP) The Integrated Health Information Platform is the next generation highly refined version of the presently used Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP). We have started a new chapter in India’s public health trajectory. India is the first country in the world to adopt such an advanced disease surveillance system. The new version of IHIP will house the data entry and management for India’s disease surveillance program. In addition to tracking 33 diseases now as compared to the earlier 18 diseases, it shall ensure near-real-time data in digital mode, having done away with the paper-mode of working.…
04 April, 2021
Health
Waterborne Diseases Waterborne diseases are conditions caused by pathogenic micro-organisms that are transmitted in water. These diseases can be spread while bathing, washing, drinking water, or by eating food exposed to contaminated water. A report by the United Nations says that more than three million people in the world die of water-related diseases due to contaminated water each year, including 1.2 million children. In India, over one lakh people die of water-borne diseases annually. It is reported that groundwater in one-third of India’s 600 districts is not fit for drinking as the concentration of fluoride, iron, salinity and arsenic exceeds…
08 April, 2021
Health
Particle physics- Large Hadron Collider experiment Introduction On March 23, a wave of excitement propagated through the particle physics community when researchers from the LHCb experiment at CERN, situated in the Franco-Swiss border, announced the results of their latest analysis of data. Verge of discovery While the findings were not sufficiently strong to be counted as a discovery, CERN scientists were excited enough to reveal that if the anomaly they had detected was confirmed, “It would require a new physical process, such as the existence of new fundamental particles or interactions.” What was this excitement all about? It is necessary…
28 March, 2021
Nano Technology
PRISM Scheme by Ministry of Science & Tech Union Minister for Science & Technology inaugurated the PRISM (Promoting Innovations in Individuals, Startups, and MSMEs) scheme recently. About PRISM Scheme: PRISM is an initiative of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research(DSIR), Ministry of Science and Technology. To help an individual innovator to become a successful technopreneur. It promotes, supports, and funds implementable and commercially viable innovations created for society. Under the initiative, an innovator of Indian nationality – student, professional and common citizen is eligible. Eligible candidates are provided with technical, strategic, and financial assistance by DSIR-PRISM. Assistance is provided in…
02 April, 2021
R&D
Antigenic escape Antigenic escape (alternatively called immune escape or immune evasion) occurs when the immune system of a human being ("host") is unable to respond to an infectious agent, or in other words that the host's immune system is no longer able to recognize and eliminate a virus or pathogen. This process can occur in a number of different ways of both a genetic and an environmental nature. Such mechanisms include homologous recombination, and manipulation and resistance of the host's immune responses.
30 March, 2021
Health
Finance Minister launched Central Scrutiny Centre and IEPFA App The Finance Minister virtually launched the Central Scrutiny Centre(CSC). She also launched the mobile app for the Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority(IEPFA). About Central Scrutiny Centre: Central Scrutiny Centre is an initiative of the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. It aims to scrutinize the forms filled by companies under straight-through processes. The objective is to ensure that data quality is free from flaws. Features of the Central Scrutiny Centre: CSC will primarily do the following things, It will Scrutinize the filings made by users under straight-through processes The CSC will identify data…
28 March, 2021
Artificial Intelligence
Bacteria found on International Space Station named after Indian scientist 4 species of bacteria have been discovered onboard the International Space Station (ISS). About the Discovery: One of the bacteria has been named after Indian biodiversity scientist Seyed Ajmal Khan (Methylobacterium ajmaline). Four strains of bacteria belong to this family These bacteria aid in plant growth. While one strain was identified as Methylorubrum rhodesianum bacteria, the other three strains were previously undiscovered. International Space Station (ISS) It is a modular space station or a habitable artificial satellite. It has been installed in low Earth orbit. It is a multinational collaborative project…
25 March, 2021
Space
Asteroid 2001 FO32 Asteroid 2001 FO32 is the largest asteroid that passed by Earth in 2021. It was discovered 20 years ago by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) program in Socorro, New Mexico in 2001. When it is at its closest to Earth, it is at a distance of 2 million km (Equal to 5¼ times the distance between Earth & moon). So, it has been designated as a “potentially hazardous asteroid”. The reason for the asteroid’s close approach is its highly eccentric orbit around the Sun, an orbit that is tilted 39° to Earth’s orbital plane. This orbit takes the…
25 March, 2021
S&T
Indo-French Space Collaborations Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and French space agency Centre National dEtudes Spatiales (CNES) are working on their 3rd joint satellite mission. ISRO and CNES have completed the feasibility study to realise the earth observation satellite mission with TRISHNA, a thermal infrared imager. TRISHNA will monitor the water cycle to help in properly utilizing it. ARGOS of CNES will be integrated into ISRO’s OCEANSAT-3 satellite. ARGOS is the data collection and location system of its kind dedicated to studying and preserving the environment. ISRO-CNES Human Space Programme (HSP) Working Group had discussed the medical aspects of human spaceflight and…
25 March, 2021
Space
National Biopharma Mission Towards strengthening the emerging biotechnology enterprise in India, the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), has initiated the Cabinet-approved National Biopharma Mission entitled: “Industry-Academia Collaborative Mission for Accelerating Discovery Research to Early Development for Biopharmaceuticals – Innovate in India Empowering biotech entrepreneurs & accelerating inclusive innovation”. The approved objectives of the Mission are enlisted below : Development of products from leads that are at advanced stages in the product development lifecycle and relevant to public health. Strengthening and establishing shared infrastructure facilities for both product discovery validation and manufacturing Developing human capital by providing specific training to address the…
24 March, 2021
Bio technology
Helium Crisis in India India imports the majority of helium for its domestic needs but now the U.S appears to cut off exports of helium from 2021. Hence, the Indian industry stands to lose out heavily. About Helium: Helium is a chemical element with the symbol He and atomic number 2. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, first in the noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling point is the lowest among all the elements. Helium is the second lightest and second most abundant element in the observable universe Hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant.…
23 March, 2021
Health
Diatom Test for Detecting Death via Drowning Maharashtra Anti-Terrorism Squad (ATS) relied on a diatom test for leads in the alleged murder case of Mansukh Hiran. About Diatom Test It helps in diagnosing the death caused by drowning. It tests diatoms in the body being tested. Diatoms are photosynthesizing algae found in aquatic environment including fresh and marine waters, soils, etc., (almost anywhere moist). If the person is alive when he enters the water, the diatoms will enter the lungs when the person inhales water while drowning. These diatoms are then carried to different body parts by blood circulation. If…
23 March, 2021
Health
Aluminium Air Batteries Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. has entered into a joint venture with Israel-based battery technology start-up Phinergy to develop aluminium-air technology-based battery systems. These batteries utilise oxygen in the air which reacts with an aluminium hydroxide solution to oxidise the aluminium and produce electricity. These batteries are said to be a lower-cost and more energy-dense alternative to lithium-ion batteries, which are currently in use in India. These batteries can be used for electric vehicles and stationary storage, as well as hydrogen storage solutions. The downside of aluminium-air batteries is that they cannot be recharged like lithium-ion batteries. So,…
23 March, 2021
R&D
Drug-resistant superbug “Candida Auris” found in Andamans Candida Auris has been identified for the first time in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. About Candida Auris: Candida Auris or C.auris is a multidrug-resistant fungus. Origin of Candida Auris: Candida Auris was first identified in 2009 in a patient in Japan. The fungus is mostly found in tropical marshes and marine environments, outside hospital environments. Symptoms of C.Auris: C.auris survives on the skin before entering the body through wounds. Why is C.Auris considered harmful? C.Auris is considered dangerous because of three reasons: C.Auris is often multidrug-resistant. C.Auris can survive and persist within dry…
22 March, 2021
Antimicrobial resistance
India-USA Artificial Intelligence Initiative The Indo-U.S. Science and Technology Forum (IUSSTF) has launched the U.S. India Artificial Intelligence (USIAI) Initiative. IUSSTF is a bilateral organization funded by the Department of Science & Technology (DST) and the U.S. Department of State. It will provide an opportunity for key stakeholder groups to discuss opportunities, challenges, and barriers to bilateral R&D collaboration. It will serve as a platform to enable AI innovation, help share ideas for developing an AI workforce, and recommend modes and mechanisms for catalyzing partnerships. Kamakoti Committee AI Task Force headed by V.Kamakoti was set up to explore possibilities to…
21 March, 2021
Science diplomacy
Essential Medicines India has adopted this concept from WHO. Essential medicines do not mean that they are only life saving drugs. In fact, the word life saving drugs is not defined in any of the domestic legislations. These are the medicines that are required to be available with the health system all the time adequately. When WHO published the 1st Model List of Essential Drugs in 1977, it identified 208 individual medicines which together could provide safe, effective treatment for majority of Communicable diseases and NCDs. In India, National List of Essential medicines (NLEM) specified 348 drugs which formed the…
21 March, 2021
Health
Artificial Intelligence in India Industrial Revolution 4.0 It includes Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, Blockchain AR, VR, IoT, Supercomputing, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, 3D printing. IoT (Internet of Things): is defined by ICT as a dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities. Deep Learning or Hierarchical Learning is part of machine learning methods based on learning data representations. In deep learning, each level learns to transform its input data into a slightly more abstract and composite representation. Applications like speech recognition, facial recognition, bioinformatics and drug discovery, financial fraud detection, AI in healthcare, etc. What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)? The term was…
13 January, 2022
Artificial Intelligence
NASA ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar ISRO and NASA signed a partnership in 2014, to collaborate on and launch NISAR (NASA-ISRO SAR) by 2022. About NISAR: NASA is providing L-band SAR, a high-rate communication subsystem for science data, etc., ISRO is providing the S-band radar, and launch services. NISAR is a Synthetic Aperture Radar that can produce extremely high-resolution images for a joint earth observation satellite mission. It will be the first satellite mission to use 2 radar frequencies (L-band and S-band) to measure changes in Earth’s surface less than a centimetre across. NISAR will observe Earth’s land and ice-covered surfaces, sampling Earth…
19 March, 2021
Space mission
Data on Artificial Intelligence AI has helped increase crop yields, raised business productivity, improved access to credit and made cancer detection faster and more precise. It could contribute more than $15 trillion to the world economy by 2030,adding14%to global GDP. Google has identified over 2,600 use cases of“AI for good” worldwide. A study published in Naturereviewing the impact of AI on the SustainableDevelopment Goals (SDGs) find that AI may act as an enabler on134 — or 79%—of all SDG targets. We are on the cusp of unprecedented technological breakthroughs that promise to positively transform our world in ways deeper and more profound than anything that has come before.Yet, the study in Naturealsofinds that AI can actively hinder 59—or 35%— of SDG targets.
19 March, 2021
Artificial Intelligence
Brahmos is the first supersonic cruise missile to enter service.Capable of attaining a speed ofMach 2.8 (almost three times thespeed of sound), it has a range of atleast 290 km (a new version canreach up to 400km). Travelling with such velocitymeans that it would be difficult forair defence systems utilising surfacetoair missiles to intercept theBrahMos while making it easier for it to target and neutralise advanced fighter jets such as the Chinese J20 fighter aircraft moving at less than Mach 2. These advanced and powerful capabilities of the BrahMos not only a. augment the strength of the Indian military, b. make it a highly…
19 March, 2021
Defense system
Genome mapping of Indian Ocean by National Institute of Oceanography National Institute of Oceanography(NIO) has launched its first-of-its-kind project of Genome Mapping in the Indian Ocean. About the Genome Mapping in the Indian Ocean Project: Aim of the Project: To reveal the internal working of the body of the ocean at a cellular level. To understand the biochemistry and the response of the ocean to climate change, nutrient stress and increasing pollution. How will the Project get conducted? The NIO research team onboard its research vessel Sindhu Sadhana will travel from India’s east coast to Australia then towards Port Louis in…
18 March, 2021
Bio technology
AstraZeneca- Reports of blood clots Data of global Covid-19 vaccination A little over 392 million doses of vaccine have been administered globally, according to the Bloomberg Vaccine Tracker, with India accounting for around 9% of them. Reports of blood clot In the last week, there have been a flurry of reports from Europe, of blood clots developing in a very small fraction of those vaccinated and leading to a cascade of European countries announcing a temporary halt to their vaccination programmes involving the AstraZeneca (AZ) vaccine. WHO and the European Medicines Agency have underlined that there is no causal link…
16 March, 2021
Health
Martian Blueberries According to Researchers from Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad the Blueberries in India and “Martian Blueberries” share similar characteristics. What are Martian Blueberries? Martian blueberries are small spherical haematites. The Mars rover “Opportunity” discovered them in 2004 on the planet Mars. Composition of Martian blueberries: Martian Blueberries are made of iron oxide compounds called haematites. These haematites are known to form in oxidising environments through precipitation from aqueous fluids (water-like fluid). Hence, the presence of haematites suggests that water was present on Mars. It also indicates that the planet had an atmosphere with oxygen as haematites need oxygen to stabilise.…
15 March, 2021
Space
Low Efficacy of Adenovirus-Based Vaccines AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson vaccines, produced from harmless adenovirus have low efficacy compared to Pfizer and Moderna vaccines which are produced from mRNAs. About Adenovirus: Adenoviruses are common viruses that cause a range of illnesses. They can cause cold-like symptoms, sore throat, bronchitis, pneumonia, diarrhoea and conjunctivitis. Adenoviruses are non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses. Adenoviruses Transmission: Adenoviruses are usually spread from an infected person to others through close personal contact. Treatment: There is no specific treatment for people with adenovirus infection.
16 March, 2021
Health
Data on Indian Defence Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (Sipri) Report India’s arms imports fell 33 % between 2011-15 and 2016-20, the country has taken a raft of measures to cut dependence on imported military hardware. India's top three arms suppliers during 2016-20 were Russia (accounting for 49% of India's imports), France (18%) and Israel (13%), the report said. According to Sipri, India accounted for 0.2% of the share of global arms exports during 2016-20, making the country the world's 24th largest exporter of major arms. This represents an increase of 228% over India’s export share of 0.1% during the previous five-year period of 2011-15. Myanmar, Sri Lanka and…
17 March, 2021
Defense system
ASTEROID 16 PSYCHE NASA has found that 16 Psyche asteroid orbiting between Mars and Jupiter is made of rare metals such as gold, cobalt, platinum, rhenium and iridium. The total worth of the precious metals in the asteroid has been estimated as 10,000 Quadrillion USD by NASA scientists. About Asteroid 16 Psyche Oxidation is constantly occurring at the surface of the asteroid due to solar winds. Solar winds are stream of charged particles from the hot outer atmosphere of the sun called Corona. How is earth protected from Solar Winds? Earth protects itself from the solar winds with its magnetic field.…
25 November, 2020
Space
INDIA-EUROPEAN UNION COUNTER-TERRORISM DIALOGUE India and European Union held Counter Terrorism Dialogue. Highlights The dialogue reviewed threats posed by UN-sanctioned terrorist entities. India and European Union are to soon conclude the Free Trade Agreement. During the dialogue, European Union stressed to increase India’s investments in the field of Green Energy. India-European Union European Union is the largest trading partner of India. The EU accounts for 12.5% of overall trade between India and the European Union. About Copernicus space Programme of EU It is an Earth Observation Programme of the European Union. Under the programme, European Union provides data and information…
05 November, 2020
Space
IRNSS RECOGNIZED UNDER WWRNS BY IMO The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) has been accepted as a component of the World-Wide Radio Navigation System by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) for its operation in the Indian Ocean Region. This will enable the vessels to use IRNSS to obtain position information similar to GLONASS and GPS. Impacts The navigation system up to 1,500 km in the Indian Ocean waters can now replace GPS. This means that the ships in the Indian Ocean can obtain information from IRNSS for their position at sea. What does the IMO recognition mean? The IMO…
27 November, 2020
Space
PARAM SIDDHI-AI : Param Siddhi is a high-performance computing-artificial intelligence supercomputer established at C-DAC under the National Supercomputing Mission. It has secured rank 63 in the TOP 500 most powerful non-distributed computer system list in the world. Features : Param Siddhi was jointly developed by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology and the Department of Science and Technology. The supercomputer has a speed of 5.267 petaflops. It has now got the recognition of non-distributed super computer systems. What are petaflops? It is a unit of computing speed. n simple words, FLOP is the number of arithmetic operations a machine can do in…
11 November, 2020
Computers and IT
CHECK: WORLD’S FIRST CRISPR-BASED COVID TEST Tata Medical and Diagnostics Ltd have unveiled “TataMD CHECK”- the world’s first CRISPR CaS-9-based Covid-19 diagnostic tool and is powered by FELUDA. Advantages of TataMD CHECK TataMD CHECK will be a simple paper-strip test that will give image-based visual results. This testing will be able to provide high-quality and quick results and will not require highly trained staff. The simplicity of testing will make it available in remote areas also.
30 November, 2020
Bio technology
RADIO BURST IN MILKY WAY NASA recently observed a mix of radio signals and X-rays in the Milky Way. This has never been observed earlier in the galaxy. NASA has also reported the spotting of Fast Radio Bursts. This was detected by the CHIME telescope. What are Fast Radio Bursts? Fast Radio Bursts are bright bursts of radio waves produced by astronomical objects with changing magnetic fields. The duration of these bursts last only for milli-second. making it difficult to spot Fast Radio Bursts. Origin of Milky Way Radio Burst The Fast Radio Burst spotted was from a powerful neutron…
19 December, 2020
Space
GIANT METREWAVE RADIO TELESCOPE (GMRT) The Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope observatory located in Pune has been provided with the prestigious IEEE milestone status. This is the 3rd IEEE milestone recognition being offered to India The previous two IEEE milestone recognition were awarded to JC Bose in 1895 and CV Raman in 1928. JC Bose is regarded as the Father of Wireless Communication. Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope It is an array of 30 radio telescopes operated by National Centre for Radio Astrophysics. It is a part of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research located in Mumbai. One of the major objectives…
11 November, 2020
Space
THIRTY METER TELESCOPE PROJECT. 2020 Physics Nobel Laureate Prof. Andrea Ghez worked closely with Indian astronomers on the design of back-end instruments for the Thirty Meter Telescope Project. About TMT: It is an astronomical observatory with an extremely large telescope (ELT). It is an international project being funded by scientific organisations of Canada, China, India, Japan and USA. Planned location is Mauna Kea on the island of Hawaii in the US state of Hawaii. Purpose: The TMT is designed for near-ultraviolet to mid-infrared observations, featuring adaptive optics to assist in correcting image blur. TMT will enable scientists to study fainter objects far away…
19 November, 2020
Space
SPACEX-NASA’S CREW-1 MISSION NASA has certified SpaceX’s Crew Dragon capsule and the Falcon 9 rocket, making it the first spacecraft certification provided by the space agency. What is the Crew-1 mission? The mission is part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program, whose objective is to make access to space easier in terms of its cost, so that cargo and crew can be easily transported to and from the ISS, enabling greater scientific research. About SpaceX’s Crew Dragon capsule: It will carry up to 4 astronauts on NASA missions, maintaining a space station crew of seven to maximize time dedicated to scientific…
28 November, 2020
Space
ARIEL SPACE MISSION - ESA The European Space Agency (ESA) has formally adopted Ariel. What is Ariel? Ariel (Atmospheric Remote-sensing Infrared Exoplanet Large survey) will be launched in 2029. It will perform a large-scale survey of over a thousand exoplanets over a period of 4 years. The explorer that will study the nature, formation and evolution of exoplanets. Significance: Ariel is the first mission of its kind dedicated to measuring the chemical composition and thermal structures of exoplanets. How exoplanets are found? Tracking the dimming of a star that happens when a planet passes in front of it. NASA’s Kepler…
24 November, 2020
Space
SENTINEL-6 SATELLITE The Copernicus Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich satellite is designed to monitor oceans. It was recently launched from California aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket. This is a part of the next mission dedicated to measuring changes in the global sea level. What is the mission? The mission is called the Jason Continuity of Service (Jason-CS) mission. It is designed to measure the height of the ocean, which is a key component in understanding how the Earth’s climate is changing. It has been developed jointly by the European Space Agency (ESA), NASA, European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites…
19 November, 2020
Space
ISRO’S SHUKRAYAAN: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has short-listed 20 space-based experiment proposals for its proposed Venus orbiter mission 'Shukrayaan'. About Shukrayaan: It is a mission to study Venus for more than four years. Scientific objectives: Investigation of the surface processes and shallow subsurface stratigraphy; and solar wind interaction with Venusian Ionosphere, and studying the structure, composition and dynamics of the atmosphere. The satellite is planned to be launched onboard the GSLV Mk II rocket. The proposed orbit is likely to be a lower apoapsis (farthest point). Why study Venus? Venus is often described as the “twin sister” of the Earth…
11 November, 2020
Space mission
BULK DRUG PARK - HIMACHAL PRADESH What are bulk drugs or APIs? A bulk drug is also called an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). It is the key ingredient of a drug or medicine, which lends it the desired therapeutic effect or produces the intended pharmacological activity. Example- Paracetamol- It is a bulk drug, which acts against pain. It is mixed with binding agents or solvents to prepare the finished pharmaceutical product, ie a paracetamol tablet, capsule or syrup, which is consumed by the patient. How are APIs prepared? They are prepared from multiple reactions involving chemicals and solvents. The primary…
10 November, 2020
Health
DESALINATION PLANTS Uddhav Thackeray cleared Mumbai’s first desalination plant. What is the Swiss Challenge method? The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) is planning to take the ‘Swiss Challenge Method’ for the project. Under this, a project can be awarded to a private player on an unsolicited proposal. The private firm which has first submitted a proposal can be approached directly for negotiations and if they do not agree, then other bidders are called. What are desalination plants? A desalination plant turns salt water into water that is fit to drink. The most commonly used technique used for the process is reverse osmosis…
12 November, 2020
Indigenization of Technology
SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY PARKS OF INDIA (STPI): The Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) is investing up to? 400 crore in setting up office and connectivity infrastructure across several cities, offering small technology firms a ‘plug-and-play’ facility. About Software Technology Parks of India (STPI): It is an autonomous society under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY). Established in 1991 The STPI’s Governing Council’s Chairperson is the Union Minister for Electronics & Information Technology. Other key objectives: To provide statutory and other promotional services to the exporters by implementing Software Technology Parks (STP)/ Electronics and Hardware Technology Parks (EHTP) Schemes…
03 November, 2020
Computers and IT
C32 LH2 PROPELLANT TANK: C32 LH2 is the largest-ever cryogenic propellant tank developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. It is designed to increase the payload capability of ISRO’S GSLV Mk III from 4 tonnes to 6 tonnes. The aim is to create self-reliance with regards to carrying heavier communication satellites into space. About C32 LH2 Tank It is a cryogenic propellant tank made of aluminium alloy. Currently, India is dependent on French Guiana to launch heavier communication satellites. C32 LH2 will put an end to India’s dependence on a foreign country and will boost its self-reliance. What are Cryogenic fuels? Cryogenic…
29 December, 2020
Indigenization of Technology
ARECIBO TELESCOPE: Puerto Rico’s Arecibo Telescope was built in 1963. It is the second-largest single-dish radio telescope in the world. It was in news recently because of its collapse. It is owned by the US National Science Foundation. It is known for its finding that Mercury rotates in 59 days and not 88 days (original calculation). About Arecibo Telescope The Arecibo Telescope has one of the most powerful radar employed to observe asteroids, planets, ionosphere. The telescope has discovered the first exoplanets, prebiotic molecules in distant galaxies and first millisecond Pulsar. The Telescope had served as a hub in the…
29 December, 2020
Space
HARVESTING WATER FROM AIR A team of researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati (IIT-G) have developed a method for harvesting water from humid air. About the Method This method involves spraying a sponge-like porous polymeric material on a normal printer paper. This method can also be used in underwater hulls of ships and submarines to prevent bio-fouling; and to prevent icing on aircraft windows. The method mainly uses the principle of hydrophobicity. The lotus leaves exhibit the property of hydrophobicity. They used ‘Slippery liquid-infused porous surface’ (SLIPS) to effectively harvest water from foggy air. The SLIPS are capable of…
07 December, 2020
Indigenization of Technology
HAYABUSA2 SPACECRAFT OF JAPAN: The Hayabusa2 spacecraft of Japan is nearing the earth after a year-long journey from the asteroid Ryugu. The spacecraft is to reach the earth in Southern Australia on carrying precious samples from the asteroid. The entire operation is being held by JAXA, the Japanese Aerospace exploration agency. Hayabusa2 This mission follows Hayabusa's mission which returned asteroid samples of asteroid Ryugu for a year and a half. The mission is expected to provide knowledge about the evolution of inner planets, especially in the origin of water and organic compounds on the earth. Ryugu It is a carbonaceous near-Earth…
24 December, 2020
Space mission
AUSTRALIAN SQUARE KILOMETRE ARRAY PATHFINDER: Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) is a new type of radio telescope developed by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Recently, this telescope helped map around 300 million galaxies in approximately 300 hours to create a ‘new atlas of the universe. Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder The first light of the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder was in October 2012. The first light in Astronomy means the first use of a telescope. The array consists of 36 identical parabolic Antennas. The antennas work together as a single astronomical Inferometer. Every antenna is…
25 December, 2020
Space
ETHEREUM 2.0 Ethereum is a cryptocurrency. Recently, it was launched in a faster, cheaper and more environmentally friendly platform, as the upgraded version called ‘Ethereum 2.0’. What is Ethereum? Ethereum is a decentralised and open-source blockchain platform, which is a growing list of cryptographic blocks. It is the world’s second-largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization, only after bitcoin. It is also the world’s most actively used blockchain. Ethereum was first proposed in 2013 by a Russian- Canadian cryptocurrency researcher and programmer Vitalik Buterin. The largest cryptocurrency ‘Bitcoin’ works on the principle of Mining, which in turn requires solving complex problems leading…
18 December, 2020
Computers and IT
LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING SURVEY (LIDAR) TECHNIQUE: National High-Speed Rail Corporation Limited will be adopting Light Detection and Ranging Survey (LiDAR) technique using Laser enabled equipment mounted on a Helicopter for conducting the ground survey for the preparation of a Detailed Project Report for the proposed Delhi-Varanasi HSR corridor. What is LiDAR? It is a remote sensing method that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure ranges (variable distances) to the Earth. These light pulses—combined with other data recorded by the airborne system— generate precise, three-dimensional information about the shape of the Earth and its surface…
03 December, 2020
Space
LAB-GROWN MEAT: CLEARED IN SINGAPORE, EMERGING ALTERNATIVE WORLDWIDE: The Singapore Food Agency (SFA) approved this week the sale of a lab-grown meat product. How is lab-grown or cultured meat different from plant-based meat? The latter is made from plant sources such as soy or pea protein, while cultured meat is grown directly from cells in a laboratory. Objective: to offer alternatives to traditional meat products that could feed a lot more people, reduce the threat of zoonotic diseases, and mitigate the environmental impact of meat consumption. In terms of cellular structure, cultured or cultivated meat is the same as conventional…
03 December, 2020
Bio technology
QUANTUM SUPREMACY: What is Quantum Supremacy? It describes the point where quantum computers can do things that classical computers cannot. Superposition and entanglement are what give quantum computers the ability to process so much more information so much faster. Differences between a standard computer and a quantum computer: A classical computer performs calculations using bits that is 0 (representing off )and 1 (representing on). It uses transistors to process information in the form of sequences of zeros and ones called computer binary language. A quantum computer uses the laws of quantum mechanics. Here, different states can be achieved in particles…
02 December, 2020
Computers and IT
CHANGE-5 PROBE Chinese spacecraft carrying rocks and soil from the moon has begun its journey back to Earth, putting China on course to become the first country to successfully retrieve lunar samples since the 1970s. About the Chang'e-5 probe: The probe is named after the mythical Chinese moon goddess. The rocket is comprised of four parts: an orbiter, a returner, an ascender and a lander. The objective of the mission is to bring back lunar rocks, the first attempt by any nation to retrieve samples from the moon in four decades. If successful, China will be only the third country…
21 December, 2020
Space mission
TIHAN-IIT HYDERABAD It is India’s first Testbed for Autonomous Navigation Systems (Terrestrial and Aerial). Special Features of this Facility include, Test Tracks, Emulation of Real-World Scenarios, State of Art Simulation Technologies, Road Infrastructure, V2X Communication, Drone Runways and Landing Area and many more. Background: The Department of Science and Technology (DST), sanctioned IIT Hyderabad under the National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS) to set up a Technology Innovation Hub on Autonomous Navigation and Data Acquisition Systems (UAVs, RoVs, etc.). What are Cyber Physical Systems (CPS)? They are a new class of engineered systems that integrate computation and physical processes in a…
10 December, 2020
Indigenization of Technology
QUANTUM KEY DISTRIBUTION (QKD): The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully demonstrated communication between its two labs using Quantum Key Distribution technology. The Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) and The Research Centre Imarat (RCI) were the two labs that participated in this demonstration. About this technology: Quantum computing refers to a new era of faster and more powerful computers, and the theory goes that they would be able to break current levels of encryption. QKD works by using photons — the particles which transmit light — to transfer data. QKD allows two distant users, who do not share…
15 December, 2020
DRDO
Brazilian mathematician, Carolina Araujo has been conferred with ‘2020 Ramanujan Prize for Young Mathematicians’ for her significant work in algebraic geometry. It is given every year to young mathematicians who conducts outstanding research in developing nation. Her work area focuses on birational geometry, which aims to classify and describe the structure of algebraic varieties. In India, 22nd December is celebrated as National Mathematics Day in the memory of Srinivasa Ramanujan
10 December, 2020
International S&T initiative
ISRO-JAXA Virtual Meeting ISRO and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) held a virtual meeting. Key Takeaways : They have signed an Implementing Arrangement for collaborative activities on rice crop area and air quality monitoring using satellite data. The agencies also reviewed ongoing cooperation to launch a joint lunar polar exploration (LUPEX) mission. About LUPEX Mission: LUPEX is a robotic lunar mission by ISRO and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). The mission aims to send a lunar rover and lander to explore the South Pole region of the Moon in 2024. It will also test lunar night survival capabilities for sustainable lunar exploration in…
15 March, 2021
Space mission
Asterix – France’s First Military Exercise in Space French Space Command launched its first military space exercise called Asterix. AsterX: The exercise has been named AsterX in reference to the first French satellite, which was put into orbit in 1965. During the exercise, the French Military aims to monitor a potentially dangerous space object. It will also analyze threats to its own satellite from another foreign power possessing a considerable space force. The new US Space Force and German space agencies are also taking part in this exercise along with France. These space military exercises are also the first-ever attempt…
14 March, 2021
Space mission
Data on Diabetes India has second highest number of diabetes patients aged 20-79 yrs as of 2019- WHO. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimated the global prevalence of diabetes among adults over 18 years of age as 8.5% in 2014. There are estimated 72.96 million cases of diabetes in adult population of India. The prevalence in urban areas ranges between 10.9% and 14.2% and prevalence in rural India was 3.0-7.8% among population aged 20 years and above with a much higher prevalence among individuals aged over 50 years (INDIAB Study). Diabetes is a major public health problem in India with an estimated…
12 March, 2021
Health
Lunar Polar Exploration mission (LUPEX) The Lunar Polar Exploration mission (LUPEX) is a robotic lunar mission concept by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) that would send a lunar rover and lander to explore the south pole region of the Moon in 2024. JAXA is likely to provide the under-development H3 launch vehicle and the rover, while ISRO would be responsible for the lander. The mission concept has not yet been formally proposed for funding and planning The Lunar Polar Exploration mission would demonstrate new surface exploration technologies related to vehicular transport and…
12 March, 2021
Space mission
About National Hydrogen Energy Mission, 2021-22 The Union Budget for 2021-22 has announced a National Hydrogen Energy Mission (NHEM) to draw up a road map for using hydrogen as an energy source. This initiative can transform transportation. NHM initiative will capitalise on one of the most abundant elements on earth (Hydrogen) for a cleaner alternative fuel option. About NHEM: Focus on the generation of hydrogen from green power resources. To link India’s growing renewable capacity with the hydrogen economy. The usage of hydrogen will not only help India in achieving its emission goals under the Paris Agreement, but will also…
11 January, 2022
S&T
Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Nidhi (PMSSN) Importance of Health Health is vital for improved developmental outcomes. From an economic standpoint, better health improves productivity, and reduces losses due to premature death, prolonged disability and early retirement. Health and Nutrition also directly impact scholastic achievements and have a bearing on productivity and income. Health Outcomes depend substantially on public spending on health. One extra year of population life expectancy raises GDP per capita by 4%, Investment in health creates millions of jobs, largely for women, through a much-needed expansion of the health workforce In the budget speech of 2018, the Finance…
10 March, 2021
Health
Small Satellite Launch Vehicle Planned by ISRO for April 2021 The maiden flight of the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) - ISRO’s compact launcher - will be made soon. SSLV will meet the “launch on demand” requirements in a cost-effective manner for small satellites in a dedicated and ride-share mode. It is a 3-stage all-solid vehicle that can launch up to 500 kg satellite into 500 km Low Earth Orbit and 300 kg into Sun Synchronous Orbit. With a lower per kg launch cost, the mini launcher will have multiple satellite mounting options for nano, micro and small satellites. SSLV…
10 March, 2021
Space
GISAT-1 Being Planned by ISRO Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) plans to launch GISAT-1 into space using a GSLV-F10 rocket. Geo Imaging Satellite-1 or GISAT-1 is India’s first earth observation satellite in a geostationary orbit. The rocket will place GISAT-1 in geosynchronous orbit, and subsequently in geostationary orbit, using its onboard propulsion system. GISAT-1 will facilitate near real-time observation of the Indian sub-continent, under cloud-free conditions, at frequent intervals. With onboard high-resolution cameras, the satellite will allow India to monitor the Indian land mass and the oceans, particularly its borders. It would help in quick monitoring of natural disasters, episodic…
08 March, 2021
Space
PM Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana, 2008 It is an irony that even after 70 years of Independence, only 40% of the population can afford branded medicines. And India is in the Top 4 countries to export generic medicine to ~ 200 countries. 1 out of 6 medicines consumed in the World is from India. And in India 6 out of 10 have no access to them. Hence India launched Jan Aushadhi Scheme in 2008 by Dept of Pharma, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers. It is implemented by BPPI, Gurugram. To bring down the healthcare budget of every citizen of India by…
08 March, 2021
Health
Anti-microbial resistance crisis in India What is Antimicrobial resistance? Antimicrobial resistance (AMR or AR) is the ability of a microbe to resist the effects of medication that once could successfully treat the microbe. In other words, Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of a microorganism (like bacteria, viruses, and some parasites) to stop an antimicrobial (such as antibiotics, antivirals and antimalarials) from working against it. As a result, standard treatments become ineffective, infections persist and may spread to others. When an organism is resistant to more than one drug, it is said to be multidrug-resistant. Then What is Antibiotic resistance?…
09 March, 2021
Antimicrobial resistance
National AYUSH Mission Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India is implementing Centrally Sponsored Scheme of National AYUSH Mission (NAM). Under ‘Medicinal Plants’ component of the NAM scheme supporting market driven cultivation of prioritized medicinal plants in identified cluster/zones with in selected districts of States and implemented in a mission mode. As per the scheme guidelines, the support is provided for: Cultivation of prioritized medicinal plants on farmer’s land. Establishment of nurseries with backward linkages for raising and supply of quality planting material. Post-harvest management with forward linkages. Primary processing, marketing infrastructure etc. Under this scheme, subsidy @30%, 50% and 75%…
09 March, 2021
Health
5G vs. 4G Connectivity 5G 4G 5G uses utilises much higher radio frequencies of 28 ghz. 4G uses lower reading frequencies of 700 mhz to 2500 mhz. 5G transfer more data over the air at faster speeds. 4G speed is lesser with less data transfer. 5G has lower latency i.e the delay before a transfer of data begins following an instruction. Latency for 5G is predicted to be below 10 milliseconds, and in best cases around 1 millisecond. 4G has higher latency as compared to 5G. Latency for 4G is around 20-30 milliseconds. 5G uses millimetre wave spectrum which…
07 March, 2021
Computers and IT
ISRO & Related Space Agencies- Antrix, New Space India Limited & IN-SPACe NSIL and ANTRIX NSIL’s main purpose is to market the technologies developed by ISRO and bring it more clients that need space-based services. That role, incidentally, was already being performed by Antrix Corporation, another PSU working under the Department of Space, and which still exists. The government has clarified the role of NSIL that it would have a demand-driven approach rather than the current supply-driven strategy. Essentially, what that means is that instead of just marketing what ISRO has to offer, NSIL would listen to the needs of the…
06 March, 2021
Indigenization of Technology
Space Related Facts and Data Indian Space Program Started in 2ndFive Year Plan. Vikram Sarabhai is the architect of the INDIAN SPACE PROGRAM. Space program is run byDepartment of Space, PMO. Quick Facts PSLV-C51/Amazonia-1 is the first dedicated commercial mission of NewSpace India Limited (NSIL), a Government of India company under the Department of Space. Notable payloads launched by PSLV include India's first lunar probe Chandrayaan-1, India's first interplanetary mission, Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) and India's first space observatory, Astrosat. PSLV emerged as the reliable and versatile workhorse launch vehicle of India with 39 consecutively successful missions. PSLV-C37 successfully carried and deployed a record 104 satellites in sun-synchronous…
07 March, 2021
Space
Red Rice in Assam Boosting India’s rice export potential, the first consignment of ‘red rice’ was flagged off to the USA. This rice variety is called ‘Bao-dhaan’ - An integral part of Assamese food. ‘Red rice’ is grown in the Brahmaputra valley of Assam, without the use of any chemical fertilizer. It is rich in iron. The agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) has been promoting rice exports through the Rice Export Promotion Forum (REPF). GI Tags GI Tags 2019-2020 Products Categories States/UTs Kashmir Saffron Agriculture Jammu & Kashmir Manipuri Black Rice Food Stuff Manipur Kandhamal Haladi Agricultural …
05 March, 2021
Bio technology
The search of Stromatolites on Jezero Crater in Mars Fossil stromatolites are the oldest evidence for life on Earth. They first appeared 3.7 billion years ago. The drone Ingenuity will search the surface of Martian crater Jezero to look for signs of this microbe trapped in its atmosphere.
05 March, 2021
Space mission
Feluda Test Feluda is the acronym for FNCAS9 Editor Linked Uniform Detection Assay. It is an accurate and low-cost paper-based test strip to detect Covid-19 and can deliver a result in 45 minutes. Developed by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and Tata Group. How does it work? It uses indigenously developed CRISPR gene-editing technology to identify and target the genetic material of SARS-CoV2, the virus that causes Covid-19. Significance: According to CSIR, the test matches the accuracy levels of RT-PCR tests. ‘Feluda’ is also the world’s first diagnostic test to deploy a specially adapted Cas9 protein to…
05 October, 2020
Bio technology
Nobel Prizes 2020 3 scientists share Prize in Physiology or Medicine: Americans Harvey J Alter and Charles M Rice, and British scientist Michael Houghton have been awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology for the discovery of the hepatitis C virus. Their Contributions: The trio’s work helped explain a major source of blood-borne hepatitis that couldn’t be explained by the hepatitis A and B viruses. Their discovery has essentially eliminated post-transfusion hepatitis in many parts of the world. Their discovery also allowed the rapid development of antiviral drugs directed at hepatitis C. Basics: What is Hepatitis C? It is…
13 October, 2020
R&D
Swadeshi Microprocessor Challenge launched Launched by: Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY) Aim: To provide further impetus to the strong ecosystem of Start-up, innovation and research in the country. To realize the ambition of self-reliance. Indigenously developed microprocessors SHAKTI and VEGA have also been rolled out under the Microprocessor Development Programme. Microprocessor Development Programme Aim: Meeting India’s future requirements for strategic and industrial sectors To mitigate the issues of security, licensing, technology obsolescence and cutting dependency on imports. It is a successful step to achieving the goal of a vibrant ecosystem of Electronic System Design & Manufacturing in India.
27 August, 2020
S&T
Abscisic Acid (ABA) What is Abscisic Acid? Glands are organs that secrete hormones at different times to stimulate body processes such as growth, development, and the breaking down of sugars. Abscisic acid is a plant hormone involved in many developmental plant processes, such as dormancy and environmental stress response. The function of Abscisic Acid Plants have openings on the bottom side of their leaves, known as stomata. Stomata take in carbon dioxide and regulate water content. Abscisic acid has been found to function in the closing of these stomata during times when the plant does not require as much…
13 August, 2020
Bio technology
Development of Synthetic Flavonoids Recently, scientists from Agharkar Research Institute (ARI), Pune have found the first synthetic route for producing flavonoid molecules related to the treatment of tuberculosis and chikungunya. Key takeaways It is for the first time that the flavonoid molecules such as rugosa flavonoids, podocare flavone and isoflavone have been synthesised in a lab. These three molecules have so far been isolated from plants only. These are part of the polyphenol class of phytonutrients (plant chemicals) found in almost all fruits and vegetables. They are responsible for organic pigments and the vivid colours in fruits and vegetables. These…
19 August, 2020
S&T
Magnetic hyperthermia-mediated cancer therapy (MHCT) It is a non-invasive cancer treatment. The technique: Delivery and localisation of magnetic materials within the targeted tumour site followed by subsequent application of an alternating magnetic field (AMF), thereby generating heat at the tumour site. It can efficiently act against deep-seated inaccessible solid tumours like glioblastoma (an aggressive type of cancer that can occur in the brain or spinal cord)
12 August, 2020
Bio technology
Achievements of Indians in S&T C.V.Raman Raman was an Indian physicist who carried out ground-breaking work in the field of light scattering. Raman led an experiment with K. S. Krishnan, on the scattering of light, when he discovered what is called the Raman effect. It gave proof of the quantum nature of light. He won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics “for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the Raman effect”. He was the first Asian and first non-white to receive any Nobel Prize in the sciences. In 1933, Venkatraman became the first Indian director…
03 March, 2021
Achievements of Indians in S&T
PSLV C-51 Launched by NSIL PSLV-C51 was successfully launched by ISRO recently. This was the 53rd flight of ISRO’s launch vehicle and the first dedicated mission of its commercial arm, NewSpace India Ltd. The mission was undertaken under a commercial arrangement with Spaceflight Inc., U.S. Satellites onboard: It carried 19 satellites (Including Brazil’s optical earth observation satellite, Amazonia-1, and 18 co-passenger satellites — five from India and 13 from the U.S.). Amazonia-1 is the first fully Brazilian-made satellite, which would help to monitor the Amazon forests. The Amazonia-1 was injected into its precise orbit of 758 km in a sun-synchronous…
02 March, 2021
Space mission
Mass Spectrometry Mass spectrometry is an analytical method useful for calculating the mass–to–charge ratio ( m / z) of one or more molecules. Using this, researchers can ionise or break down the compound into simple ions and then identify the molecules based on their masses. The current process of ionisation requires electrical potential of a few kilovolts, heat or high-energy ultraviolet lasers (UV-lasers). But now, a new method has been developed soft ionisation using nanosheets which eliminates the need for external energy sources completely. Molybdenum disulphide was used over a sheet of paper that enabled the electrical flow of current. This…
28 February, 2021
R&D
Goldilocks Zones A habitable zone, also called the “Goldilocks zone”, is the area around a star where it is not too hot and not too cold for liquid water to exist on the surface of surrounding planets. Our Earth is in the Sun’s Goldilocks zone. If Earth were where the dwarf planet Pluto is, all its water would freeze; on the other hand, if Earth were where Mercury is, all its water would boil off. Life on Earth started in water, and water is a necessary ingredient for life as we know it.
28 February, 2021
Space
Gaganyaan Mission ISRO was targeting December 2021 to launch the unmanned test mission of the Gaganyaan project (earlier scheduled for December 2020). ISRO’s Gaganyaan is India's first manned space mission. It envisages sending three Indians to space by 2022. Four pilots have been selected for the mission and they are undergoing training in Russia. Gaganyaan will involve a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle GSLV Mark III rocket with a modified upper stage compatible with a crew module and crew escape system.
26 January, 2022
Space mission
Chandrayaan-3 Chandrayaan-3 is likely to be launched in 2022 (earlier scheduled to be launched in late 2020). Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO’s) Chandrayaan-3 is India's third mission to Moon. It aims to make a soft landing in the Lunar South Pole’s Aitken basin. It will consist of only a lander and rover, as the orbiter of Chandrayaan-2 is still functioning and providing data.
27 February, 2021
Space mission
NASA's Perseverence Rover to Mars After a seven months journey from Earth, the NASA Perseverance is in its final stretch towards the destination Mars. About the Perseverance rover: Launched in July of 2020. It is expected to touch down on Mars at the Jezero Crater. The primary task of Perseverance is to seek signs of ancient life and collect samples of rock and regolith to possibly return these to Earth. Perseverance is fueled by electrical power by using the heat of plutonium’s radioactive decay. NASA Perseverance gets shape memory alloys to remain steady on the surface of Mars. Why is this mission significant? Perseverance will carry…
19 February, 2021
Space mission
Kodaikanal Solar Observatory Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (Koso) has estimated how the Sun had rotated over the Century, from digitized data extracted from old films and photographs. KoSO is an autonomous institute of the Department of Science and Technology (DST). This estimation would help study the magnetic field generated in the interior of the Sun, which causes sunspots and results in extreme situations like the mini-ice age on Earth (absence of sunspots). It could help predict solar cycles and their variations in the future. The Sun rotates more quickly at its equator than at its poles. Over time, the Sun's differential rotation rates cause its…
25 February, 2021
Space
Data on COVID19 Impact on Health Services. The novel coronavirus pandemic, health-care providers have been reassigned from other specialties to COVID-19, restricting high quality care for other conditions. Lockdowns and fear of transmission have dampened demand for non-emergency care. A survey conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 105 countries in July 2020 showed that essential services were disrupted in the majority of countries, with immunisation, antenatal and childcare services among the most widely affected. About 45% of low-income countries incurred at least partial disruption of over 75% of services, relative to only 4% of high-income countries. Almost 60%…
23 February, 2021
Health
VL-SRSAM Missile System Vertical Launch Short Range Surface to Air Missile (VL-SRSAM) was launched by Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO). It is indigenously designed and developed by DRDO, along with Research Centre Imarat, and the Pune-based Research and Development Establishment (Engineers). Once deployed, the VL-SRSAM system will prove to be a force multiplier for the Indian Navy. An effective Weapon Control System (WCS), it would neutralize various aerial threats at close ranges including sea-skimming targets. Sea-skimming targets have the capability to avoid detection by radar or infrared sensors.
23 February, 2021
Indigenisation of technology
International Space Station It is the only active modular space station (habitable artificial satellite) in the Earth’s Orbit. It is the largest artificial object in space and the largest satellite in low Earth orbit, visible to the naked eye from Earth's surface. It is a joint project between five participating space agencies - NASA (USA), Roscosmos, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), European Space Agency, and Canadian Space Agency.
23 February, 2021
Space
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Ministry of Health & Family Welfare is going to integrate Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) with NPCDCS. NPCDCS - National Programme for Prevention & Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke. Conditions - It is a distinct hepatic condition where there is an accumulation of excess fat in the liver of people who drink little or no alcohol, causing fatty liver. Causes - NAFLD is a part of the metabolic syndrome characterized by diabetes, or pre-diabetes (insulin resistance), being overweight or obese, elevated blood lipids such as cholesterol and triglycerides, and high BP. Several factors that may contribute…
23 February, 2021
Health
NetWire NetWire, which first surfaced in 2012, is a well-known malware. It is a remote access Trojan which gives control of the infected system to an attacker. Such malware can log keystrokes and compromise passwords. Viruses A computer virus is a type of malware that propagates by inserting a copy of itself into and becoming part of another program. It spreads from one computer to another, leaving infections as it travels. Viruses can range in severity from causing mildly annoying effects to damaging data or software and causing denial-of-service (DoS) conditions. Almost all viruses are attached to an executable file, which…
14 February, 2021
Computers and IT
New Guidelines for the Geo-Spatial Sector What is the news? The Ministry of Science and Technology has released new guidelines for the Geospatial sector in India. It deregulated the existing protocol and liberalizes the sector into a more competitive field. What is a Geo-Spatial Data? Geospatial data is data about objects, events, or phenomena that have a location on the surface of the earth. The location may be static in the short-term, like the location of a road, an earthquake event, malnutrition among children, or dynamic like a moving vehicle or pedestrian, the spread of an infectious disease. Geospatial data…
16 February, 2021
Space
Coal Gasification What is coal gasification? • Coal gasification is the process of producing syngas [a mixture consisting primarily of methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapour (H2O)], from coal, water, air and/or oxygen. What are its usages? • Currently, this tech is primarily used for electricity generation, for the production of chemical feedstocks, or for the production of synthetic natural gas. • The hydrogen obtained from coal gasification can be used for various purposes such as making ammonia, powering a hydrogen economy, or upgrading fossil fuels. • Alternatively, coal-derived syngas & natural gas can be converted into transportation…
13 February, 2021
Bio technology
Spinal Muscular Atrophy Spinal muscular atrophy is a rare genetic disease. The person suffering from this disease cannot control the movement of their muscles. Caused By: It is caused by the loss of nerve cells that carry electrical signals from the brain to the muscles. The protein needed for this signalling is coded by a gene. Everyone has two copies of this gene- one from the mother and the other from the father. A child develops this disorder only if both copies are faulty. Gene Therapy Treatment: There is also a gene therapy treatment named Zolgensma which replaces the faulty gene. Zolgensma…
13 February, 2021
Health
Specialty Steel Specialty Steel (Alloy Steel) contain additional alloyed materials that deliver special properties under specific conditions. The government has approved the inclusion of ‘Specialty Steel’ under the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme. This will promote the manufacturing of 'Specialty Steel' within the country to meet the domestic demand by attracting capital investment, generate employment etc.
12 February, 2021
Indigenisation of technology
World Unani Day World Unani Day was celebrated on February 11, 2021, to spread awareness about health care delivery through the Unani system of medicine through its preventive and curative philosophy. World Unani Day is celebrated every year to mark the birth anniversary of Hakim Ajmal Khan. He was an eminent Indian Unani physician who was a great scholar, a social reformer, a noted freedom fighter, an Unani medical educationist and a founder of scientific research in the Unani System of Medicine. He was one of the founders of the Jamia Millia Islamia in New Delhi Principles of…
12 February, 2021
Health
Acute Encephalitis Syndrome A child has recently been diagnosed with Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) in Bihar, the first case for this year. AES, locally called chamki bukhar (fever causing seizure), usually surfaces during summer in the flood-prone districts of north Bihar. It is characterized by acute-onset of fever and a change in mental status (mental confusion, disorientation, delirium, or coma) along with new-onset of seizures in a person of any age at any time of the year. The disease most commonly affects children and young adults . Viruses are the main causative agents in AES cases, although other sources such as…
20 February, 2021
Health
Perseverance - NASA’s mission to Mars The shadow of NASA’s Perseverance rover is seen on the surface of Mars as it lands on the planet. With this, NASA is set to become the first space agency to fly a drone in the atmosphere of another planet. Perseverance- NASA’s mission to Mars NASA has been sending rovers on Mars since 1997 when the Mars Pathfinder Mission was initiated. As the mission turned out to be successful, NASA decided to continue going to Mars to find evidence. The second time, the space organization sent twin rovers, Spirit and Opportunity to Mars…
20 February, 2021
Space mission
UAE’s Hope Probe Enters Mars Orbit The probe took off from the Tanegashima Space Centre in Japan in July 2020. UAE becomes the fifth entity to reach the Red Planet, joining NASA, the Soviet Union, the European Space Agency and India. The mission will collect data on Martian climate dynamics and help scientists understand why Mars' atmosphere is decaying into space. Other Missions to Mars: Apart from the UAE’s ‘Hope Probe’, two more unmanned spacecraft from the USA and China are set to arrive at Mars over the next several days. All three missions were launched in July to take advantage of the close…
15 February, 2021
Space mission
New Variety of Marigold Developed by IIHR Indian Institute of Horticultural Research has developed a new variety of Marigold named Arka Shubha This variety of marigolds can be used for the extraction of crude carotene up to 2.8%. Presently, India imports most of its carotene from China The Arka Shubha variety is of use in the poultry sector as well. Its petals could be used as feed to get quality yolk.
10 February, 2021
Bio technology
Capping on Transfats Trans fat is naturally present in red meat and dairy products. The focus is on restricting the industrially produced trans fat used solely to prolong the shelf life of products to 2% by mass of the total oils/fats present in the product 2022 Repeated use at a high temperatures can increase the trans fat content. Denmark became the first country to limit industrially produced trans fat content to 2% in 2004.
10 February, 2021
Health
Cutting trans fat Introduction Come January 1, 2022, India will join a select group of countries limiting industrial trans fat to 2% by mass of the total oils/fats present in the product. India would thus be achieving the WHO target a year in advance (WHOs target is by 2023). Trans fat content limit In mid-2016, the trans fat content limit was halved from 10% to 5%, and in December 2020, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) capped it to 3% by 2021. Now India has committed to limit trans fat to 2% by 2022. Details about trans…
10 February, 2021
Health
Safe Internet Day It is organised by the Insafe/INHOPE network of awareness centres, which is spread across 30 countries and is funded by the Connecting Europe Facility program (CEF) of the EU. It aims to increase awareness about emerging online issues, such as cyberbullying, and chooses a topic reflecting current concerns
08 February, 2021
Computers and IT
Health Care Annual health care expenditure 2000-2015 Annual health care expenditure of the country is 4% of GDP Of which, 0.9 –1.07% is Govt Expenditure and 3.0-3.6% is Out of Pocket Expenditure Lancent Report 2018 2.4M Indians die of treatable conditions every year Hospital bed coverage ratio,Doctor Population ratio WHO recommended hospital bed coverage ratio 1:1000(Beds:Population) , Medical council of India(MCI) target 1:1600 while at present Beds Available are 1:2000 Present Doctor Population ratio - 1:1613, MCI target - 1:1400. Nurse Population Ratio - 1:588, MCI target - 1:500 Preventive Care Preventive Care accounts for 6.7 % total expenditure on health according to Niti aayog…
16 February, 2021
Health
Magnetic fields in plants A recent study from Germany found that the Venus flytrap (a carnivore) plant is capable of generating small magnetic fields. When the plant sends electrical signals to trigger the closure of its traps, a biomagnetism phenomenon was observed. The trap gets electrically excited due to touch, osmotic energy & even heat and cold.
07 February, 2021
Bio technology
What are Micro Biomes? Microbiome refers to microorganisms living inside humans and animals. Eating too much fat and sugar as a child can alter one’s microbiome forever. The balance of useful and harmful components, if disturbed, results in ill health.
07 February, 2021
Bio technology
FSSAI's Amended Rules on Capping Trans Fats in Food Products FSSAI has amended rules to cap trans-fatty acids (TFAs) in food products to 2% by 2022 TFA's are mainly found in baked and fried foods, pre-packaged snacks & cooking oils They increase the shelf life of food by lowering their oxidation potential They are less costly than animal fat like butter They increase the bad cholesterol (LDL) and reduce the good cholesterol (HDL) They increase the risk of coronary diseases Earlier in December 2020 FSSAI capped TFAs in oils and fats to 3% by 2021, and 2% by 2022 from present…
07 February, 2021
Health
Serological survey of ICMR Context The results of the ICMR’s third serological survey to ascertain the spread of COVID-19 show that nearly one in five Indians — about 270 million — may have been infected. Serological Survey A serological survey is conducted to assess the prevalence of a disease in a population. It is done by detecting the presence of specific antibodies that are produced against the virus. A serological survey includes the IgG Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test. It estimates the proportion of the population exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results of serological survey However, what is…
06 February, 2021
COVID-19
SpaceX creates a new world record after launching 143 satellites on a single rocket SpaceX, an aerospace company, has beaten the record of the Indian Space Research Organisation- ISRO where it deployed 104 satellites in February 2017 in a single launch. The reusable rocket launched 143 satellites to space which are part of the SmallSat Rideshare program of SpaceX from Florida’s Cape Canaveral Space Force Station.
25 January, 2021
Space
SpaceX to launch first all-civilian astronaut mission in late 2021 SpaceX recently announced that it will be launching four private individuals on a Crew Dragon Capsule into orbit around Earth. The mission is dubbed ‘the world’s first all-civilian mission’. The mission known as Inspiration4 aims at raising support for Children’s Research Hospital. At the conclusion of the Inspiration4 mission, Dragon, the spacecraft will be re-entering the Earth’s atmosphere for soft water landing off the coast of Florida.
02 February, 2021
Space
Russia to launch around 40 satellites from 18 countries in 2021 Russia is set to put into orbit around 40 satellites from over a dozen different countries all over the world using the Soyuz-2 carrier rocket in March 2021. Soyuz-2.1, a carrier rocket with the Fregat booster will blast off with the South Korean CAS500-1 (Compact Advanced Satellite 500) space vehicle from the Baikonur space centre in March 2021.
08 February, 2021
Space
Turkey’s space program Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan recently unveiled an ambitious 10-year space program that includes missions to the moon, developing internationally viable satellite systems, and sending Turkish astronauts into space. President Erdogan also informed that Turkey plans on establishing its first contact with the moon in 2023 when the nation will mark the centennial of the founding of the Turkish Republic. However, the critics have questioned the Turkish government’s decision of spending huge money on this goal at a time when the country’s economy is suffering.
11 February, 2021
Space
China’s nuclear power plant China National Nuclear Corporation said its first nuclear power unit that uses Hualong One, a third-generation reactor, started commercial operation. The reactor, located in Fuqing city in China’s southeastern Fujian province, was designed to have a 60-year lifespan, with its core equipment domestically produced. Each unit of the Hualong No. 1 has a capacity of 1.161 million kilowatts and can meet the annual domestic electricity demand of 1 million people in moderately developed countries, according to CNNC. “With Hualong One online, China is now at the forefront of third-generation nuclear technology in the world, alongside countries…
31 January, 2021
S&T
How Neutrinos help in the death of massive stars? Many stars, towards the end of their lifetimes, form supernovas - massive explosions that send their outer layers shooting into the surrounding space. Most of the energy of the supernova is carried away by neutrinos – tiny particles with no charge and which interact weakly with matter. Researching the mechanisms of the so called Type II supernovas, a team from IIT Guwahati has come up with new insights into the part played by neutrinos in this dramatic death of massive stars. The collaboration includes astrophysicists from Max Planck Institute, Munich, Germany;…
31 January, 2021
S&T
Novavax American company Novavax, whose COVID-19 vaccine is set to be made in large numbers by the Pune-based Serum Institute of India (SII), has reported that its vaccine has proved to have 89% efficacy in preventing the infection in some trial volunteers in the United Kingdom. However, the efficacy dropped to 60% when it was tested in volunteers in South Africa, a likely consequence of a mutant coronavirus variant that is now deep-rooted there. Since December, scientists have raised concerns over mutated variants, particularly those isolated in the U.K., South Africa and Brazil that harbour changes, allowing the virus to…
30 January, 2021
COVID-19
Inequality Virus Report: Oxfam Indian billionaires increased their wealth by 35% to ?3 trillion during the lockdown, ranking them behind their counterparts in U.S., China, Germany, Russia and France, says the “Inequality Virus Report” brought out by Oxfam, a non-profit organisation. The rise in fortunes of the top 100 billionaires is enough to give every one of the 138 million poorest Indian people a cheque for ?94,045, the report released on the opening day of the World Economic Forum in Davos said. The wealth of just the top 11 billionaires during the pandemic could easily sustain the MGNREGS or the…
26 January, 2021
COVID-19
COVID-19 “performance index” New Zealand and Vietnam were ranked the best performing countries in their response to the pandemic, according to a COVID-19 “performance index” put together by the Lowy Institute, an Australian think tank, which sought to assess the impact of geography, political systems and economic development in assessing outcomes. The index, which was based on six different indicators, including confirmed cases and deaths per million people and the scale of testing, sought “to gauge the relative performance of countries”, assessing 98 countries in the 36 weeks that followed their hundredth case. “Fewer reported cases and deaths, both in…
29 January, 2021
COVID-19
Vaccines are safe for those who are on blood thinners: ICMR Both COVID-19 vaccines approved for emergency use in India — Covaxin and Covishield — are safe for people on blood thinners, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Director-General Balram Bhargav said on Thursday. At a Health Ministry press conference, he said manufacturers of both the vaccines had approached the Drugs Controller-General of India (DCGI) for revision of this contraindication on their fact sheets. “Relative contraindications regarding blood thinners have been mentioned in the fact sheets of both the vaccines and both the companies have written to the DCGI regarding…
29 January, 2021
COVID-19
Rare diseases in India According to the government, so far only about 450 diseases have been recorded in India from tertiary care hospitals that are globally considered as rare diseases. The most commonly reported diseases include Haemophilia, Thalassemia, Sickle-cell Anaemia and Primary Immuno Deficiency in children, auto-immune diseases, Lysosomal storage disorders such as Pompe disease, Hirschsprung disease, Gaucher’s disease, Cystic Fibrosis, Hemangiomas and certain forms of muscular dystrophies. There are 7,000 - 8,000 rare diseases, but less than 5% have therapies available. About 95% rare diseases have no approved treatment and less than 1 in 10 patients receive disease specific…
08 March, 2021
Health
Nikhil Srivastava is joint winner of maths prize Indian mathematician Nikhil Srivastava has been named winner of the prestigious 2021 Michael and Sheila Held Prize along with two others for solving long-standing questions on the Kadison–Singer problem and on Ramanujan graphs. Srivastava from the University of California, Berkeley, Adam Marcus, from the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) and Daniel Alan Spielman from Yale University will receive the 2021 Michael and Sheila Held Prize, the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S. said in the statement. The prize consists of a medal and $100,000. Srivastava, Marcus and Spielman solved long-standing…
24 January, 2021
Achievements of Indians in S&T
World’s largest vaccination programme Prime Minister Narendra Modi will flag off the first phase of the nationwide COVID-19 vaccination drive. The world’s largest vaccination programme will begin at a total of 3,006 session sites across all the States and the Union Territories, which will be connected virtually throughout the exercise. Nearly 100 beneficiaries will receive the vaccine at each of the session sites on Saturday. #joinourtelegram# A dedicated 24x7 call centre — 1075 — has been set up to address queries related to the pandemic and the vaccine roll-out, the Prime Minister’s Office said in a statement. Union Health Minister…
16 January, 2021
COVID-19
Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) CSIR is the largest R&D organisation in India. CSIR has a pan-India presence and has a dynamic network of 38 national laboratories, 39 outreach centres, 3 Innovation Complexes and 5 units. It was established in Sep 1942 with HQ at Delhi. CSIR is funded by MoS&T and it operates as an autonomous body through the Societies Registration Act, 1860. CSIR covers a wide spectrum of streams – from radio and space physics, oceanography, geophysics, chemicals, drugs, genomics, biotechnology and nanotechnology to mining, aeronautics, instrumentation, environmental engineering and information technology. #joinourtelegram# Organizational Structure Prime Minister is the ex-officio President of CSIR. Vice President: Union…
18 January, 2021
S&T
Guidelines for the use of Covaxin and Vaccine Hesitancy Those with a history of allergies, fever and bleeding disorder, people on blood thinners and those with compromised immunity or on medication that affects the immune system have been told by Bharat Biotech, manufacturer of Covaxin, not to take the COVID-19 vaccine. A statement uploaded on the company website on Monday said the vaccine was also contraindicated for pregnant and lactating women, those using other COVID-19 vaccines and people with any other serious health-related issues as determined by the vaccinator or the officer supervising the vaccination. “There is remote chance that…
19 January, 2021
Health
CoWIN software enhanced for vaccine rollout An enhancement in Co-WIN software has been introduced to cater to the creation of more session sites, more sessions per site, and a change in site location, which is now allowed. “The enhanced version also allows planning and scheduling the sessions for entire week and works for the enhanced safety of the beneficiaries, tagging of contraindications. These new features are being enabled in vaccinator module,. Health Minister Harsh Vardhan, unveiled an IEC (information, education, communication) campaign with a series of posters to address the issue of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, stating that India is one…
22 January, 2021
COVID-19
Dr. V Shanta passed away A pioneer in cancer care in the country, and the chairperson of the Adyar Cancer Institute, V. Shanta breathed her last in Chennai early on Tuesday morning. She was admitted to Apollo Hospitals after she complained of chest pain on Monday night. She was 93. A crusader for cancer research and making cancer care affordable for all, Dr. Shanta and her mentor S. Krishnamurthi built the Cancer Institute from a cottage hospital into a 500-plus bedded institution, offering state-of-the-art care to people across the income spectrum. Only 40% are paying beds and the remaining…
21 January, 2021
Health
India sends COVID-19 vaccines to 6 countries: Vaccine diplomacy and SAARC India on Wednesday began the delivery of COVID-19 vaccines to six “neighbouring and key partner countries”. They are Maldives, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar and Seychelles. The delivery began with two special flights carrying the first consignments of Covishield to the Maldives and Bhutan. Sources said Bangladesh and Nepal will receive two large consignments of the same vaccine on Thursday followed by supplies to Myanmar and the Seychelles. As part of the vaccine diplomacy, a consignment of 1,50,000 doses reached Thimphu on Wednesday. Bhutan is the first country to receive…
21 January, 2021
COVID-19
What is Co-WIN? In good measure, the dry runs were not only a step to test the operational feasibility of various States to roll out the vaccine programme effectively, but also a recce to see if the electronic vaccine intelligence network, eVIN, used during routine immunisation programmes, and remodelled as Co-WIN, was functional at the field-level. Co-WIN aspires to be a comprehensive digital database of every COVID-19 vaccine that will be administered in India — tracking beneficiaries, intimating them about vaccine sites and dates, pre- and post-vaccination procedures, issuance of vaccination certificates, and follow up through the booster dose. On…
10 January, 2021
COVID-19
Identical twins are not exactly genetically the same Scientists in Iceland sequenced DNA from 387 pairs of identical twins – those derived from a single fertilized egg – as well as from their parents, children and spouses. That allowed them to find “early mutations that separate identical twins. A mutation means an alteration in a sequence of DNA – a tiny change that is not inherently good or bad, but can influence physical features or susceptibility to certain diseases. They can occur when a cell divides and makes a slight error in replicating DNA. On average, identical twins have 5.2…
10 January, 2021
S&T
Quantum Technology In last year’s budget session, the Finance Minister of the Government of India proposed that Rs.8,000 crore be set aside to develop quantum science and technology. The detailed project report for a National Mission on Quantum Technology and Applications (NM-QTA) has been drawn out and finalised, and in the next couple of months, this mission might get approval. Recognising the importance of quantum technology, the Department of Science and Technology of the Government of India had initiated a programme called QuEST at a modest 200-crore-rupee budget to explore the possibilities and engage with the researchers. Potential applications “In…
10 January, 2021
S&T
SOP for COVID Vaccination The Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Immunisation Division) has issued a Standard Operating Procedure for the Ministry of Home Affairs in case of Adverse Events Following Immunisation (AEFI). The vaccination drive will start from January 16. The Hindu has a copy of SOP that provides a step by step guide to the police and other response agencies. The SOP is meant to help the investigator ensure appropriate handling of the vaccine, victim assistance as well as timely and effective law enforcement. In case of an AEFI, the officer must ensure proper handling of the…
11 January, 2021
COVID-19
COVID and impact on Schooling The Union Education Ministry’s directive to the States to launch a mission to avoid large-scale dropouts in schools in the coming year, partly by relaxing the detention policy, should end the anxiety of millions of students about their academic prospects. Managing schooling during COVID-19 has been a challenge, with UNESCO estimating that at the end of 2020, about 320 million students were locked out of schools globally. South and West Asia are among the regions where students are at highest risk of not returning to schools and tertiary institutions, along with sub-Saharan Africa. Assessing the…
12 January, 2021
Health
Autism What is Autism? Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a broad term used to describe a group of neurodevelopmental disorders. These disorders are characterized by problems with communication and social interaction. People with ASD often demonstrate restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped interests or patterns of behaviour. ASD is found in individuals around the world, regardless of race, culture, or economic background. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Trusted Source, autism does occur more often in boys than in girls, with a 4 to 1 male-to-female ratio. What is in the news? In Our World, a documentary by award-winning…
12 January, 2021
Health
Emergency in Malaysia due to COVID-19 Malaysia’s king declared a nationwide state of emergency on Tuesday to fight a coronavirus surge and Parliament was suspended, with critics charging that it was a bid by the unstable government to cling to power. The surprise move came a day after the Prime Minister announced sweeping new curbs across much of the Southeast Asian nation, including the closure of most businesses, and warned the health system was “at breaking point”. Sultan Abdullah Sultan Ahmad Shah agreed to declare an emergency until August 1 following a request from Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin, the national…
13 January, 2021
COVID-19
Bird Flu in India Kerala was placed on high alert on Monday after an outbreak of bird flu was confirmed in Kottayam and Alappuzha districts. The presence of the H5N8 subtype of the Influenza A virus was reported in ducks in Thalavadi, Thakazhy, Pallipad and Karuvatta in Alappuzha district and Neendoor in Kottayam district. The Alappuzha district authorities have decided to cull birds within a 1 km radius of the infected areas. While it can prove lethal for birds, the H5N8 strain of avian influenza has a lower likelihood of spreading to humans compared to H5N1. #joinourtelegram# About Bird Flu…
05 January, 2021
Health
Nendran Banana grit or granules Scientists at the CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST) at Pappanamcode in Kerala have come up with a new product, banana grit or granules, developed from raw Nendran bananas. Billed as an ideal ingredient for a healthy diet, banana grit can be used for making a wide range of dishes, according to the NIIST. The product resembles ‘Rava’ and broken wheat. “The concept was introduced to utilise the presence of resistant starch in bananas, which is reported to improve gut health. Hence, the dishes prepared with banana grit and its byproduct, banana powder,…
04 January, 2021
S&T
Covishield and Covaxin approved for emergency use as COVID vaccines The Central Drugs and Standards Committee (CDSCO) formally approved the COVID-19 vaccines by Bharat Biotech and the Serum Institute of India (SII). This allows the vaccines — Covishield by SII and based on the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine, and Covaxin by Bharat Biotech — to be offered to healthcare workers and frontline workers in India. The Health Ministry had said that 3 crore such personnel, considered at the highest risk for COVID-19, would be given the vaccine for free. Neither Covishield nor Covaxin has completed the crucial Phase-3 trial, under which…
04 January, 2021
COVID-19
Evolution of Life Chemists have come up with a new proposition for how life may have begun. In a study published in Angewandte Chemie, the researchers showed a simple compound diamidophosphate could have knitted together the building blocks of DNA to form the primordial structures. The possibility is that DNA and RNA arose together and that the first life forms were a mixture of the two.
03 January, 2021
S&T
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) ICMR is India’s apex scientific body for the formulation, coordination and promotion of biomedical research. It was established in 1911 as Indian Research Fund Association (IRFA) making it one of oldest and largest medical research bodies in the world. ICMR functions under Dept of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. HQ - Delhi. Presided by Health Minister. Director General– Prof. Balram Bhargava. It publishes Indian Journal of Medical Research. #joinourtelegram#
03 January, 2021
Health
Type of Vaccines Context: UPSC GS Paper III - Vaccines, S&T, COVID-19 (Prelims Mains) Each type is designed to teach your immune system how to fight off certain kinds of germs — and the serious diseases they cause. What does scientists consider when they create a vaccine? How your immune system responds to the germ Who needs to be vaccinated against the germ The best technology or approach to create the vaccine Based on a number of these factors, scientists decide which type of vaccine they will make. There are 4 main types of vaccines: Live-attenuated vaccines Inactivated vaccines Subunit,…
03 January, 2021
Health
Nutrition Committees of India The three top committees responsible for policies regarding nutrition are: The National Nutrition Council (NNC), headed by NITI Aayog Vice-Chairman Rajiv Kumar and including 12 Union Ministers and five Chief Ministers on a rotational basis; The Executive Committee (EC) of the National Nutrition Mission headed by the Secretary of the Women and Child Development Ministry Ram Mohan Mishra; and The National Technical Board on Nutrition (NTBN), headed by Member, NITI Aayog, V.K. Paul. These committees were set up after the Cabinet approved the National Nutrition Mission in December 2017 and were mandated to meet once every…
08 January, 2021
Health
Covishield and COVID Vaccine Covishield, the vaccine candidate from the Pune-based Serum Institute of India, was approved by a subject expert committee (SEC) of the Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI). The SEC gives its recommendation to the DCGI which is the approving authority for drugs and vaccines. Similar to that in the United Kingdom, we’ve approved the vaccine to be given in two doses 4-12 weeks apart. #joinourtelegram# Covishield, which is similar to the ‘Oxford vaccine’ developed by the Oxford University vaccine group and marketed by AstraZeneca, was approved by the health regulator in the U.K. under emergency use…
02 January, 2021
COVID-19
COVID Vaccine: the UK approves Oxford vaccine The COVID-19 vaccine by Oxford University and AstraZeneca has been approved for emergency supply in the U.K. This is significant for India, as the Pune-based Serum Institute of India (SII) has tied up with AstraZeneca to deploy the vaccine in the country. Unlike the Pfizer vaccine which needs to be stored at -70 and -80 degree Celsius, Oxford can be stored at 2-8 degrees Celsius. Mr Poonawala said the Oxford vaccine will be priced at a maximum of Rs. 1000 for 2 doses for the public, depending on the final trial results and…
31 December, 2020
Health
Anaemia and Obesity – UPSC Anemia is a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood, or a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen. When anemia comes on slowly, the symptoms are often vague and may include feeling tired, weakness, shortness of breath, and a poor ability to exercise. Obesity is a complex disease involving an excessive amount of body fat. Obesity isn't just a cosmetic concern. It is a medical problem that increases your risk of other diseases and health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure and…
30 December, 2020
Health
India’s first driverless train operations Context: UPSC GS Paper III S&T (Prelims - Mains) Prime Minister Narendra Modi will inaugurate India's first-ever driverless train operations on Delhi Metro's Magenta Line along with the fully operational National Common Mobility Card service on the Airport Express Line. The driverless trains will be fully automated, which will eliminate the possibility of human error, it said, adding that after the start of driverless services on the Magenta Line Other Train Technologies Modern Train Control system Indian Railways has decided to modernize its Signalling system on its entire network by implementing a Modern Train Control…
29 December, 2020
Indigenisation of technology
Rollout of COVID vaccine Context: UPSC GS Paper III S&T Health COVID (Prelims cum Mains) The dry run to test preparedness for the nationwide roll-out of a COVID-19 vaccine kicked off in four States — Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Punjab. The two-day, end-to-end dry run was carried out in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh; Rajkot and Gandhinagar in Gujarat; Ludhiana and Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar (Nawanshahr) in Punjab; and Sonitpur and Nalbari districts of Assam. Intended beneficiaries of each State, who had registered on the Co-WIN app, the Union government’s digital platform for vaccine delivery, were on Monday sent…
29 December, 2020
Health
Nanomicelles: using nanoparticles for cancer treatment Context: GS Paper III S&T Nanotechnology (PT-Mains-Essay) With the advance in nanotechnology, researchers across the globe have been exploring how to use nanoparticles for efficient drug delivery. Similar to nanoshells and nanovesicles, nanomicelles are extremely small structures and have been noted as an emerging platform in targeted therapy. Nanomicelles are globelike structures with a hydrophilic outer shell and a hydrophobic interior. This dual property makes them a perfect carrier for delivering drug molecules. Now a multidisciplinary, multiinstitutional team has created a nanomicelle that can be used to deliver a drug named docetaxel, which is…
27 December, 2020
Nano Technology
IISER scientists identify the gene that greens plants GS Paper III S&T (Prelims 2021) What is the news? Researchers at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) have identified a gene that facilitates in the greening of plants by playing a crucial role in regulating the levels of protochlorophyllide — an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the green pigment chlorophyll. The study was recently published in the prestigious U.K. journal New Phytologist. How is the synthesis of Chlorophyll? The synthesis of chlorophyll in plants is a lengthy, multistep process. When a seedling emerges from under the soil it…
26 December, 2020
R&D
New strain of COVID-19 in Nigeria GS Paper III - S&T Coronavirus (PT-Mains-Interview) Context: Coronavirus is a highly important topic for UPSC Mains and Prelims examination 2021. It is a part of GS Paper II and GS Paper III under Science and Technology. Another new variant of the novel coronavirus seems to have emerged in Nigeria. The news comes after Britain and South Africa both reported new variants of the SARSCoV2 virus that appear to be more contagious. The first Variant Under Investigation in December 2020 (VUI – 202012/01), also known as lineage B.1.1.7, is a variant of SARS-CoV-2, the…
25 December, 2020
S&T
3D printing a building GS-Paper-3 3D Printing (PT-MAINS) L&T, the construction major, prints out a 700 sq.ft building which looks like a concrete shell structure. It was prepared using only a 3D printer and a special concrete mix. Additive Manufacturing (3D printing) Additive manufacturing (AM) is the industrial production name for 3D printing and a computer-controlled process that creates three-dimensional objects by depositing materials, usually in layers. Using digitally controlled and operated material laying tools, additive manufacturing can make ‘objects’ from a digital ‘model’ by depositing the constituent material/s. Use of plastic and photosensitive materials. There are 4 main components…
25 December, 2020
3D Printing
A looming health crisis- Antimicrobial resistance GS-Paper-3 Antibiotic resistance (PT-MAINS) Context: Antimicrobial resistance is growing exponentially and needs to be tackled before it is late. While the COVID-19 pandemic continues to wreak havoc on our daily lives, a silent pandemic has been brewing in the background for decades. Governments need to factor in new research and bring in businesses and consumers as active stakeholders before it is too late. Facts Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is growing at an alarming rate. Globally, about 35% of common human infections have become resistant to available medicines. About 700,000 people die every year because available antimicrobial drugs —…
25 December, 2020
Antimicrobial resistance
Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS) by WHO Launched in October 2015, the Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS) is being developed to support the global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. The aim is to support global surveillance and research in order to strengthen the evidence base on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and help informing decision-making and drive national, regional, and global actions. GLASS objectives Foster national surveillance systems and harmonized global standards; estimate the extent and burden of AMR globally by selected indicators; analyse and report global data on AMR on a regular basis; detect emerging resistance and its international spread; inform the…
25 December, 2020
Antimicrobial resistance
Achievements of Indians in S&T – S Ramanujan S Ramanujan (1887 - 1920) was an Indian mathematician who lived during the British Rule in India. He was born on 22 December, 1887. Ramanujan was extremely intelligent and had also built a vast knowledge in subjects besides mathematics. He was self taught and had no formal training in Mathematics. He attained distinctions among his peers in arithmetic, English, geography, and Tamil in 1897. Ramanujam made substantial contributions to the analytical theory of numbers and worked on elliptic functions, continued fractions and infinite 1900 he began to work on his own on mathematics…
22 December, 2020
Achievements of Indians in S&T
New variant of Coronavirus in UK? Coronavirus is a highly important topic for UPSC Mains and Prelims examination 2021. It is a part of GS Paper II and GS Paper III under Science and Technology. The first Variant Under Investigation in December 2020 (VUI – 202012/01), also known as lineage B.1.1.7, is a variant of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. The variant was first detected in the United Kingdom in October 2020 from a sample taken the previous month, and it quickly began to spread by mid-December. It is correlated with a significant increase in the rate of COVID-19…
22 December, 2020
S&T
Mucormycosis Covid-19 has triggered Mucormycosis or black fungus in some patients. Mucormycosis is a serious but rare fungal infection caused by a group of moulds called mucormycetes which exist in the environment. Symptoms include face numbness, one-side nose obstruction, swelling in the eye or cheeks, and black dry crusts in the nose. Early detection can prevent loss of eyesight, nose or jaw, and 50% mortality in cases where it affects the brain. It mainly affects people who have health problems or take medicines that lower the body’s ability to fight germs and sickness.
18 December, 2020
Health
Chang’e 5 Lunar Mission This lunar mission of China returned with 2Kg of the fresh rock samples from the moon, which would help us know more about moon’s origins and formation. The spacecraft landed in Siziwang Banner, China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. These lunar samples were retrieved from a previously unvisited area of the moon known as the Oceanus Procellarum, or Ocean of Storms. Ocean of Storms is a site near the Mons Rumker, which was believed to have been volcanic in ancient times. Mons Rumker, never sampled before, is geologically younger than the sampling areas of the U.S. and…
21 December, 2020
Space mission
New Defence System-DRDO- Indigenous technology GS-Paper-3 Defence system- Indigenous technology (PT-Mains) Context: The Defence Research and Development Organisation-DRDO are responsible for indigenously developed systems which will lead to higher self-reliance in defence technologies. Recently, the Defence Minister has handed over the Indian Maritime Situational Awareness System, ASTRA Mk-I and Border Surveillance System. Defence Minister has handed over the Indian Maritime Situational Awareness System (IMSAS), ASTRA Mk-I and Border Surveillance System (BOSS) to the Navy, Air Force and Army respectively. The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) laboratories have indigenously developed these three systems which will lead to higher self-reliance in defence technologies. The Defence Minister has also given away awards to DRDO scientists for outstanding contributions in various categories. About Indian…
21 December, 2020
Indigenisation of technology
ADVANCED TOWED ARTILLERY GUN SYSTEMS (ATAGS) User trials of the indigenous Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System (ATAGS) developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) jointly with private industry are scheduled to be resumed later this month and the trials will be completed by mid-2021. The ATAGS is a 155-mm, 52-calibre artillery gun jointly developed by the DRDO in partnership with Bharat Forge of the Kalyani Group and the Tata Power SED. In August 2018, the Defence Acquisition Council approved the purchase of 150 of these guns at approximate 3,365 crores which would be split between the two companies.
21 December, 2020
DRDO
Zebrafish Gene-Heart regeneration Scientists at Pune-based Agharkar Research Institute have identified Zebrafish’s genes that can promote heart regeneration. They have sought to decode the heart regeneration processes, which can illuminate strategies to improve human cardiac regeneration. Zebrafish is a tiny freshwater fish found in tropical and subtropical regions. It is native to South Asia’s Indo-Gangetic plains, where they are mostly found in the paddy fields and even in stagnant water and streams. It can regenerate almost all its organs, including the brain, heart, eye, and spinal cord within a short time period. Its unique characteristics lie in its transparency during…
01 December, 2020
Health
Super infections Researchers at Sweden’s Karolinska institute have tried to answer why influenza infections lead to an increased risk of bacterial pneumonia. They have described findings leading to so-called “superinfections”. They cite the example of Spanish flu, which was an influenza pandemic that swept across the world in 1918–20. Unlike many other pandemics, the Spanish flu hit young healthy adults, due to the superinfections caused by bacteria, in particular pneumococci. Superinfections: These are infections occurring after or on top of an earlier infection, especially following treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics. It is an overgrowth of an opportunistic pathogen from the bacterial or yeast…
01 December, 2020
Health
The World AIDS Day GS-Paper-3 Health (PT-MAINS-IV) HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It is the virus that leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS, if not treated. Unlike some other viruses, the human body can’t get rid of HIV completely, even with treatment. **Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a lentivirus, which is a sub-classification of the retrovirus. It causes the HIV infection which over time leads to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). AIDS is a deadly condition in which the affected person’s immune system fails, leading to the spread of life-threatening infections and cancers in his body. HIV demolishes a particular type of WBC (White Blood Cells)…
01 December, 2020
Health
National Family Health Survey- 5 GS-Paper-3 Application-based topic and PT The National Family Health Survey is a survey carried out on a massive scale across the country to collect information on many parameters which would ultimately help the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW) to frame policies and programs to help in the upliftment of the vulnerable groups in India. The first round of the National Family Health Survey was conducted in 1992-92. Subsequently, four other rounds have taken place, the latest being NFHS 5 which started in 2018-19, however, is stalled currently amid the COVID-19-associated lockdown at various…
17 December, 2020
Health
Sea Guardian Drones from US Recently, two American MQ9B Sea Guardian unarmed drones have been inducted by the Indian Navy. It is the maritime variant of the Predator MQ9 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV).
25 November, 2020
S&T
Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network The Indian government is using eVIN (Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network) in association with the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) to identify primary beneficiaries and vaccine distribution networks. Evin is an indigenously developed technology. It digitises vaccine stocks and monitors the temperature of the cold chain through a smartphone application. The innovative eVIN was first launched across 12 states in 2015 to support better vaccine logistics management at cold chain points. eVIN supports the central government’s Universal Immunization Programme by providing real-time information on vaccine stocks and flows, and storage temperatures across all cold chain points across states…
27 November, 2020
S&T
Blue Tide phenomenon observed in Maharashtra Over the last few days, visitors to beaches in Maharashtra have witnessed the fluorescent bluish glow when the waves hit the shoreline. Key takeaways The phenomenon is called ‘blue tide’. It appears when luminescent marine life makes the sea appear a deep shade of blue. It occurs when phytoplankton (microscopic marine plants), commonly known as dinoflagellates, produce light through chemical reactions in proteins. Waves disturb these unicellular microorganisms and make them release blue light. Do you know? Bioluminescence is the property of a living organism to produce and emit light. Animals, plants, fungi and…
28 November, 2020
S&T
Brain Fingerprinting The accused in Hathras rape case will undergo brain fingerprinting. Key takeaways Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature Profiling (BEOSP) is also known as brain fingerprinting. It is a neuropsychological method of interrogation in which the accused’s participation in the crime is investigated by studying their brain’s response. The BEOSP test is carried out via a process known as an electroencephalogram, conducted to study the electrical behaviour of the human brain. Under this test, the consent of the accused is first taken and they are then made to wear caps with dozens of electrodes attached to them. The accused are then…
28 November, 2020
S&T
Dry Swab RT-PCR Covid-19 Test. Recently, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB) has got the permission of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) to commercially use the dry swab RNA-extraction free testing method for the Covid-19. Key Points About: Dry swab method has a consistency of 96.9%. The comparison of conventional (swab-VTM-RNA extraction-RT-PCR) and the simplified (direct elution from dry swab-RT-qPCR) protocols suggested that dry swabs eluted directly into a simple buffered solution can support molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 via endpoint RT-PCR without substantially compromising sensitivity. Conventional Method: In the conventional testing…
28 November, 2020
S&T
Strategic S&T ties- Science diplomacy GS-III – Climate chance and S&T (Mains-I.V) What? Science diplomacy is the use of scientific collaborations among nations to address common problems and to build constructive international partnerships. It is evident that international collaborations in S&T innovation is not merely cosmetic. Today, it is a necessity. No nation alone has the capacity, infrastructure and human resources to address the massive challenges that the earth and mankind faces, threatening our very existence. Why? Some of the most pressing issues and developmental challenges facing nations in contemporary times have a scientific and technological dimension. Science and Technology (S&T)-led innovation…
29 November, 2020
Science diplomacy
GLOBAL INNOVATION & TECHNOLOGY ALLIANCE GS-III – S&T (PT-MAINS-I.V) Context: 9th Foundation Day of GITA, the Union Minister of Science & Technology underlined how the Global Innovation and Technology Alliance (GITA) served as a catalyst for nurturing innovation and industrial R&D. About: Global Innovation & Technology Alliance (GITA) is a “not–for–profit” Section-8 Public Private Partnership (PPP) company. It is promoted jointly by the Technology Development Board (TDB), the Department of Science & Technology (DST), the Government of India and the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII). The Prime Minister’s Council on Trade & Industry had, in 2010, recommended the incorporation of…
29 November, 2020
R&D
PLACID Trials Recently, the PLACID Trial, a multicentre randomized controlled trial, has shown that the use of convalescent plasma (CP) as a therapeutic for Covid-19 patients showed no positive effects and did not improve the outcome of the patients. The randomised controlled trial (RCT) is a trial in which subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups: one (the experimental group) receiving the intervention that is being tested, and the other (the comparison group or control) receiving an alternative (conventional) treatment. Convalescent Plasma Therapy: Convalescent Plasma, extracted from the blood of patients recovering from an infection, is a source…
27 October, 2020
S&T
Analysis of Indian Genes What is the news? Recently, the results from the computation analysis of the 1029 sequenced genomes from India were published in the scientific journal, Nucleic Acid Research. The analysis has found that out of 55,898,122 single nucleotide variants in India 18,016,257 (32.23%) variants are unique and found only in the samples sequenced from India. This emphasizes the need for an India centric population genomic initiative. The analysis was carried out by CSIR constituent labs, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Delhi and Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad. IndiGenomes Resource Database It encompasses…
28 October, 2020
S&T
Genes Gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function. They are made of DNA and is a subdivision of DNA. They are packed in Chromosomes. Genes contain the bio-information that defines any individual. Physical attributes like height, skin or hair colour, more subtle features and even behavioural traits can be attributed to information encoded in the genetic material. A genome is the DNA or sequence of genes in a cell. Human genome is made up of 23 chromosome pairs with a total of about 3 billion DNA base pairs. Most of the…
28 October, 2020
S&T
Mission Indradhanush Paper-2 PT-MAINS-Personality test (Government policies &Health) Mission Indradhanush was launched by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India on December 25, 2014. Between 2009-2013 immunization coverage has increased from 61% to 65%, indicating only 1% increase in coverage every year. To accelerate the process of immunization by covering 5% and more children every year, Indradhanush mission has been adopted to achieve target of full coverage by 2020. Objective The Mission Indradhanush aims to cover all those children by 2020 who are either unvaccinated, or are partially vaccinated against vaccine preventable diseases. India’s Universal Immunisation Programme…
28 October, 2020
Health
World Polio Day Paper-2 PT-MAINS-Personality test (Government policies &Health) Polio FACTS Polio is a crippling and potentially deadly viral infectious disease that affects the nervous system.There are three individual and immunologically distinct wild poliovirus strains: Wild Poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) Wild Poliovirus type 2 (WPV2) Wild Poliovirus type 3 (WPV3) Symptomatically, all three strains are identical, in that they cause irreversible paralysis or even death. However, there are genetic and virological differences, which make these three strains separate viruses which must each be eradicated individually. WPV2 and WPV3 have been eradicated globally but WPV1 remains in circulation in Afghanistan and Pakistan. **WPV2 was eradicated in 1999. World Polio Day 2019 marked…
28 October, 2020
Health
National Digital Health Mission was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on August 15, 2020 while addressing the nation from the Red Fort to mark the occasion of India's 74th Independence Day. It is a part of National Digital Health Blueprint launched in 2019. National Digital Health Mission will be a "completely technology-based" initiative. According to the Prime Minister, the initiative will revolutionise the health sector. Under the National Digital Health Mission, every Indian will get a Health ID card that will contain all relevant information about his/her past medical conditions, treatment and diagnosis. Since launch, the digital modules and…
04 September, 2021
Health
India has the highest burden of tuberculosis (TB) in the world. Even as the government was pushing to end TB by 2025, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused a massive disruption in TB services. TB case notifications across India have dropped by over 50% since March, with an estimated 3,00,000 missed case notifications (until May 30). This is worrisome, since undiagnosed TB can worsen patient outcomes and increase transmission in the community. As the lockdown ends, we will see a big surge in people seeking care with TB and COVID-19 symptoms. However, people will struggle to get care because the public sector is still dealing with the pandemic, while the private sector is not functioning at normal capacity or is reluctant to manage people with…
03 September, 2021
Health
Star Formation Nebula White dwarf and Neutron Star or Black Hole GS- Paper-1 Geography / Geography Optional (PT-Mains-I.V) Outlined below are the many steps involved in a star’s evolution, from its formation in a nebula, to its death as a white dwarf or a neutron star. Nebula: a star’s birthplace. Protostar: an early stage of a star formation where nuclear fusion is yet to begin. T Tauri Star Main Sequence Star: E.g. Sun – full of life (nuclear fusion at the core at full swing). Red Giant (in case of a small star) and Red Supergiant (in case of a large star). Planetary Nebula…
25 June, 2020
Space
What are Vectors? Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious pathogens between humans, or from animals to humans. Many of these vectors are bloodsucking insects, which ingest disease-producing microorganisms during a blood meal from an infected host (human or animal) and later transmit it into a new host, after the pathogen has replicated. Often, once a vector becomes infectious, they are capable of transmitting the pathogen for the rest of their life during each subsequent bite/blood meal. Vector-borne diseases in India Vector-borne diseases are human illnesses caused by parasites, viruses and bacteria that are transmitted by vectors. The burden…
26 October, 2021
Health
Black hole What is a black hole? A black hole is an object in space that is so dense and has such strong gravity that no matter or light can escape its pull. Because no light can escape, it is black and invisible. What is Event Horizon? There’s a boundary at the edge of a black hole called the event horizon, which is the point of no return — any light or matter that crosses that boundary is sucked into the black hole. It would need to travel faster than the speed of light to escape, which is impossible. What…
28 August, 2021
Space
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has given its nod to Diagnostic machines used to test drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) for conducting Covid-19 tests. In this regard, Truenat beta CoV test on Truelab workstation will be used for screening test of COVID-19. A total of 800 truenat machines are available in India. Currently India is using real time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) testing approved by United States and Food and Drug Administration (FDA). About Truenat: It is a battery operated small machine that requires minimal training and gives the result between 30-60 minutes. The sample of the throat and the nasal swab is…
03 September, 2021
Health
Syllabus subtopic: Science and Technology- Developments and their Applications and Effects in Everyday Life. Prelims and Mains focus: about the working of Li-ion battery: advantages and disadvantages; about India’s efforts to indigenously manufacture them Background for Lithium Ion Battery Indian manufacturers source Li-ion batteries from China, Japan and South Korea and the country is among the largest importers in the world. China dominates the Li-ion battery market. According to a report by BloombergNEF “.. Around three-quarters of battery cell manufacturing capacity is in China, and Chinese companies have unparalleled control of required domestic and foreign battery raw materials and processing…
29 November, 2021
S&T
The government has released National Digital Health Blueprint (NDHB) which aims to create National Digital Health Eco-System, in public domain. Health Ministry has sought inputs from various stakeholders on its vision. Findings of the National Digital Health Blueprint (NDHB): It lays out the ‘building blocks’ for the implementation of the National Health Stack (NHS), which aims to deploy Artificial Intelligence (AI) in leveraging health records. Keeping true to the government’s larger agenda, of ‘data as a public good’, the blueprint proposes the linking of multiple databases to generate greater and granular data that can be leveraged by the public as…
04 September, 2021
Health
Copyright 2023 CLT TECHNOLOGIES AND EDU-PUBLISHERS PRIVATE LIMITED. All rights reserved.
24 × 7 Support : 8287714422
Whatsapp : 8010068998
Email Us: query@aspireias.com
