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The Maski rock edict is a minor rock edict of Emperor Ashoka. It was discovered in 1915 by C. Beadon at the archaeological site of Maski in the Raichur district of Karnataka, India. The Maski rock edict is important because it was the 1st edict of Emperor Ashoka to include his name. Earlier edicts referred to him as Devanampiye Piyadasi.
01 December, 2023
Modern India
PIN Code History Postal Index Number (PIN) completed 50 Years. About PIN code At the time of Independence, India had 23,344 post offices, most of which were located in urban areas. The postal system had to keep up with the nation's fast growth. As a result, it was first made available in India on August 15, 1972. Shriram Bhikaji Velankar, a senior member of the Posts and Telegraphs Board and additional secretary in the Union Ministry of Communications, was the person in charge of the endeavor. Objective It was meant to ease the process of mail sorting and delivery in…
17 August, 2022
Modern India
Emergence of Gandhi Why Nationalist Upsurge at End of First World War Post-War economic hardship. Expectations of Political Gains for Cooperation in the War Nationalist disillusionment with imperialism worldwide. Impact of Russian Revolution. Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms Dyarchy in provinces. Two lists—reserved and transferred—for administration. Reserved subjects to be administered by governor through executive council and transferred subjects to be administered by ministers from legislative council. Extensive powers to governor, governor-general and secretary of state for interference. Franchise expanded, powers also extended. Governor-general to administer with an executive council of 8—three to be Indians. Two lists for administration—central and provincial. Bicameral central…
21 July, 2021
Modern India
Indian National Congress - Foundation and the Moderate Phase Foundation of Indian National Congress First session held in 1885 (Bombay). Indian National Union, formed by A.O. Hume, became Indian National Congress. Foundational theories of INC and prominent believers: Safety Valve Theory —Lala Lajpat Rai Conspiracy Theory—R.P. Dutt Lightning conductor Theory—G.K. Gokhale Important leaders of Moderate Phase: Dadabhai Naoroji, Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozeshah Mehta, P.Ananda Charlu, Surendranath Banerjea, Romesh Chandra Dutt, Ananda Mohan Bose, G.K. Gokhale, etc. Early Nationalist Methodology Constitutional agitation within four walls of law Create public opinion in India and campaign for support to Indian demands in England Political…
17 July, 2021
Modern India
Era of Militant Nationalism Why Militant Nationalism Grew 1. Realisation that the true nature of British rule was exploitative, and that the British India government, instead of conceding more, was taking away even what existed. 2. Growth of self-confidence and self-respect. 3. Impact of growth of education—increase in awareness and Unemployment. 4. International influences and events which demolished the myth of white/European supremacy. These included emergence of Japan—an Asian country—as an industrial power Abyssinia’s (Ethiopia) victory over Italy. Boer Wars (1899-1902) in which the British faced reverses. Japan’s victory over Russia (1905). nationalist…
16 July, 2021
Modern India
Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India The rise and growth of Indian nationalism has been traditionally explained in terms of Indian response to the stimulus generated by the British Raj through creation of new institutions, new opportunities, resources, etc. Factors in Growth of Modern Nationalism Understanding of contradictions in Indian and colonial interests People came to realize that colonial rule was the major cause of India’s economic backwardness Political, administrative and economic unification of the country For administrative convenience, considerations of military defense and the urge for economic penetration and commercial exploitation were the driving forces behind the planned development…
15 July, 2021
Modern India
Survey of Socio-Cultural Reform Movements Reform Movements: Among Hindus Bengal Raja Rammohan Roy and Brahmo Samaj- Raja Rammohan Roy Believed in the modern scientific approach and principles of human dignity and social equality and aimed at political uplift of the masses through social reform. Literary Contribution: Gift to Monotheists (1809), Precepts of Jesus (1820), Translated into Bengali the Vedas and the five Upanishads to prove his conviction that ancient Hindu texts support monotheism. Brahmo Samaj—to purify Hinduism and to preach monotheism—was based on the twin pillars of reason and the Vedas and Upanishads. Vedanta is based on reason and that,…
14 July, 2021
Modern India
First Phase of Revolutionary Activities (1907-1917) Reasons for emergence Younger elements not ready to retreat after the decline of open phase. Leadership’s failure to tap revolutionary energies of the youth. Government repression left no peaceful avenues open for protest. Ideology Assassinate unpopular officials to strike terror and arouse people to expel the British with force; based on individual heroic actions on lines of Irish nationalists or Russian nihilists and not a mass-based countrywide struggle. Revolutionary Activities * Bengal 1902—First revolutionary groups in Midnapore and Calcutta (The Anushilan Samiti) 1906—Yugantar, the revolutionary weekly started By 1905-06—Several newspapers started advocating revolutionary terrorism.…
13 July, 2021
Modern India
First World War and Nationalist Response In the First World War (1914-1919), Britain allied with France, Russia, USA, Italy and Japan against Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey. The nationalist response to British participation in the First World War was three-fold: Moderates supported as a matter of duty; Extremists, including Tilak (who was released in June 1914), supported the war efforts in the mistaken belief that Britain would repay India’s loyalty with gratitude in the form of self-government; and Revolutionaries decided to utilise the opportunity to wage a war on British rule and liberate the country. Home Rule League Movement A trend…
12 July, 2021
Modern India
Assessment of Social Reform Movements - Positive and Negative Aspects Positive Aspects The orthodox sections of society could not accept the scientific ideological onslaught of the socio-religious rebels. As a result of this, the reformers were subjected to abuse, persecution, issuing of fatwas and even assassination attempts by the reactionaries. However, in spite of opposition, these movements managed to contribute towards the liberation of the individual from the conformity born out of fear and from uncritical submission to exploitation by the priests and other classes. The translation of religious texts into vernacular languages, emphasis on an individual’s right to interpret the…
10 July, 2021
Modern India
Socio religious reform movements Basically, there were two kinds of reform movements in the 19th century in India: Reformist- These movements responded with the time and scientific temper of the modern era. Brahmo Samaj, the Prarthana Samaj, the Aligarh Movement. Revivalist- These movements started reviving ancient Indian traditions and thoughts and believed that the western thinking ruined Indian culture and ethos. Arya Samaj and the Deoband movement. The only difference between movements lay in the degree to which it relied on tradition or on reason and conscience. Factors which gave Rise to Reform Movements Presence of colonial government on Indian…
09 July, 2021
Modern India
Advent of the Europeans in India Why a Sea Route to India European economy growing rapidly, demand for luxury goods. Spirit of renaissance in the 15th-century Europe Capture of Constantinople in 1453, and Syria and Egypt later by the Ottoman Turks calling for a new route to reach India without dealing with Arabs and Turks. Venice and Genoa, too small to stand up to the Turks. Spain and Portugal aided with money and men by the North Europeans and by ships and technical knowledge by the Genoese. The Portuguese the pioneers followed by the Dutch, English, Danes and the French…
04 July, 2021
Modern India
1857 Revolt The revolt is a product of character and policies of colonial rule. Economic causes- The colonial policies destroyed the traditional economic fabric of Indian society. Heavy Taxation under New Revenue Settlement, Summary evictions for non-payment of debts, Discriminatory tariff policy against Indian products, Destruction of traditional handicrafts industry, and free trade for imports but not for exports . Forfeiture of Zamindari land Absence of concomitant industrialisation on modern lines that hit peasants, artisans and small zamindars. Political causes- Colonial policies led to Collapse of earlier aristocracy , affecting those who derived sustenance through religious and cultural pursuits.…
01 July, 2021
Modern India
Peasant and Non-Tribal Movements during British India Name of the movement Main cause(s) Course of the movement and consequences Sanyasi Rebellion Region: Bengal Year: 1763-1800 Displaced peasants, Demobilized Soldiers, disposed Zamindars, Participated led By Sanyasis. It was made famous by Bankim Chandra Chaterjee. In his novel: Anandmath Titu Mir Peasant Movement Region: Bengal Year: 1782-1831 Against Hindu landlords who imosed beard tax on Faraizis Leadership of Mir Nathar Ali Attempts of the British to force Katabomman to accept their suzerainty and his refusal Defiance of the British by Kattabomman for 7 years; his final capture and execution by the British (1779);…
18 June, 2021
Modern India
Tribal Movements in India The Tribal population is conservative and is always interested in retaining the features of their society. Tribal movements were inspired by revolutionary tendencies. They tend to fight and eliminate ill-tendencies that attempt to change the structure of the tribal society. A summary of the Tribal Rebellions during British rule in India is given below. Causes of Movements Extension of settled agriculture led to influx of non tribals in the tribal areas. These outsiders exploited them and extension of settled agriculture led to the loss of land by the tribals which reduced them to agricultural labourers.…
17 June, 2021
Modern India
Annual Sessions of Indian National Congress Allan Octavian Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji and Dinshaw Edulji Wacha founded Indian National Congress on 28 December 1885 Year Place President Details 1885 Bombay W C Bonnerjee 1st session attended by 72 delegates 1886 Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji National Congress and National Conference 1887 Madras Syed Badruddin Tyabji Appeal made to Muslims to join hands with other national leaders 1888 Allahabad George Yule First English president 1889 Bombay Sir William Wedderburn – 1890 Calcutta Feroz Shah Mehta – 1891 Nagpur P. Ananda Charlu – 1892 Allahabad W C Bonnerjee – 1893 Lahore Dadabhai Naoroji – 1894…
16 June, 2021
Modern India
Important Newspapers associated with the freedom Struggle The evolution of Indian press was fraught with developmental difficulties, illiteracy, colonial constraints and repression. It disseminated the ideas of freedom and became prominent tool for freedom struggle. Name of the Paper/journal Year and Place of Publication Name of the Founder or Editor Bengal Gazette 1780, Calcutta James Augustus Hicky India Gazette 1787, Calcutta Henry Louis Vivian Derozio was associated with it Bombay Herald (First Paper from Bombay) 1789, Bombay ———— Digdarshana (First Bengali Monthly) 1818, Calcutta ———– Bengal Gazette (First Bengali Newspaper) 1818, Calcutta Harishchandra Ray…
15 June, 2021
Modern India
Governor Generals and Viceroys of India --Significant Events in their Rule Sl. No. Governor Generals Acts Wars/Treaties Reforms Introduced/ Established 1 Warren Hastings 1773-1785 1773 Regulating act Act of 1781- powers of jurisdiction between the governor-general-in-council and the Supreme Court at Calcutta, were clearly divided. Pitt’s India Act of 1784. The Rohilla War of 1774. The First Maratha War in 1775-82 and the Treaty of Salbai in 1782. Second Mysore War in 1780-84. Strained relationships with Chait Singh, the Maharaja of Benaras, which led to Hastings’ subsequent impeachment in England. Found Asiatic Society of Bengal 2 Lord Cornwallis…
13 June, 2021
Modern India
University Grants Commission directive on history discipline Introduction The recent University Grants Commission (UGC) directive framing the undergraduate history syllabus points to the involvement of ‘experts’ who are still stuck in the discipline as it was practised and taught years ago in the 1950s. Importance of history syllabus A crucial element of the discipline is its division into different periods, or periodisation. The notion of periodisation in history was alien to all societies and civilisations, until Europe instituted it towards the end of the 17th century, though its evolution had started from the 16th century in the history of Christian…
12 April, 2021
Modern India
Rekindle Kashmir’s lost and real connect By, Amitabh Mattoo is Professor, School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University Context This article talks about the contributions of various Kashmiris who aspired for a united nation with J&K as an integral part of India due to ot shared cultural and social values. Foiling ‘Operation Gibraltar’ It was on August 5, 1965 that two Kashmiri Gujjars helped to thwart one of Pakistan’s most devious conspiracies in the Valley. Mohammed Din, and Wazir Mohammed at Galuthi in the Mendhar sector, reported the Pakistani infiltration (to, respectively, the Thana at Tangmarg and the headquarters of…
05 August, 2020
Modern India
Anniversary of Lokmanya Tilak: 100th GS-Paper-1 History personality (PT-MAINS) Recently, the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) conducted a webinar to observe the 100th death anniversary of Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak on the 1st August 2020. Background: Born on 23rd July 1856 in Ratnagiri, Maharashtra. Lawyer by profession and also known as Lokmanya Tilak. Gave the slogan of “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it!” during the Indian struggle for independence. He died on 1st August 1920. Contribution to Indian Struggle for Independence: One of the earliest and the most vocal proponents of complete independence or swarajya (self-rule). Along with Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal, he was part of the Lal-Bal-Pal trio of leaders with extremist outlooks. The book ‘Indian Unrest’ written by…
05 August, 2020
Modern India
Privy Purses Introduction With the passage of the Indian Independence Act, of 1947, the British Government granted independence to the areas that were directly under their rule (British India) and left the choice to the princely states to decide their future course of action. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel persuaded these princely states to join Indian Union after independence. In consideration of such princely states signing the Instrument of Accession, the Government of India granted to them a ‘privy purse’, which was a specified sum of money that was payable annually to the rulers of such States. Relevance of ‘privy purse’…
14 July, 2020
Modern India
The Mapillah uprising By, Mohammed Ayoob is University Distinguished Professor Emeritus of International Relations, Michigan State University Context With the centenary of the Mapillah rebellion of 1921 fast approaching, controversy has erupted over Malayalam movie projects commemorating what was arguably the greatest challenge to British rule between the great uprising of 1857 and the Quit India movement of 1942. Conflicting narratives The controversy surrounding the Mapillah uprising demonstrates that in the case of most important historical events no single narrative is accepted by all sections of society. There are multiple narratives propounded by people of different ideological persuasions.…
29 June, 2020
Modern India
1921 Malabar Rebellion Context # Malayalam film director Aashiq Abu, on June 22, announced a new film project, Variyamkunnan, on Variyamkunnath Kunhamed Haji, the main protagonist of the Malabar Rebellion of 1921 who was executed by the British. Why does the rebellion still stoke passions? # The Malabar Rebellion (also called the Mappila or Moplah Rebellion by the British) broke out in the southern taluks of Malabar in August 1921. # By the time the government troops captured Haji in January 1922, the rebellion had fizzled out. It largely took the shape of guerrilla-type attacks on janmis (feudal landlords,…
28 June, 2020
Modern India
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (28 May 1883 – 26 February 1966) Context The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi has paid tributes to Veer Savarkar on his jayanti on May 28th. "On his Jayanti, I bow to the courageous Veer Savarkar. We remember him for his bravery, motivating several others to join the freedom struggle and emphasis on social reform", the Prime Minister said. About Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Cause of Death: Fasting (Sallekhana Prayopavesa) He was commonly known as Veer Savarkar (“brave” in his native Marathi language) An Indian independence activist, politician, lawyer, writer, and the formulator of the Hindutva philosophy Championed…
29 May, 2020
Modern India
159th birth anniversary of Gurudev -All about Rabindranath Tagore Context National Gallery of Modern Artwill organise the Virtual Tour titled “Gurudev – Journey of the Maestro through his visual vocabulary” from 7th May 2020 to commemorate the 159th birth anniversary of Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore Modern art of the Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941), popularly known as ‘Gurudev’, was born in an affluent Family. The maestro was fascinated by the worlds of literature, art, music and dance at an early age. In 1913, he became the first Indian to receive a Nobel Prize in Literature for his novel 'Geetanjali'. He also wrote…
07 May, 2020
Modern India
Syllabus subtopic: Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues Prelims and Mains focus: about the controversy around Tipu Sultan of Mysore; his administration and religious policies News: Even though the Karnataka State government is yet to officially announce its decision on whether lessons pertaining to Mysuru king Tipu Sultan should be dropped or retained, it is clear that the lessons will be retained for the 2020-2021 academic year. Background The controversy regarding the lessons on Tipu Sultan was raised by Madikeri MLA Appachu Ranjan who had…
17 January, 2020
Modern India
Syllabus subtopic: Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues Prelims and Mains focus: About the Bhima Koregaon conflict; its outcome and significane News: Lakhs of devotees, neo-Buddhists, members of Ambedkarite outfits, politicians, students and other visitors are expected to congregate near the ransthamb or victory pillar in Bhima-Koregaon village for the 202nd anniversary of the Bhima-Koregaon battle of 1818 on New Year’s Day on Wednesday. About Bhima-Koregaon conflict The battle was fought in Bhima Koregaon, a district in Pune with a strong historical Dalit connection, between the Peshwa…
01 January, 2020
Modern India
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