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Recently Infosys founder N.R. Narayana Murthy sparked a debate, urging young Indians to work 70 hours per week. Status of Working Hours in India As per Time Use Survey 2019, urban Indians aged 15-29, work 8.5 hours a day on average, with Uttarakhand ranking first at 9.6 hours a day. Rural Indians work 7.2 hours a day on average. Factories Act 1948- Every adult (a person who has completed 18 years of age) cannot work for more than 48 hours a week and not more than 9 hours in a day. Any employee who works for more than this period is…
09 November, 2023
Labour
Labour Reforms Context: Labour is an important topic of UPSC GS Paper II and Paper III in Mains Examination. Recent Labour Codes are highly important even for Essay. Labour is in the Concurrent List in Schedule 7 of the Constitution. Hence, both the Parliament and the state legislatures can enact laws on it. Before the new labour codes were passed, there were more than 40 central laws and more than 100 state laws on labour and related matters. The Second National Commission on Labour (2002) recommended that the central labour laws should be integrated into groups like: Industrial relations, Wages, Social…
07 June, 2021
Labour
Lives versus livelihoods Introduction Strict to moderate lockdowns are being imposed terminating jobs in many an establishment employing large numbers of informal workers. Of those employed in the informal category, large numbers include migrants who face a bleak future, with job losses, loss of rented accommodations, a lack of sustainable income and savings to ensure food, transportation back to villages or any other emergency including falling victim to COVI-19. Grim to grimmer Given their bitter experiences last year, migrants have already begun their journeys back to villages, paying exorbitant sums for their travel. No new job opportunities in the rural…
05 May, 2021
Labour
International Labour Day and Labour Reforms Context: Labour is an important topic of UPSC GS Paper II and Paper III in Mains Examination. Recent Labour Codes are highly important even for Essay. Labour is in the Concurrent List in Schedule 7 of the Constitution. Hence, both the Parliament and the state legislatures can enact laws on it. International Labour Day Every year 1st May is observed as May Day and is also known as International Labour Day worldwide. It is celebrated to recognise the contributions of labourers and the working class. History The first Labour’s Day was celebrated in 1923…
01 May, 2021
Labour
SAKSHAM (Shramik Shakti Manch) SAKSHAM (Shramik Shakti Manch) is an initiative of the Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC). It is a dynamic job portal for mapping the skills of Shramiks (Labourers). It will help in identifying skill proficiency levels and developing Skill Cards for Shramiks. It will directly connect Shramiks with MSMEs eliminating middlemen/ labour contractors. It will facilitate the placement of 10 lakh blue-collar jobs (pan-India).
12 February, 2021
Labour
Labour laws in India The Union Labour and Employment Ministry is likely to appoint legal consultants this month to look at whether the States’ labour laws are in consonance with the Centre’s four new labour codes, according to senior Ministry officials. The codes on wages, social security, industrial relations and occupational safety, health and working conditions could be implemented before the April 1 target. Labour and Employment Secretary Apurva Chandra told that the rules framed under the codes on social security, industrial relations and occupational safety would be finalised by the end of the month. The rules under the Code…
19 January, 2021
Labour
Labour issues - Winstron iPhone assembly issue Analysis of Winstron iPhone assembly issue On December 12, contract workers ransacked Wistron’s iPhone assembly factory in Karnataka, at Narsapura in Kolar district, about 80 kilometres from Bengaluru. The factory employed about 2,000 permanent workers and 7,000 contract workers. The factory does not have a labour union. What is the reason for violence? The reason is said to be the reported non-payment, or only partial payment, of wages, or its delay, and flouting of labour laws, such as non-issuance of the wage contract, and employing women workers in night shift without providing adequate safety.…
26 December, 2020
Labour
Labour Codes and Labour Reforms Labour Reforms Context: Labour is an important topic of UPSC GS Paper II and Paper III in the Mains Examination. Recent Labour Codes are highly important even for Essay. Labour is in the Concurrent List in Schedule 7 of the Constitution. Hence, both the Parliament and the state legislatures can enact laws on it. Before the new labour codes were passed, there were more than 40 central laws and more than 100 state laws on labour and related matters. The Second National Commission on Labour (2002) recommended that the central labour laws should be integrated into…
24 December, 2020
Labour
The ‘Time Use Survey’ as an opportunity lost Context The all India Time Use Survey, 2019 has just been published by the Government of India. As a survey that has covered the entire country for the first time, the National Statistical Office needs to be complimented for accomplishing the task. Time Use Survey The “Time Use Survey, or TUS, provides a framework for measuring time dispositions by the population on different activities. Its primary objective is to measure the participation of men and women in paid and unpaid activities... TUS is an important source of information on the time spent…
21 November, 2020
Labour
Fallen through the cracks Context The year 2020 marks the anniversary of two major events concerning the status of women. First, it is nearly fifty years since the Committee on the Status of Women in India (CSWI) submitted the report ‘Towards Equality’ to the United Nations (UN), which focused on women-sensitive policymaking in India, providing a fresh perspective on gender equality. Second, it is the 25th anniversary of the Beijing Platform for Action, a benchmark for analysing the condition of women and State-led empowerment. Noting these jubilees, this article reviews the position of women’s work in India, the effects of…
17 November, 2020
Labour
A recipe to tear down trade unions Context This article analyses the critical impacts of the Industrial Relations Code on the Worker's unions and how it can go against Article 43A of the Constitution of India. The Codes also ignored the substantive recommendations of the Parliamentary Standing Committee. What is common to all the four codes is that they dilute workers’ rights in favour of employers’ rights, and together undermine the very idea of workers’ right to association and collective action. Long history Trade unions first emerged in the 19th century as self-managed organisations of workers in the face of…
16 November, 2020
Labour
ESI Scheme extended to Arunachal Pradesh The ESI Scheme stands implemented in 568 districts in all the States and Union Territories, except Lakshadweep. Recently, the central government has extended the Employees' State Insurance (ESI) Scheme to Arunachal Pradesh, with effect from 1st November 2020. Employees' State Insurance (ESI) Scheme provides social protection to workers and their dependents, in the organised sector, in contingencies, such as sickness, maternity and death or disablement due to an employment injury or occupational hazard. Provisions: The ESI Act, 1948 is applicable to factories and notified establishments in an implemented area employing 10 or more employees…
27 October, 2020
Labour
Labour’s data lost Context: Recently the Code on Social Security; the Code on Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions; and the Code on Industrial Relations and Code on Wages. The four labour codes together subsume more than 40 labour laws. Labour force in India: There are nearly 50 crores ‘informal’ workers in India and informal workers contribute nearly 50% of the GDP. As per the 2017 Economic Survey, there are about 14 crore migrants, half of whom are inter-state workers. These inter-state migrant workers contribute about 6% of the GDP. A majority of the inter-state labourers are self-employed and/or engaged…
15 October, 2020
Labour
Code debate Context: The parliament has passed three codes aimed at consolidating diverse labour laws. They are the Industrial Relations Code, the Social Security Code and the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020. News: The June 2002 report of the 2nd National Commission on Labour is the root of the idea of consolidated labour codes. The broad vision has been to give an impetus to economic activity without adversely affecting the interests of workers. They were drafted with the basic objective of amalgamating, simplifying and rationalising labour laws. A positive feature is that the Social Security Code promises…
26 September, 2020
Labour
ASEEM portal Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship today launched Aatamanirbhar Skilled Employee-Employer Mapping (ASEEM) portal to help skilled people find sustainable livelihood opportunities. The portal will map details of workers based on regions and local industry demands and will bridge demand-supply gap of skilled workforce across sectors. ASEEM portal will provide employers with a platform to assess the availability of a skilled workforce and formulate their hiring plans. It refers to all the data, trends and analytics which describe the workforce market and map the demand for skilled workforce to supply. The Artificial Intelligence-based platform will also provide real-time…
11 July, 2020
Labour
A case for extension: On rural jobs scheme * The finding that 8.4 lakh poor households have completed at least 80 days of the 100-day limit for work under the MGNREGS and 1.4 lakh among those who have completed the full quota, should come as no surprise. * While these numbers are a fraction of the 4.6 crore households which have benefited from MGNREGS this year, the fact that many poor households have nearly completed their full quota of employment under the scheme in just the last two months (May-June 2020) is a reflection of the distress that has driven…
09 July, 2020
Labour
Rolling back the induced livelihood shock By, Sumit Mazumdar is a Research Fellow, Centre for Health Economics, University of York, U.K. Indranil is an Associate Professor, School of Government and Public Policy, O.P. Jindal Global University, Sonipat, Haryana Context * Several news reports and surveys on the plight of India’s less-privileged workforce during the lockdown have highlighted the massive scale of falling incomes and loss of means of livelihood. * Many have been pushed into various depths of poverty depending on how vulnerable their occupations were. Pre-shock conundrum * Irregular updating of official poverty lines and unavailability of data…
07 July, 2020
Labour
Reset rural job policies, recognise women’s work By, Madhura Swaminathan is Professor at the Economic Analysis Unit, Indian Statistical Institute Context * The COVID-19 pandemic has had a huge impact on women’s work, but official statistics do not capture women’s work adequately and accurately. Important Data * A survey by the Azim Premji University, of 5,000 workers across 12 States — of whom 52% were women workers — found that women workers were worse off than men during the lockdown. * Among rural casual workers, for example, 71% of women lost their jobs after the lockdown; the figure was 59%…
04 July, 2020
Labour
Atma Nirbhar Uttar Pradesh Rojgar Abhiyan The COVID-19 pandemic has had an adverse impact on the workforce in general and migrant workers in particular. A large number of migrant workers returned to several states. The challenge of containing Covid-19 was compounded by the need to provide basic amenities and means of livelihood to migrants and rural workers. In order to generate employment with a thrust toward creating infrastructure in backward regions of the country, Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyan was launched on 20th June 2020. In Uttar Pradesh, nearly 30 lakh migrant workers returned. 31 districts of Uttar Pradesh have more than…
26 June, 2020
Labour
The Urban Learning Internship Program (TULIP) Ministry of Human Resource Development, Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs, and All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) have jointly launched an online portal for `The Urban Learning Internship Program (TULIP)’ - A program for providing internship opportunities to fresh graduates in all Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and Smart Cities across the country. About The Urban Learning Internship Program (TULIP) TULIP is a program for providing fresh graduates with experiential learning opportunities in the urban sector. TULIP has been conceived pursuant to the Budget 2020-21 announcement by Finance Minister Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman under…
05 June, 2020
Labour
Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) – Annual Report [July 2018 – June 2019] Introduction Considering the importance of the availability of labour force data at more frequent time intervals, National Statistical Office (NSO) launched the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) in April 2017. Objective of PLFS The objective of PLFS is primarily twofold: to estimate the key employment and unemployment indicators (viz. Worker Population Ratio, Labour Force Participation Rate, Unemployment Rate) in the short time interval of three months for the urban areas only in the Current Weekly Status (CWS) to estimate employment and unemployment indicators in both usual statuses (ps+ss)…
05 June, 2020
Labour
SWADES (Skilled Workers Arrival Database for Employment Support) With the aim of making the best of our skilled workforce returning to the country due to the ongoing pandemic, the Government of India has launched a new initiative SWADES (Skilled Workers Arrival Database for Employment Support) to conduct a skill mapping exercise for the returning citizens under the Vande Bharat Mission. This is a joint initiative of the Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship, the Ministry of Civil Aviation and the Ministry of External Affairs which aims to create a database of qualified citizens based on their skillsets and experience to…
04 June, 2020
Labour
Labour rights are in free fall By, Anamitra Roychowdhury teaches at the Jawaharlal Nehru University and is the author of the book, Labour Law Reforms in India: All in the Name of Jobs Introduction As India slowly attempts to lift its nationwide lockdown, under the compulsion of reviving the economy, labour rights are disappearing at an astonishing pace. Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat took the lead in suspending crucial labour laws for varying lengths of time. Undemocratic introduction This strategy visualises effecting an economic turnaround through the improvement of India’s rank in the “ease of doing business” index, thereby attracting…
18 May, 2020
Labour
Will migrant workers benefit from the Centre’s measures? Introduction In her second tranche of COVID-19 relief package announcements, Finance Minister announced the steps taken by the government for migrants and farmers during the national lockdown, including free rations for stranded workers. Acknowledging the significance of the MGNREGS during the pandemic, she said it had helped provide jobs to returning workers in rural areas and advised States to continue the process during the monsoon season as well. Migrant workers, the urban poor and small farmers are the targetted beneficiaries of these announcements. Why and how have migrant workers suffered during the…
17 May, 2020
Labour
Stop the return to laissez-faire By, R. Vaigai and Anna Mathew are advocates practising at the Madras High Court Introduction Through the public health crisis created by the COVID-19 pandemic, we are witness to another massive tragedy — of workers being abandoned by their employers and by the state. Problems of migrant workers 1. The workers’ right to go home was curbed using the Disaster Management Act, of 2005. 2. No provisions were made for their food, shelter, or medical relief. 3. Wage payments were not ensured. 4. The state’s cash and food relief did not cover most workers. Staring…
15 May, 2020
Labour
Provide income support, restore jobs By, Radhika Kapoor and R. Nagaraj work with the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER), New Delhi and the Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (IGIDR), Mumbai, respectively Introduction Following the adage, “never waste a crisis”, the government of Uttar Pradesh, last week, introduced an ordinance that has scrapped most labour laws for three years. State Government’s relaxation of labour laws These laws deal with the occupational safety, health and working conditions of workers, regulation of hours of work, wages and settlement of industrial disputes. They apply mostly to the economy’s organised…
14 May, 2020
Labour
Equal freedom and forced labour By, Gautam Bhatia is a Delhi-based lawyer The idea of Fundamental Rights Soon after Independence, while the Constitution of a free India was being drafted, Dr B.R. Ambedkar, the chairperson of the Drafting Committee, was asked to prepare a note on the idea of Fundamental Rights. In a terse document, B.R. Ambedkar observed that thus far, the purpose of Constitutions had been to limit state power, in order to preserve the freedom of the individual. But this was too narrow an understanding of freedom because it ignored the fact that often, it was private parties…
12 May, 2020
Labour
The face of the exploitation-Poor state of Migrant workers Introduction As thousands of migrant workers walk across India in a desperate attempt to reunite with their families, States are providing greater relaxation of labour laws to appear ‘industry-friendly. U.P., for instance, has cleared an ordinance exempting businesses and industries from labour laws, except for a handful, for three years. The Centre has done the same through its many circulars and clarifications issued during the lockdown. The worst affected are the migrant workers. Mere eyewash The lockdown has clearly established that migrant workers are the backbone of India’s economy. The sudden announcement…
11 May, 2020
Labour
What labour law changes mean Introduction As the economy struggles with the lockdown and thousands of firms and workers stare at an uncertain future, some state governments last week decided to make significant changes in the application of labour laws. The most significant changes were announced by three BJP-ruled states — UP, MP and Gujarat. On the face of it, these changes are being brought about to incentivise economic activity in the respective states. Keeping aside the questions of law — labour falls in the Concurrent List and there are many laws enacted by the Centre that a state cannot…
11 May, 2020
Labour
COVID-19 and EPFO - LABOUR REFORMS Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III- ECONOMY-EPFO (PT-MAINS-PERSONALITY TEST) EPFO processes around 1.3 lakh claims, disburse to help fight corona to the subscriber Employees Provident Fund Organization, EPFO, has processed about 1.37 lakh claims disbursing 279.65 crore rupees under a new provision to help subscribers fight COVID-19. This provision was especially formulated by amending the EPF Scheme. The remittances of the money have already started taking place. The system as it stands today is processing all applications which are fully KYC compliant within less than 72 hours. The provision for a special withdrawal from…
13 April, 2020
Labour
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