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Monthly DNA
Pinanga subterranea is a species of palm tree native to Borneo. It's the 1st known species of palm to flower and fruit almost exclusively underground. This rare phenomenon has only been recorded in one other plant group, the orchid Rhizanthella.
05 February, 2024
Biodiversity & Environment
Chinese scientists recently announced that they have cloned a Rhesus monkey named ReTro that lived to adulthood. The scientists created ReTro using a slightly modified version to create Dolly the Sheep and other mammals like the long-tailed macaque, which was the first primate to be cloned.
03 February, 2024
Animals
A recent study has uncovered two potential new species of lamprey fish in California waters. About Lamprey Fish Lampreys are boneless, jawless fish with eel-like bodies that date back over 350 million years. They belong to a relic (primitive) group of jawless fish called Agnathans. They live in coastal and fresh waters and are found in temperate regions around the world, except Africa. Features: They range from about 15 to 100 centimetres (6 to 40 inches) long. Unlike "bony" fish like trout, cod, and herring, lampreys lack scales, fins, and gill covers. They breathe through a distinctive row of seven pairs of tiny gill openings located behind their mouths and eyes.…
02 February, 2024
Animals
In a first-of-its-kind model of convergence, Kanger Valley National Park is working with a coalition of various organizations and government departments to prepare a landscape-based ecological restoration plan for the national park. About Kanger Valley National Park Location: It is located in Jagdalpur, in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh state. It is located on the banks of the Kholaba River (tributary of the Godavari River). The National Park derives its name from the Kanger River, which flows in its length.It got the status of a national park in 1982. The average width of the park (north to south) is 6 km. while the…
02 February, 2024
Animals
River dolphins are a group of freshwater cetaceans that inhabit various river systems across Asia and South America. The Six Surviving River Dolphin Species include: Amazon, Ganges, Indus, Irrawaddy, Tucuxi, and the Yangtze finless porpoise.The Chinese river dolphin was deemed 'probably extinct' in 2007. As per the IUCN Red list, Yangtze finless porpoise are classified as Critically Endangered.Amazon, Ganges, Indus, Irrawaddy and Tucuxi are labeled as Endangered. Note: The Yangtze finless porpoise is the world’s only freshwater porpoise but it is included with the other freshwater cetaceans under the umbrella name ‘river dolphins’. The Amazon river dolphin also known as the pink river dolphin or boto is the largest river dolphin. About Gangetic River dolphin The…
02 February, 2024
Animals
The Global Carbon Project report for 2023 was released during the recent COP28 summit held in Dubai, UAE. It is a Global Research Project of Future Earth and a research partner of the World Climate Research Programme. Established in – 2001 It is prepared every year by a global consortium of scientists. Aim – To develop a complete picture of the global carbon cycle, including both its biophysical and human dimensions together with the interactions and feedbacks between them. Focus – On the global biogeochemical cycles which govern 3 greenhouse gases (GHGs) like carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), including their natural and human drivers, and…
29 January, 2024
Biodiversity & Environment
Interest in indigenous cattle breeds like the Pulikulam is reviving which is famous for a local game called Jalikattu in TamilNadu. It is a popular draught and game breed of Tamil Nadu. The cattle originated from Pulikulam, a village located in Sivaganga district of Tamil Nadu. It is also known as Palingu maadu, Mani maadu, Jallikattu maadu, Mattu maadu and Kilakattu maadu. These are maintained as migratory herds, and its draught and manure capabilities play a significant role in the rural livelihood of the communities rearing them for draught and organic agricultural production. This breed of cattle is famous for a local game…
28 January, 2024
Animals
After relocating deer from Cuttack, the Odisha state government is planning to introduce Sambar and Gaur (bison) in the Chandaka-Dampara wildlife sanctuary. It is located in Khurda district of Odisha represents the north-eastern limits of Eastern Ghats. It is also a home to a number of threatened wild animals and birds. This landscape got sanctuary status in 1982. The climate of the area is tropical with three distinct and well marked seasons i.e. summer, Rainy season and winter. Vegetation: Flora is moderately diverse with intimate mixture of evergreen and deciduous elements. The area comes under semi-evergreen forest zone but the interplay of biotic…
28 January, 2024
Conservation
An international team of marine biologists recently discovered a unique isopod, a form of crustacean, that has been formally identified as a new species of the genus Booralana. Isopods are an order of invertebrates (animals without backbones) that belong to the greater crustacean group of animals, which includes crabs and shrimp. Scientists estimate that there are around 10,000 species of isopods (all belonging to the order “Isopoda”). They also live in many different types of habitats, from mountains and deserts to the deep sea, and they are distributed worldwide. Features: They are one of the most morphologically diverse of all the crustacean groups, coming in many different shapes and…
28 January, 2024
Animals
Odisha’s Bhitarkanika national park will soon be connected by rail as the proposed Jajpur Road-Dhamra railway line will pass through the park. Location: It is located in Kendrapara district in the state of Odisha. It is India’s second-largest mangrove ecosystem after the Sunderbans. The national park that is sprawling across 672 km² of mangrove swamp is situated on a delta formed by rivers, namely Brahmani, Baitarani, and Dhamra. The national park was established in September 1998 and was built in the heart of the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, founded in 1975. Proximity to the Bay of Bengal makes the soil of the area enriched with salts; the vegetation…
28 January, 2024
Conservation
The crash in their population from estimated 4 crores in the early 1980s to less than a lakh by 2007 in India is unprecedented in the animal world. Outside of the oceans, vultures are the only known obligate scavengers. The ecological, social and cultural significance of vultures in India may be summed up as: scavenging on animal carcasses and thereby helping keep the environment clean. There are nine species of vultures in India out of which three have been on critically endangered list of IUCN and also listed under Schedule I of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972. White-rumped Vulture (Gyps bengalensis) Slender billed…
26 January, 2024
Animals
Some of Africa’s dry areas face serious water shortages due to minimal rainfall. An ancient system of drawing water from aquifers, the “qanat system”, could help. Qanat system It is an ancient type of water-supply system, developed and still used in arid regions of the world.It taps underground mountain water sources trapped in and beneath the upper reaches of alluvial fans and channels the water downhill through a series of gently sloping tunnels. The qanats have been used for centuries in arid and semi-arid parts of north Africa, the Middle East and Asia, where water supplies are limited. It’s known by a…
26 January, 2024
Conservation
It is a species of the legume family. It is native to South and Central America and is grown as an ornamental plant as it has bright yellow flowers. It was introduced as shade trees for coffee and firewood in the country; it soon became a threat to native tree species as its dense foliage prevented the growth of other indigenous trees and grass species. It is considered as Least Concern under the IUCN Red List. The Forest Department of Tamil Nadu has cleared 356.50 hectares of invasive growth of Senna spectabilis that posed a threat to biodiversity conservation in Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve…
25 January, 2024
Vegetation
A dying traditional game, given a fresh lease of life at the ongoing Karbi Youth Festival (KYF) in central Assam’s Karbi Anglong district, has fuelled a drive for conserving a creeper known as the African dream herb. About African dream herb A perennial climbing vine that is used by African traditional healers to induce vivid dreams that enables them to communicate efficiently with their ancestors. Common names: Giant sea bean, African dream herb, snuff box and Entada rheedii Distribution and habitat: It is indigenous to Africa, Asia, Australia and Madagascar. It grows in tropical lowlands, along the coastline and river banks, in woodland,…
25 January, 2024
Biodiversity & Environment
Ministry of Power, has achieved a significant milestone by issuing its inaugural Japanese Yen (JPY) 61.1 billion green bonds under Global Medium Term Notes Programme. Yen Denominated Green Bonds It is REC Limited’s eleventh venture into the international bond market and inaugural Yen Bond issuance, which is also the first Yen Green Bonds issuance by any Indian PSU Time period: 5-year, 5.25-year and 10-year bonds issued at yield of 1.76%, 1.79% and 2.20% respectivelya It is the largest ever Euro-Yen issuance in South and South East Asia It is the largest Yen-denominated issuance from India. Largest non-sovereign Yen-denominated issuance ever from…
24 January, 2024
Biodiversity & Environment
The Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park (PNHZP), also known as Darjeeling zoo was successful in breeding 77 snow leopards since the 1980s. Darjeeling Zoo is the world’s 2nd largest Snow Leopard breeding program next to New York’s Bronx Zoo. Scientific Name – Panthera uncia They are referred as the ‘ghost of the mountains’ for their camouflaging ability. Nativity – The alpine regions of Central Asia. Habitat – Rugged mountainous areas or non-forested areas covering an altitude between 3200m-5200m. Growing conditions – They have thick white-gray coat spotted with large black rosettes which helps them blend with Asia’s steep and rocky, high mountains and helps them to survive harsh cold climates. During the…
23 January, 2024
Animals
Explorers and naturalists have been curious why some areas are more biodiverse than others. What is Humboldt’s enigma? It is a term used to describe the puzzle of why some mountain regions, especially in the tropics, have exceptionally high biodiversity, contrary to the expected decrease in diversity away from the equator. It is named after Alexander von Humboldt, a 19th-century naturalist who explored the relationship between climate, geography, and species distribution. Humboldt’s enigma challenges the conventional wisdom that the most biodiverse areas are the lowland tropical forests. Tropical diversity- They have more energy, resources and ecological niches leading to higher biodiversity. The…
23 January, 2024
Biodiversity & Environment
Scientists recently discovered a new species of fungus in Kerala, named ‘Paramyrothecium indicum’. Paramyrothecium indicum It is a new species of phytopathogenic fungus. Phytopathogens are parasites surviving on a plant host. Most of Paramyrothecium are phytopathogens. They are responsible for “serious plant diseases which might negatively affect crop productivity. Paramyrothecium leaf spots are a type of fungal disease that can affect a variety of plants. Some species of Paramyrothecium produce secondary metabolites with bio-herbicidal potentials” and, therefore, may find application in controlling weeds. Key Facts about Fungi Fungi, along with Animalia (animals), Plantae (plants), Protista, Archaea/Archaebacteria, and Bacteria or Eubacteria, form the six ‘kingdoms’ of biology.…
22 January, 2024
Biodiversity & Environment
Recently, a photographer has spotted an extremely rare all-white Gentoo penguin in Chilean Antarctica. Gentoo penguin It is exclusively found in the Southern Hemisphere between 45 and 65 degrees south latitude. Within this range, gentoos are found on the Antarctic Peninsula as well as many sub-Antarctic islands. One of the most predominant locations gentoos inhabit is the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. Habitat: Gentoo penguins typically are found along the shoreline. This allows the penguins to be able to quickly access food while remaining close to their nest. The major difference between gentoo penguins and other penguin species are their…
22 January, 2024
Animals
A rare and elusive bear, the Tibetan brown bear, has been recently sighted in Sikkim, making it the first confirmed record of the animal being sighted in India. Tibetan Brown Bear The Tibetan brown bear, also known as the Tibetan blue bear, is one of the rarest subspecies of bears in the world and is rarely sighted in the wild. Scientific Name: Ursus arctos pruinosus Distribution: Historically found mainly on the alpine eastern Tibetan plateau (4,500 to 5,000 metres) in eastern Tibet, western China, Nepal, and Bhutan. Remaining bears in the wild seem to be confined to eastern Tibet and Bhutan. Habitat: It inhabits alpine forests, meadows, and steppes, close…
22 January, 2024
Animals
The Supreme Court recently questioned the Centre on why reports of the court-appointed Technical Experts Committee (TEC) on the biosafety of genetically modified (GM) crops were not looked into by the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC). GEAC It is the statutory committee constituted under the “Rules for the Manufacture, Use/Import/Export and Storage of Hazardous Microorganisms/Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells (Rules, 1989)” framed under Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.It functions under the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEF&CC). Functions: It is responsible for the approval of activities involving large-scale use of hazardous living microorganisms and recombinants in research and industrial production from an environmental perspective. The…
20 January, 2024
Biodiversity & Environment
Himalayan Wolf has been assessed for the first time in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)’s Red List and categorised as ‘Vulnerable’. Himalayan Wolf The Himalayan Wolf (Canis lupus chanco), a prominent lupine predator found across the Himalayas. It is also called Tibetan wolves, which live at more than 4,000 metres altitudes and are genetically distinct from grey wolves. Living at such high altitudes, these wolves have genetically adapted themselves to live in low oxygen (hypoxic) conditions. Distribution: In China, the Himalayan wolf lives on the Tibetan Plateau in the provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Tibet, and western Sichuan. In northern India, it occurs in the Union…
20 January, 2024
Animals
Researchers from the National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS) found a new butterfly species in Karnataka’s Bramhagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Kodagu. Conjoined Silverline butterfly The butterfly species -- Conjoined Silverline (Cigaritis conjuncta) found from the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, India. Features The new butterfly is the size of a one rupee coin but is invaluable to conservationists. It is endemic to mid-elevation evergreen forests of the Western Ghats. It has fused spots and bands on the underside of wings, and shiny silver lines in the centre of those bands. The two sites where they have been located are at an elevation of 900 meters (Iruppu Falls)…
19 January, 2024
Animals
The Pench Tiger Reserve in Maharashtra has been designated as India's first Dark Sky Park and the fifth in Asia, protecting the night sky and preventing light pollution. India’s First Dark Sky Park The Pench Tiger Reserve (PTR) in Maharashtra is India's first Dark Sky Park within a tiger reserve for earmarking areas around the park that restrict light pollution for stargazers to access pristine dark skies. Dark Sky Place certification focuses on lighting policy, dark sky-friendly retrofits, outreach and education, and monitoring the night sky. This designation positions PTR as a sanctuary where tourists can witness celestial spectacles, shielded from the intrusion of artificial…
18 January, 2024
Biodiversity & Environment
On 12th August 2011, the NMCG was listed as a society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. It acted as the implementation arm of the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) which was constituted under the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act (EPA),1986. NGRBA was dissolved in 2016 and replaced by the National Council for Rejuvenation, Protection, and Management of River Ganga. Objective: The objective of the NMCG is to reduce pollution and ensure the rejuvenation of the Ganga River.Namami Gange is one of the Coveted Programmes of NMCG to clean Ganga. This can be achieved by promoting intersectoral coordination for comprehensive planning & management and maintaining minimum ecological flow in the…
18 January, 2024
Conservation
Recently Union government announced the Swachh Survekshan Awards 2023. An annual cleanliness ranking for urban areas since 2016. Released by – Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. Coverage – Originally 73 cities in 2016, now has increased along with 4,416 urban local bodies, 61 cantonments and 88 Ganga towns. About 1.58 crore online citizen feedback and 19.82 lakh face-to-face views were received as a part of the ranking. Criteria Door-to-door collection of waste Segregation at source cleanliness of public areas Clean water bodies Citizens’ feedback regarding the cleanliness of their cities 2023 Awards Among Cities with >1 lakh population – Indore and Surat were named the joint winners with 100% door-to-door collection of waste & remediation…
17 January, 2024
Biodiversity & Environment
The Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park (PNHZP) is a zoo in Darjeeling, India. It's also known as the Darjeeling Zoo and is the largest high-altitude zoo in the country. The zoo is dedicated to wildlife conservation and is known for its breeding programs for red pandas, Himalayan salamanders, Tibetan wolves, and snow leopards. World Association for Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) has recently annpunced that it has the world’s largest number of snow leopards in captivity.
31 January, 2024
Conservation
Researchers at the Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh used wastewater from the whisky distilling industry to produce green hydrogen, which is a type of sustainable fuel. They did this by developing a new nanoscale material, nickel selenide that allowed distillery wastewater to replace fresh water in the green hydrogen production & it treats the wastewater.
30 January, 2024
Biodiversity & Environment
Sisal is a species of flowering plant native to southern Mexico. Sisal, (Agave sisalana), plant of the family Asparagaceae and its fibre, the most important of the leaf fibre group. The leaves have been used to make twine, cloth, carpets and mezcal, a distilled alcoholic beverage. A recent study suggests that the sisal leaves could make sanitary napkins more sustainable in India.
27 January, 2024
Biodiversity & Environment
January 5 is observed as National Birds Day introduced by U.S.A in 2002 and followed in some parts of the world. It is aimed at raising awareness for the conservation of avian species that have been adversely affected by habitat destruction, reducing food choices and climate change. The theme of the National Birds Day 2024 is ‘Right to Fight’. Birds in News - Jungle Babbler, Oriental Magpie-Robin, Common Hoopoe, Indian Roller, Indian white-eye, Brown-headed barbet, House Sparrow.
19 January, 2024
Conservation
The findings of a new survey by the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) underscored the need for properly monitoring critically important antimicrobials to mitigate AMR. CIAs – They represent a class of antimicrobials. Categorised by – World Health Organisation (WHO). 3 groups – Based on their importance to human medicine and the urgency to preserve their effectiveness in treating infectious diseases. HPCIAs – Highest priority critically important antimicrobials constitute a subcategory within CIAs, signifying antimicrobials of the highest priority in preserving their effectiveness. Limitation – It is limited to antibacterial drugs of which most are also used in veterinary medicine and on how much and what kind of antibiotics are used in…
16 January, 2024
Biodiversity & Environment
Industrial pollution has destroyed local fisheries in Dahej near Bharuch, Gujarat. Dahej Location - Near the ancient port site of Barygaza (near today’s Bharuch) on the Gulf of Khambhat, Gujarat. Economic importance - It began to be developed as a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in 1990. It is one of the four Petroleum, Chemical and Petrochemicals Investment Regions (PCPIR) in the country. Ecological significance - The freshwater of the Narmada enters the saline waters of the Gulf of Khambhat in Dahej. Many types of sea life including shrimp, bumla, salmon, boi, makul are found here. It is also the breeding ground of the Hilsa (‘palwa’ in Gujarat) fish. Gujarat has the longest coastline…
13 January, 2024
Biodiversity & Environment
Researchers at the Indian Institutes of Technology Madras and Mandi have metabolically engineered plant cells to increase production of anti-cancer drug camptothecin (CPT). Nathapodytes nimmoniana Nathapodytes nimmoniana is an endangered medicinal plant widely distributed throughout the Western Ghats of India. The plant contains camptothecin (CPT) which is renowned anticancer drugs. Though, CPT found in many plant species but maximum amount of CPT has been reported from N. nimmoniana. Due to very good source of CPT, this plant has been explored for its Phytochemical, Biotechnological and Pharmacological aspects. The plant has been overharvested, pushing it to the endangered list. The International…
11 January, 2024
Biodiversity & Environment
Shark & ray meat (elasmobranch meat) consumption no longer restricted to India’s tribal & coastal peoples. Elasmobranch is a subclass of the Class Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous Fishes, which consists of sharks, rays, skates, and chimaeras. The rise in demand for elasmobranch meat could lead to more unsustainable fishing of shark species. Difference - The other subclass of cartilaginous fish, the Holocephali, consists of Chimaeras, ratfish (Genus Chimaera) and elephantfish (Genus Callorhynchus). The main differences between these two subclasses are the structure of their gills and how they grow in the embryo. Holocephali has four-gill slits with a gill cover (an operculum); while…
11 January, 2024
Wildlife & Fauna
Recently, Ministry of Tourism started training in Bhitarkanika National Park, Odisha under Amrit Dharohar Capacity Building Scheme. Goal – To promote unique conservation values of Ramsar Sites’. Ramsar Convention of 1971, an intergovernmental treaty for conservation and wise use of wetlands, was ratified by India in 1982. Purpose – To maintain healthy Ramsar Sites which Provide water and food security and buffer the landscape from floods, droughts, and extreme events. Generate local employment and support livelihoods Provide habitats for species Maintain and enhance carbon sinks Conserve and celebrate rich cultural heritage Timeline – From June 5, 2023 till June 5, 2026. June 5 is celebrated as World Environment Day. Implementation – In convergence with Central…
09 January, 2024
Biodiversity & Environment
Recently, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has submitted three nominations from India for Wetland City Accreditation (WCA) of Indore (Madhya Pradesh), Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh) & Udaipur (Rajasthan) under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. WCA – A voluntary scheme that recognizes cities which have taken exceptional steps to safeguard their urban wetlands. Establishment – During the Ramsar Convention COP12, 2015. Objectives – To recognize the importance of wetlands in urban and peri-urban environments and to take appropriate measures to conserve and protect these wetlands. Significance – Cities can gain international recognition and positive branding opportunities for their efforts and provides sustainable socio-economic benefits for local populations. It will generate public awareness about…
08 January, 2024
Biodiversity & Environment
IIT Bombay has developed an instrument, GolDN (pronounced as Golden) for melt-mixing of waste thermoplastic polymers and inorganic particulate fillers to manufacture polymer composites. GolDN is a single screw extruder that mechanically recycles waste plastic polymers through melt-mixing. The instrument can manufacture composites from thermoplastic waste that can be molded into materials like paver blocks, tiles, and bricks.
14 January, 2024
Biodiversity & Environment
Vazhakulam pineapple is a pineapple grown in the Vazhakulam area of Kerala, India. The pineapple is unique in aroma, flavour and sweetness due to its high sugar content and low acidity. Vazhakulam is considered as the biggest pineapple market in India. It got its GI tag in 2009.
12 January, 2024
Biodiversity & Environment
National Research Centre on Litchi (NRCL) has successfully expanded litchi cultivation in India by providing technical help, plants and training to farmers. It is a sweet juicy fruit which is also known as lychee or lichee. Scientific name – Litchi chinensis under soapberry family (Sapindaceae). It is a small, oval roundish fruit that is native to Southeast Asia. Growing conditions – A sensitive fruit influenced by temperature, rainfall, humidity and soil suitability as well. Climate changes can make the fruit to grow smaller, less sweet and juicy and crack. In India – It mainly grows in the foothills of the Himalayas in Uttarakhand, Bihar, West Bengal and Jharkhand. Commercial cultivation – More than 0.1…
05 January, 2024
Biodiversity & Environment
Mayurbhanj’s red ant chutney receives GI tag. The Chutney Made with - The chutney is made with read weaver ants by the tribal people of Odisha’s Mayurbhanj district. Other name - It is also known by the name Similipal kai Chutney. Making - Red weaver ants are collected from the nests along with their eggs and cleaned. After that, the chutney is prepared by mixing and grinding salt, ginger, garlic and chillies. Characteristics - The hot chutney has a pungent and sour taste and is appetizing. The savoury chutney is popular in the region for its healing properties and also deemed important for nutritional…
03 January, 2024
Biodiversity & Environment
Sikki artisans suffer livelihood losses amid climate change & state apathy. Family - Zizanoides grass family. Scientific name - Chrysopogon zizanioides Sikki finds mention in ancient Sanskrit texts such as the Ramayana, where it is referred to as viran, sugandhimool, ushir and nalad. Tarai Region - This grass grows indigenously in the Tarai regions of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar and has an average height of 3-4 feet and Sikki is also now grown to arrest soil erosion in hilly regions. The stem is used to make artefacts; the roots are used for extracting oil that is used both for perfumery and medicinal purposes.…
03 January, 2024
Biodiversity & Environment
The Chipko movement was a non-violent agitation in 1973 that was aimed at protection and conservation of trees. Gandhian social activist Chandi Prasad Bhatt, founder of the cooperative organisation Dasholi Gram Swarajya Sangh, led the first Chipko movement near the village of Mandal in 1973. The movement is an uprising against the felling of trees in Uttar Pradesh’s Chamoli district (now Uttarakhand) in 1973. The uprising originated in Chamoli district and in no time spilled onto other states in north India. The name of the movement chipko comes from the word embrace, as the villagers hugged the trees and encircled…
03 January, 2024
Biodiversity & Environment
There is an urgent need to regulate frameworks to ensure the effective implementation of biodiversity credits. Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) Aim - KMGBF aims to catalyze transformative action by governments, and subnational and local authorities, with the involvement of all of society, to halt and reverse biodiversity loss. Adoption - KMGBF was adopted in 2022 at the 15th Conference of Parties (CoP15) of Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Financing work - Biodiversity credits are increasingly being pushed as a means for financing work on the various targets set under the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF). Biodiversity Credits Biodiversity credit is a financial mechanism,…
02 January, 2024
Biodiversity & Environment
It is a sparsely populated geographic region of the easternmost Isthmus of Panama that extends into northwestern Colombia, around the Gulf of Urabá.It forms the physiographic link between Central and South America. Over 100,000 minors crossed Darien gap in 2023 to reach US. Features - A hot, humid area typified by tropical rainforests, mangrove swamps, and low mountain ranges with cloud forest vegetation. The Pan-American Highway does not traverse Darién, which effectively blocks land transportation between Central and South America. National Parks - A pair of contiguous parks administer a large part of the region, Darién National Park in Panama and Los…
02 January, 2024
Biodiversity & Environment
Sea Turtle These are large, air-breathing reptiles that live in tropical and subtropical seas all over the world. Their shells are made up of an upper section (carapace) and a lower section (plastron). Hard scales or scutes cover all but the leatherback, and the number and arrangement of these scutes can be used to identify the species. The upper shell, or carapace, of each sea turtle species, varies in length, color, shape, and scale arrangement. Green Sea Turtle, Hawksbill Sea Turtle, Loggerhead Sea Turtle, Olive Ridley Sea Turtle, Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtle, Leatherback Sea Turtle, and Flatback Sea Turtle are…
01 January, 2024
Animals
MoEFCC is the nodal agency for planning, co-ordination and overseeing the implementation of India’s environmental and forestry policies and programmes. Updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) The updated NDCs seeks to enhance India’s contributions towards achievement of the strengthening of global response to the threat of climate change, as agreed under the Paris Agreement. It would safeguard India’s future development needs based on the principles of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). About First NDC in 2015 Updated NDC Emission intensity of its GDP To reduce 33-35% from 2005 levels To reduce 45% by 2030 from 2005 levels Non fossil…
01 January, 2024
Biodiversity & Environment
Birdwatchers across India were able to document rare ‘pelagic’ (who spend a large portion of their lives on the open ocean) birds throughout 2023 just off the Karnataka coast. Brown Skua was sighted for the 1st time in Karnataka. Significant sightings - Sooty Shearwater, Brown Skua, Brown Booby, Streaked Shearwater and Masked Booby. Pomarine Skua, Arctic skua, Long-tailed skua, Swinhoes storm-petrel, Wilson’s storm-petrel, Flesh-footed shearwater, Persian shearwater, (greater, lesser, crested & Bridled (tern)).
31 December, 2023
Animals
Bhairavapalem Mudflats are located in Andhra Pradesh. The mudflats are named after the village of Bhairavapalem and are subject to tidal water, a habitat for crabs like mud crabs. The Godavari River flows into the sea through two mouths, one near Bhairavapalem and the other near Kottapalem. Bhairavapalem is also the name of a Reserve Forest in the Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary.
30 December, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
Pantoea Tagorei is a Gram-negative, short-rod, non-motile, facultatively anaerobic, potassium-solubilizing bacterium. The bacteria promotes plant growth and is being used in organic farming. It solubilizes potassium, replenishes nitrogen, and solubilizes phosphorus. It was discovered by a team of microbiologists from Visva Bharati University and named after Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore and his son, Rathindranath.
29 December, 2023
Flora
2 jumping spider species - Afraflacilla kerala and Afraflacilla adavathurensis were discovered recently from Kerala and Tamil Nadu respectively. Before the discovery of Afraflacilla kerala, only 3 species of the Afraflacilla genus had been found in India. Afraflacilla is a genus of jumping spiders (Salticidae). Most species are found in Eastern to Northern Africa and Australia, with 2 species found in Europe.
29 December, 2023
Animals
The aardvark is a burrowing, nocturnal mammal native to Africa. The name aardvark comes from Afrikaans and means "earth pig" that hunts termites and ants at night. Aardvarks are found in sub-Saharan Africa, except for Namibia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Madagascar. Conservation Status IUCN - Least Concern.
28 December, 2023
Animals
Nandankanan Zoological Park (NZP) is a zoo and botanical garden established in 1960 in Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Nandankanan is India's first zoo to join the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) in 2009. Nandankanan is the first zoo in the World to breed White tiger and Melanistic tiger. Nandankanan is the only conservation breeding centre of Indian Pangolins in the world.
28 December, 2023
Conservation
Eurasian otter discovered for the 1st time in the Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala recently. It is a semiaquatic carnivorous mammal that is native to Eurasia. They are shy and nocturnal and found near small streams in the interior forests and distributed through Europe, Asia, and Africa. Conservation Status IUCN - Near Threatened. CITES - Appendix I. Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 - Schedule II
28 December, 2023
Animals
3 trafficked Sumatran orangutans were sent back from Thailand to Indonesia recently as part of a joint effort between the countries to tackle the illegal wildlife trade. The Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) is a species of orangutan that lives in the northern part of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. They are the largest non-human primates in Asia and the largest arboreal primates. Conservation Status IUCN - Critically Endangered CITES - Appendix I
28 December, 2023
Animals
Black tigers are a rare color variant of the Bengal tiger. They are not a separate species or subspecies of tiger. Their all-black color is due to pseudo-melanism, a condition that causes thick stripes that make the tawny background barely visible. Black tigers are only found in India's Similipal Tiger Reserve which also has the highest rate of black tiger sightings in the world. Similipal Tiger Reserve It is a national park and tiger reserve located in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha, that gets its name from the red silk cotton tree, "Simul". It has been designated as a tiger reserve in 1956 and…
27 December, 2023
Animals
Valmiki Tiger Reserve lies in the West Champaran district of Bihar. It forms the eastern most limit of the Himalayan Terai forests in India, and is the only tiger reserve of Bihar. It is situated in the Gangetic plains and the forest has combination of bhabar and terai tracts. Rivers Gandak, Pandai, Manor, Harha, Masan and Bhapsa flow through various parts of the reserve.
27 December, 2023
Conservation
The blue dragon (Glaucus atlanticus) is a small, shell-less, blue sea slug that floats upside down in the open ocean. It is also known as the blue sea dragon, blue angel, sea swallow, and blue ocean slug. They are found in tropical and subtropical waters throughout the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Blue dragons are mobile prey feeders, meaning they prey on organisms that move on their own. Conservation Status IUCN – Endangered.
27 December, 2023
Wildlife & Fauna
The United Earth Amazonia prize is a "Green Nobel" prize that recognizes environmental work in the Amazon rainforest. The prize highlights projects that help preserve and protect the rainforest and its biodiversity. The prize was instituted by Marcus Nobel, a Swedish-American businessman based in Portland, Oregon. The prize was inaugurated last year without any monetary reward, but it is set to expand its scope in 2024.
27 December, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
A recent study says that free-ranging domestic cats, one of the most invasive species, were threat to conservation. They eat 2,084 species globally & pushing some species even to extinction. Among those species almost half of the species were birds, followed by reptiles and mammals. They identified that the species consumed by cats are of 16.65% of which are near-threatened or of higher concern on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List.
23 December, 2023
Conservation
Wildlife officials from Madhya Pradesh has recently released 2 male cheetahs, named Agni and Vayu, into the safari area at Kuno National Park. Kuno National Park is a wildlife sanctuary and national park in Madhya Pradesh established in 1981 and is named after the Kuno River. The park is located in the Central Indian Vindhyan Hills & the only national park in India that is home to Cheetahs. The Wildlife Institute of India (WIT) and the Wildlife Trust of India (WTI) selected Palpur-Kuno park as a habitat for Asiatic lions and cheetahs.
26 December, 2023
Conservation
Forest fringe villages are villages that are located near forest areas. They often depend on the forest for their daily needs and biomass. As per India State of Forest Report- 2019, published by Forest Survey of India, approximately 300 million people are dependent on forests. It roughly says that 26% of the total 650,000 villages can be classified as forest fringe villages, home to around 22% of the country’s total population.
26 December, 2023
Forest
The bonnet macaque is a species of Old-World monkey that is native to southern India. They are also known as Zati. They are highly arboreal and most abundant on the outskirts of human settlements. Subspecies - Dark-bellied bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata radiata) and Pale-bellied bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata diluta). Conservation Status IUCN – Vulnerable. CITES – Appendix II.
26 December, 2023
Animals
Thousands of sardine fish surface near Goa beach, experts call it ‘rare’ event, known as Sardine Run. Shoals of the marine species are fluttering in shallow waters along the coast at Keri-Terekhol, on the Goa-Maharashtra border. Shoals are a large group of fish that feed and swim together. Sardine Run happens due to sudden changes in the temperature of sea surface water. A drop or rise in sea surface temperature can induce migration of sardines in higher numbers and sometimes they are trapped in shallow waters. When the deeper water rises, it brings nutrient-rich water on top, triggering high food…
30 December, 2023
Animals
The United Nations has declared 2024 as the International Year of Camelids. Objective - It aims to build awareness of the untapped potential of camelids and to call for increased investment in the camelid sector, and the use of innovative practices and technologies. The decision to declare 2024 as the International Year of Camelids was made back in 2020. According to the official website of the Food and Agricultural Organization(FAO), camelids influence the lives of millions of households in more than 90 countries. The report stated that this decision has been made as these animals contribute to food security, nutrition and economic…
30 December, 2023
Animals
The Nicobar pigeon is hailed as one of the most beautiful pigeons in the world. Habitat - It is native to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Malay Archipelago and some islands of Micronesia. Features - It is draped in a colorful plumage, with hues of green, blue, yellow and copper that explode into a bomb of colors in the sunlight. The bird’s feathers are iridescent due to the many layers of keratin air sacs in the feathers. Females Nicobar Pigeons are smaller in size than their male counterpart. Extinct birds - DNA studies have shown that it is also the only living…
30 December, 2023
Animals
In the first evidence of rapid evolution, scientists have discovered a flower growing in Paris, France is producing less nectar and smaller flowers to attract fewer pollinators. Parisian pansies Scientific name - Viola arvensis; Common name - Field Pansy Habitat - It is a self-pollinating flower, native to Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa. It is an herbaceous annual plant with serrated leaves, and usually flowers with white all over, except the bottom petal and dehiscent capsules. Herbaceous plants include plants that have either an annual, biennial, or a perennial life cycle. Annual herbaceous plants die completely at the end of the growing season…
29 December, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
Recently, Airgun Surrender Abhiyan was selected as a model wildlife conservation programme by UNESCO. An initiative to get local residents involved in environmental management and wildlife protection. Launched in – 2021. Launched by – Arunachal Pradesh. Aim – To discourage hunting and raise awareness about the detrimental effects of wildlife killing. To encourage the voluntary surrender of airguns and licensed guns to check their use in hunting birds and other wildlife. Collaborations - With local communities, administrative departments, NGOs, and community-based organisations. Lumdung was declared as 1st Airgun free village of Arunachal Pradesh, where 46 air guns were surrendered. Activities – Awareness campaign to maintain the tradition of hunting in the old style without guns…
28 December, 2023
Conservation
There is an urgent need to protect Pappathi Chola, a biodiversity hotspot. Pappathi Chola, known for its high butterfly population, derived its name from the Tamil word Pappathi meaning butterflies. While Pappathi means butterfly, Chola means shola land. Many butterflies reach the area during their migratory course from the rain shadow forests of Tamil Nadu back to the higher elevations of Munnar. Pappathi Chola is also regarded as a hub of balsams (Impatiens balsamina) and rare varieties of orchids. It is located right in the middle of the Chathurangappara hills and Mathikettan shola and last year; the region witnessed the…
28 December, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
Missing for 42 years, flying squirrel resurfaces in Arunachal Pradesh. Flying Squirrel are one of the 50 species of gliding squirrels. Habitat - Northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) and southern flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans) are the flying squirrel species found in North America. The third type, Namdapha flying squirrel (Biswamoyopterus biswasi) is found in the temperate and tropical forests of India and other parts of Asia. It is a nocturnal species, meaning they are active at night. They have a special membrane between their front and back legs that allows them to glide through the air between trees. The Namdapha flying…
28 December, 2023
Animals
Epiphytic orchids found in the Dooars and Darjeeling hills are dying out because of deforestation in their natural habitat. Orchids – A diverse group of flowering plants with vibrant and intricate flowers which belong to the family Orchidaceae. Range – Tropical rainforests, mountains, and even deserts. Distribution – India has over 1200 species of Orchids, 388 are endemic to India while 128 are endemic to the Western Ghats. The hot-spots of orchids in India are Himalayas, North-East India and Western Ghats and they are highest in Arunachal Pradesh followed by Sikkim and West Bengal. 3 Types – 60% of all orchids found in India are epiphytic, 447 are terrestrial…
27 December, 2023
Animals
Arctic region, the enormous area around the North Pole spreading over one-sixth of the earth’s landmass. Climate Changeand the rapid melting of the Arctic Ice cap is the most important phenomenon that is redefining the global perspective on the Arctic. The impact of rapid changes in the Arctic region goes beyond the littoral states. There is a need for global cooperation to respond to the current challenges regarding conservation, governance and the exploration of Arctic. Significance of the Arctic Region (10 Marks) Economic Significance:Mineral Resources and Hydrocarbons: Arctic region has rich deposits of coal, gypsum and diamonds and also substantial reserves of zinc, lead, placer gold and quartz. Greenland alone possesses about a quarter of the world's rare earth…
26 December, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
The United Earth Amazonia prize is a "Green Nobel" prize that recognizes environmental work in the Amazon rainforest. The prize highlights projects that help preserve and protect the rainforest and its biodiversity. The prize was instituted by Marcus Nobel, a Swedish-American businessman based in Portland, Oregon. The prize was inaugurated last year without any monetary reward, but it is set to expand its scope in 2024.
25 December, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
Kerala’s Shaikh Hassan Khan now scales Mount Vinson in Antarctica recently to spread awareness of climate change happening in Antarctica. Mount Vinson, also known as Vinson Massif, is the highest mountain in Antarctica and one of the 7 Summits, which are the highest peaks on each of the world's 7 continents. Mount Vinson is located in the Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains, about 1,200 kilometers from the South Pole. It was discovered in 1935 by American explorer Lincoln Ellsworth.
22 December, 2023
Climate Change
A recent study found that the oldest record ever of a yak being domesticated by humans has been found in Bangga, a settlement in Tibetan Autonomous Region in China. Yaks are large, sturdy mammals native to Tibet and China, but can also be found in Mongolia, Nepal, and Central Asia. Habitat - Alpine meadow, alpine steppe, and desert steppe & they are herbivorous in nature. Types – Domesticated Yak & Wild Yak. Conservation – IUCN - Domesticated yaks (Bos grunniens) are not listed as endangered but the wild subspecies of yak (B. grunniens mutus) are endangered.
22 December, 2023
Animals
Kazhuveli Wetland Birds Sanctuary is situated in the Villupuram district of Tamilnadu. The Kazhuveli wetland is one of the major wetlands on the Coromandel Coast after the Pulicat Lake. The lake is connected to the Bay of Bengal by the Uppukalli Creek and the Yedayanthittu estuary and is visited for nesting by migratory birds on the Central Asian flyway. Listed as one of Tamil Nadu’s 141 prioritised wetlands, Kazhuveli is also a wetland of international significance and a potential Ramsar site.
16 December, 2023
Conservation
Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) seized 436 baby Indian Tent turtles from a person illegally transporting them in Lucknow recently. The Indian tent turtle (Pangshura tentoria) is a species of turtle that is native to India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. Indian tent turtles are mainly omnivorous and live in freshwater rivers and swamps. Conservation IUCN - Least concern CITES - Appendix II Schedule 1 of Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.
14 December, 2023
Conservation
Researchers at IIT Madras, Columbia University and Colorado State University in the US have developed a technique to merge diverse plastics into strong and recyclable materials. A universal dynamic crosslinker (UDC) is a specially designed crosslinker that can blend plastics that are usually incompatible. UDCs can be used to compatibilize immiscible mixed plastics.
12 December, 2023
Plastic Pollution
Recently, India’s 1st winter scientific expedition to the Arctic has been flagged off from the MoES headquarters in New Delhi. It is a Central Sector umbrella scheme. Implemented by – Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) through National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), Goa. Objectives – To promote long-term scientific programmes in the polar region and the surrounding oceans that have potential societal, strategic and global relevance. To plan, coordinate and implement the annual expeditions. To establish polar research and logistic facilities in the country and to maintain Indian research bases at Antarctica, Arctic and Himalaya. 4 sub-schemes under PACER Indian Antarctic Program – It was conceived in 1981 initiated under the Department of Ocean…
25 December, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
Epiphytic orchids found in the Dooars and Darjeeling hills are dying out because of deforestation in their natural habitat. Orchids – A diverse group of flowering plants with vibrant and intricate flowers which belong to the family Orchidaceae. Range – Tropical rainforests, mountains, and even deserts. Distribution – India has over 1200 species of Orchids, 388 are endemic to India while 128 are endemic to the Western Ghats. The hot-spots of orchids in India are Himalayas, North-East India and Western Ghats and they are highest in Arunachal Pradesh followed by Sikkim and West Bengal. 3 Types – 60% of all orchids found in India are epiphytic, 447 are terrestrial…
24 December, 2023
Animals
IIT Jodhpur’s innovative technology uses algae-assisted fuel cells to capture carbon dioxide, treat wastewater and generate power. It is an indirect method for converting CO2 into carbonates and then use it for algal growth. Aim – To generates power, algae biomass and treats water by utilising algae-assisted MFC for flue gas carbon capture. Flue gas the gas produced from the flue or chimneys of thermal power stations and other industrial plants Microbial fuel cells (MFC) A bio-electrochemical device that generates electricity by harnessing the metabolic activity of microorganisms. When microorganisms break down organic matter as in wastewater into simpler molecules, electrons are released in the process. If these electrons are made…
23 December, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
Ukraine war could wreck efforts to save and rewild Europe’s great wild bovid. The wisent once roamed across Europe at the end of the last ice age was almost wiped out by 1927 from Europe. Conservation efforts in its last remaining strongholds, including Ukraine and Russia, have raised hopes of a revival. Threats - Rapid environmental change and hunting by humans. Hunting caused range loss in the north and east of the wisent’s distribution, while land use change was responsible for losses in the west and south. At present, the Russian invasion of Ukraine is threatening the hopes of this species revival. Ecosystem Engineer - The…
20 December, 2023
Animals
Researchers from the Indian Institute of Science’s (IISc) have identified that peptides (short protein) produced from Budgett’s frog can combat enzymes of disease causing pathogens. Other common names are Hippo Frog and the Freddie Kruger Frog. Scientific name - Lepdibatrachus laevis Habitat – In inland waters in Paraguay, Argentina and Bolivia. Growing condition – Being carnivorous, they mainly feed on other frogs (particularly tadpoles), snails and insects. During dry season, it remains in burrows and they will shed skin layers from to form a waterproof cocoon to keep them moist. In rainy season, it will go back into the water to breed and feed. Characteristics – They are highly intelligent and very aggressive.…
18 December, 2023
Animals
Saiga Tatarica was changed from Critically Endangered to Near Threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The Saiga, the odd-faced antelope has roamed the earth since the last Ice Age. They are medium sized hoofed mammal that belongs to the family Bovidae. They lives in herds in treeless steppe country. Hoofed mammal are animals with a hard, nail-like case called a hoof covering each toe on their feet. Sub-species - The Saiga has two sub-species Saiga tatarica (found in most of the range) and Saiga tatarica mongolica (found only in Mongolia). The antelope were once found throughout the Eurasian Steppe,…
16 December, 2023
Animals
Researchers at Berhampur University, Odisha have discovered a new species of marine amphipod found in Chilika Lake. Amphipods They are commonly called Scuds or side swimmers. They are found commonly in both surface and subterranean freshwater habitats. They constitute the most diverse and ubiquitous (being everywhere) group in freshwater. Amphipods are a significant group in the marine ecosystem and play a vital role in the marine food chain. They also serve as indicators for studying the impact of climate change and health of coastal ecosystems. Demaorchestia alanensis It is a shrimp-like crustacea of genus Demaorchesti and was named Demaorchestia alanensis after global…
16 December, 2023
Animals
The draft decisions taken at COP28 at Dubai have referred to the abatement and removal of carbon emissions using carbon capture and storage (CCS) and carbon-dioxide removal (CDR) technologies. What are ‘unabated’ fossil fuels? Unabated - Doing nothing to reduce the carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases that are released from the burning of coal, oil, and natural gas. According to IPCC, unabated fossil fuels are those “without interventions that substantially reduce GHG emissions. At COP28, the term “unabated fossil fuels” has come to mean the combustion of these fuels without using CCS technologies to capture their emissions. Abated - Attempts to decrease the release…
15 December, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
The WCAS, also known as the “high-level segment,” is part of COP-28 where world leaders or their representatives meet. They are expected to make statements regarding their countries’ intent and contributions to mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. India’s Climate Targets and Previous Commitments: During the 26th COP in Glasgow, Scotland in 2021, Prime Minister announced specific climate targets known as “Panchamrit.” Achieve “net zero” or carbon neutrality by 2070. Install at least 500 gigawatts (GW) of non-fossil energy by 2030. Cut carbon emissions by a billion tonnes. Reduce the carbon-intensity of the economy by 45%. Meet half of India’s energy requirements from renewable sources by 2030. India’s Leadership in Climate Change: Climate…
15 December, 2023
Climate Change
The country’s river cleaning initiative commenced with the introduction of the Ganga Action Plan (GAP) in 1985. Subsequently, the scope of the program expanded to encompass other rivers under the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) in 1995. The execution of pollution abatement measures operates on a cost-sharing basis between the Central and State Governments. These initiatives involve various activities such as the collection, transportation, and treatment of municipal sewage, River Front Development (RFD), Low-Cost Sanitation (LCS), Electric Crematoria, and Improved Wood-Based Crematoria, among others. Both the Central and State Pollution Control Boards/Pollution Control Committees are actively involved in addressing the…
15 December, 2023
Conservation
What is Global River Cities Alliance? What is it? 1) The GRCA is a unique alliance to propagate river-sensitive development in cities around the world. 2) It extends the River Cities Alliance, initially established by NMCG in 2021. Aim To foster global collaboration for river conservation and sustainable water management. Members Includes over 275 river-cities worldwide across 11 countries (India, Australia, Japan, Bhutan, Egypt, etc), along with international funding agencies (World Bank, AIIB, ADB) Note- River cities of Den Haag, from the Netherlands, Adelaide from Australia, and Szolnok of Hungary joined the GRCA. National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG), has launched the Global River Cities Alliance…
14 December, 2023
International Envt Bodies
India was the fifth most affected country by climate change: It was not shocking when Germanwatch, an environmental non-profit think tank, reported in 2018, that India was the fifth most affected country by climate change, globally. In the last two years, the country has been hit by at least one extreme climate event every month. According to the World Risk Index 2020, India is the fourth-most-at-risk country in South Asia, after Bangladesh, Afghanistan and Pakistan. There is no doubt that climate change is real and its implications are disastrous. Historically, internal migration in India occurred due to factors like ethnicity, kinship, work opportunities, or access to better healthcare and education. More…
14 December, 2023
Climate Change
Climate change includes both global warming driven by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. Though there have been previous periods of climatic change, since the mid-20th century humans have had an unprecedented impact on Earth’s climate system and caused change on a global scale. Factors Affecting Climate Change Natural Factors – affect the climate over a period of thousands to millions of years. Such as – Continental Drift – have formed millions of years ago when the landmass began to drift apart due to plate displacement. This impacts climate change due to the change in the landmass’s physical…
14 December, 2023
Climate Change
The GRCA was launched at the United Nations Climate Change Conference COP28 in Dubai in 2023. An India-led initiative inspired by India’s ‘River Cities Alliance’ (RCA). Launched by - National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG). Secretariat NMCG under Jal Shakti Ministry NIUA under Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs Aim – To empower global efforts towards river conservation and sustainable water management. Membership – 9 countries (Indian, Denmark, Cambodia, Japan, Bhutan, Australia, Netherlands, Egypt, and Ghana). 142 Indian River cities, river cities of Den Haag from the Netherlands, Adelaide from Australia, and Szolnok of Hungary also joined. Recently, the RCA had signed a Memorandum of Common Purpose (MoCP) with…
14 December, 2023
Conservation
India have launched its 1st Indian Food and Wood certification scheme. Launched by – MoEFCC Aim – To offer voluntary 3rd party certification to promote sustainable forest management and agroforestry in the country. To incentivise entities like State forest departments, individual farmers, or Farmer Producer Organizations, farm forestry and other wood-based industries in the value chain. Certification Types Forest management (FM) certification Tree outside forest management certification Chain of custody (CoC) certification Forest Management certification is based on the Indian Forest Management Standard, an integral part of the National Working Plan Code 2023 which consists of 8 criteria, 69 indicators and 254 verifiers. Overseen by – Indian Forest and Wood Certification…
13 December, 2023
Forest
Recently the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution directed all mills and distilleries not to use sugarcane juice/syrup for making any ethanol “with immediate effect”. Status of Ethanol Production in India India is the world’s 3rd largest energy consuming nation and a significant part of India’s energy requirement is met through oil imports. Ethanol production capacity increased more than 2.5 times and no. of distilleries increased by 66% in 8 years. Most of the ethanol production in India comes from B Heavy Molasses. Ethanol Industry is expected to grow by 500%. Ethanol Blended Petrol Program (EBP)? Launch year- 2003…
12 December, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
Uttar Pradesh has made the Gangetic Dolphin as the state’s aquatic animal recently. The dolphin has already recognized as the national aquatic animal. These dolphins are found in rivers like Ganga, Yamuna, Chambal, Ghaghra, Rapti, and Gerua. Conservation Status IUCN - Endangered species. Schedule –I of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972. Project Dolphin - Launched in 2016 by the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG).
11 December, 2023
Animals
A first-of-its-kind Eastern Ghats Nature Interpretation Centre in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh has been inaugurated recently. It is a project within the development of the Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary. A nature interpretation centre is a museum that aims to educate visitors about the importance of nature conservation.
11 December, 2023
Conservation
4 soft release centres being set up in Palamu Tiger Reserve (PTR) will be guarded by solar fencing recently. The Palamau Tiger Reserve (PTR) is located in Jharkhand, established in 1973 as part of Project Tiger. It is one of the first 9 tiger reserves created in the country at inception of 'Project Tiger'. It is the only tiger reserve in Jharkhand. It forms part of Betla National Park and Palamau Wildlife Sanctuary.
11 December, 2023
Conservation
The green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) is the largest hard-shelled sea turtle. Green sea turtles are found in temperate and tropical waters around the world. In India, they can be found on the west and east coasts, Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep. Green sea turtles are mainly herbivorous and eat sea grass. Conservation Status IUCN – Endangered Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act.
11 December, 2023
Animals
A recent study found that electric eels can release enough electricity to genetically modify small fish larvae, which is known as electroporation, a gene delivery technique. Electroporation is a technique that uses an electrical field to increase the permeability of cell membranes. This allows larger molecules, such as DNA, drugs, and chemicals, to enter the cell.
10 December, 2023
Animals
Geneticists and conservationists have joined forces to re-introduce the Dodo, extinct since the late 17th century. It is an extinct flightless bird that was endemic to the Island of Mauritius. Dodos were large birds, approximately 3-feet tall. Extinction reasons – Climate change and human behaviour.
08 December, 2023
Animals
The Africa Green Industrialisation Initiative (AGII) aims to accelerate and scale up green industries and businesses across Africa. The initiative builds upon the existing $4.5 billion Africa green investment from the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Africa has 40% of the world’s critical minerals necessary for energy transition and has the world’s largest natural carbon sink.
08 December, 2023
Environmental Governance
Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary is a protected area in New Delhi and is a part of the Aravalli Mountain Range. It was established in the year 1986. It is a part of the Sariska-Delhi Wildlife Corridor, which runs from the Sariska Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan to Delhi Ridge.
08 December, 2023
Conservation
The Bandipur Tiger Reserve is situated in Karnataka which holds the 2nd highest Tiger population in India. It was established in the year 1974 as a forest tiger reserve under the Project Tiger. It is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. 3 rivers flow through the main area of the Bandipur Tiger Reserve - Nugu River, Moyar River and Kabini River.
07 December, 2023
Conservation
A new study published in ‘Nature’, tried to predict the effects of climate change on the physiological performance and distribution of organisms by studying the Otoliths. Otolith – They are small, white bio-mineralized ear stones in the head.Small calcium carbonate crystals are accumulated every day as very thin layers over a tiny core, and this forms an otolith. They are found in all fishes other than sharks, rays and lampreys but their shape and morphology is unique to each fish species. It contributes to both hearing and vestibular function in fish. Significance – When the fish dies the otoliths are preserved, separated from the decomposed fish body, and buried…
11 December, 2023
Climate Change
CCPI 2024 was released at the COP 28 event in United Arab Emirates. It is an annual report, 1st presented at the COP 11 in 2005. Compiled by – 3 environmental NGO’s German watch, New Climate Institute and the Climate Action Network. Aim – To enable transparency in international climate politics and comparability of countries’ efforts and progress. Coverage – It covers major emitters, 63 countries and the EU, which together account for over 90% of global GHG emissions. Nigeria, Pakistan, UAE and Uzbekistan were added in CCPI 2024. Assessment - It uses 14 indicators under 4 categories GHG Emissions (40% weightage), Renewable Energy (20% weightage Energy Use (20%…
11 December, 2023
Climate Change
Recently, Union Minister cited that over one-third of India’s coastline is vulnerable to erosion as per the study of National Centre for Coastal Research. What are the key highlights of the study about India’s coastline? As much as 32% of India’s coastline underwent sea erosion and 27% of it expanded between 1990 and 2018 Coastal erosion- It has been noticed in 9 States and 2 Union Territories. - The report states that the west coast has relatively been stable with erosion in minor pockets like Kerala. In the west, 48% of the coastline is stable, whereas only 28% of the eastern coast has…
10 December, 2023
Conservation
International Energy Agency (IEA) has called for government to commit to tripling global renewable capacity by 2030 ahead of COP 28, but some key players have not signed the pledge. Global Renewables and Energy Efficiency Pledge Led by- US, European Union and UAE. Aim- To achieve net zero emission by mid-century (2050). Coal phase-out- The pledge calls for “the phase down of unabated coal power” and an end to the financing of new coal-fired power plants. It is seen as a crucial step to limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, as agreed in the Paris Agreement. Target- To triple worldwide installed…
10 December, 2023
Renewable Energy
The draft text on the Santiago Network has been adopted by the Parties and sent to the Conference of the Parties (COP) of UNFCCC at COP28 in UAE. It is a collaborative framework established as part of the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage(WIM) under the UNFCCC. Aim - To connect vulnerable developing countries with technical support and resources to effectively address and manage loss and damage caused by climate change. Genesis At COP19,2013 (Warsaw, Poland) – Proposal to establish At COP25, 2019 (Madrid, Spain) – Establishment At COP26, 2021 (Glassgow, UK) – Decision on functions At COP27, 2022 (Sharm El-Sheik, Egypt) – Adopted terms of references…
10 December, 2023
Climate Change
Deep sea organisms plays a crucial role in the earth’s carbon cycle through the process of diel vertical migration. It is a synchronised vertical movement of billions of animals, mostly zooplankton (e.g., smallish animals, including fish, various shrimp, and jellies) in the ocean. DVM is the largest migration on the planet by biomass which occurs daily in all oceans. Principle – A delicate balance between the need to feed and to avoid becoming prey. Timing of migration – In tune to the natural rhythms of sunrise and sunset. During the night – They ascent from the mesopelagic layer to the epipelagic layer to graze on the microscopic phytoplankton while…
09 December, 2023
Ecosystem
Joint initiative- United Arab Emirates as host of COP28 and the UNEP-led ‘Cool Coalition’. It is the world's first collective focus on energy emissions from the cooling sector. Passive cooling strategies- It outlines actions such as insulation, natural shading, ventilation and reflective surfaces, higher energy efficiency standards and a rapid phase down of climate-warming hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants. Aim- It commits the countries to reduce their cooling emissions by at least 68% by 2050. Outcome- It could reduce the projected 2050 emissions from business-as-usual cooling by around 3.8 billion tons of CO2 equivalent. Around 63 countries signed up the world’s 1st ever pledge to drastically…
08 December, 2023
Climate Change
According to a report from the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO), the decade from 2011-2020 was the warmest ever in history. The report provides a longer-term perspective and transcends year-to-year variability in our climate. It reports how extreme events undermines sustainable development and how improvements in early warnings and disaster management reduced the number of casualties. Released by – World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) at the UN Climate Change Conference (UNFCCC), COP28. It complements WMO’s annual State of the Global Climate report. Data source – Physical data analyses and impact assessments from National Meteorological and Hydrological Services, Regional Climate Centres, National Statistics Offices and UN partners. Key…
07 December, 2023
Climate Change
Recently Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC), under the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), met in Nairobi for its third round of negotiations to develop an international legally binding instrument to end plastic pollution worldwide. What is Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC)? The committee is formed to develop the instrument on plastic pollution. Comprehensive approach- It addresses the full life cycle of plastics, including its production, design, and disposal. Session Year Location INC-1 2022 Punta del Este Convention and Exhibition Centre INC-2 2023 (May-June) Paris, France INC-3 2023 (November) Nairobi Zero draft text- INC-3 was a make-or-break opportunity as countries came together to negotiate the…
05 December, 2023
Plastic Pollution
To regulate the output of air pollutants from compression and spark-ignition engines equipment, including motor vehicles.They are in line with the European emission norms with a time lag of 5 years. Launched by- Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). Mandatory provision- In 1999, Supreme Court mandated that all vehicles in India have to meet the Euro I or India 2000 standard. Mashelkar committee recommended a roadmap for implementation of Euro norms based on emission standards for India. About Europe Emission Standards Bharat Stage Emission Standards Origin In Europe Indian government-instituted emission norms Adoption 1970 2000 Iterations Euro 1,…
02 December, 2023
Air Pollution
According to the recent United Nations (UN) report, 2023 is set to be the hottest year ever recorded. Published by – World Meteorological Organisation. The final report is due to be published in the 1st half of 2024. Climate chaos – In 2023, Green House Gas (GHG) levels, global temperatures, sea level rise reached record high, while Antarctic sea ice reached record low. Higher GHGs – Concentrations of the 3 main heat-trapping gases (carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide) reached record high. Higher global temperature – This year, till October 2023, was already around 1.4C above the pre-industrial baseline. CO2 levels was 50% higher than the pre-industrial…
01 December, 2023
Climate Change
World Elephant Day, observed globally on August 12, is a dedicated observance aimed at raising awareness about the critical challenges confronting elephants and advocating for their protection and conservation. This significant day provides a platform to emphasize the issues elephants face, encompassing habitat loss, ivory poaching, human-elephant conflicts, and the imperative for enhanced conservation endeavours. Historical Perspective: The campaign World Elephant Day was initiated in 2012 to bring awareness to the disturbing situations of African and Asian elephants.The objective of this campaign is to create a sustainable environment where animals are not exploited and taken care of. It was first observed by Canadian filmmakers…
01 December, 2023
Conservation
It is the largest wild cats and the umbrella species found from northern Mexico southward to northern Argentina. Jaguars are the largest of South America's big cats and the third largest cats in the world. Conservation Status IUCN - Near Threatened. CITES - Endangered. International Jaguar Day, celebrated on November 29 every year.
30 November, 2023
Animals
A recent study has found that the Muthassi Plavu at Thrikkodithanam, Kerala is 543 years old. Muthassi Plavu is a jackfruit tree stands tall near an ancient Mahavishnu temple. It has also ascertained the age of two other jackfruit trees located on the same property as 416 years and 396 years, respectively and temple advisory committee started efforts to secure a heritage status for the 3 trees. Thrikkodithanam temple, regarded as an important seat of the Tamil Vaishnavite movement, dated back to 11 BC.
29 November, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
Coinciding with the onset of the Northeast monsoon the butterflies from the subfamily Danainae migrate from the Eastern Ghats and plains towards the Western Ghats was below par this year. Butterflies -Blue Tiger, Dark Blue Tiger, Double-branded Crow, and Common Crow (commonly known as ‘Tigers and Crows’). Blue Tiger - Tirumala limniace is a Nymohalidae butterfly popularly known as Blue Tiger. It is commonly seen in villages, cities and forests. Dark Blue Tiger - Tirumala septentrionis is a Danaid butterfly found in South and Southeast Asia. It is known as Dark Blue Tiger. Double-branded Crow – Euploea sylvester, the double-branded crow, or two-brand crow in Australia, is…
27 November, 2023
Wildlife & Fauna
Leh Berry is a juice made from the sea buckthorn fruit of Leh, Ladakh. The sea buckthorn fruit is known as the "King of Vitamin C". It contains over 100 nutrients, 8 vitamins, 24 minerals, 18 amino acids, and antioxidants. It got Geographical Indication (GI) tag recently.
26 November, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
The 9th National Level Pollution Response Exercise (NATPOLREX-IX) was conducted by the Indian Coast Guard off Vadinar, Gujarat recently. It demonstrates the level of preparedness and coordination between various resource agencies to respond to a marine oil spill invoking provisions of the National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan (NOSDCP). The Indian Coast Guard functions as the Central Coordinating Authority for response to Oil spills in Indian waters.
26 November, 2023
Air Pollution
Bannerghatta National Park (BNP) was declared in 1974. It is situated in Bengaluru, Karnataka and borders with Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary in the South and with Javalagiri Reserved Forests in the Tamil Nadu State on its South-Eastern boundaries. There are 4 ranges in the national park, namely, Anekal, Bannerghatta, Harohalli and Kodihalli wildlife ranges. Bannerghatta’s Sloth Bear Rescue Centre completes 18 years. Sloth Bear A Sloth Bear (Melursus ursinus) is an omnivorous mammal that can live up to 40 years. Sloth bears are the only bears to routinely carry their young on their backs and are native to India, Sri Lanka and Nepal. Conservation Status IUCN -…
25 November, 2023
Conservation
Scientists have discovered a new species of 'music frog', Nidirana noadihing in Arunachal Pradesh recently. The speciality of this new species of frog is that both the male and female are vocal. Habitat - Swamps, ponds and paddy fields, and they often construct nests to lay their eggs. The new species was named after the Noa-Dihing River, which is near where the specimens were discovered and collected. Noa-Dihing is a tributary of Brahmaputra, originates in Arunachal Pradesh and flows through Assam and joins the Brahmaputra at Dihingmukh. The new species confirmed for the first time that the Nidirana genus has been found in India. Nidirana species…
24 November, 2023
Animals
Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) is a tree-dwelling herbivorous marsupial of Australia. Koalas are folivore specialists, feeding mainly on Eucalyptus leaves, and occasional leaves of other plant species. Conservation status – IUCN - Endangered. Chlamydia is a bacterial infection affecting many koalas in South East Queensland. Australia is planting kola corridors to save them. Marsupials are a group of mammals that are also known as pouched mammals.
24 November, 2023
Animals
A recent study says that Peru has lost more than half of its glacier surface in the last 6 decades, and 175 glaciers became extinct due to climate change between 2016 and 2020. The Chila mountain range lies in the Arequipa Region in the Andes of Peru. This mountain range is home to key first waters that give rise to the Amazon River, the longest and mightiest in the world, descend from the glacier. It has lost 99% of its glacial surface since 1962.
24 November, 2023
Climate Change
KBR National Park, also known as Chiran Fort Palace is located in the Jubilee Hills area of Hyderabad. The park is also known as ‘jungle amidst the concrete jungle’ and was declared as a National Park in 1998. The park is named after former Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister Kasu Brahmananda Reddy
21 November, 2023
Conservation
It is one of the largest river turtles in South America, also known as the yellow-headed sideneck turtle and the yellow-spotted river turtle. This diurnal (most active in mid-morning and afternoon turtle) is native to the Amazon River basin and can be found in the Amazon and Orinoco Rivers and are locally known as Taricayas. Conservation status - IUCN - Vulnerable. An extended heat wave and drought have shortened the incubation period for thousands of turtle hatchlings in the Peruvian Amazon recently.
18 November, 2023
Conservation
Australia has offered refuge to citizens of Tuvalu because of the catastrophic impacts of climate change, in a landmark agreement. Under the pact, citizens of Tuvalu will have the right to live, work and study in Australia. Tuvalu is a nation of 9 coral islands nestled in the South Pacific, formerly known as the Ellice Islands. It has been defined by the United Nations as "extremely vulnerable" to the effects of climate change, with most of its landmass less than 5 metres above sea level.
16 November, 2023
Climate Change
A panchayat in Odisha’s Nuapada district recently introduces Bartan Bank to reduce plastic waste. The Bartan Bank will act as a repository of steel utensils as alternatives to single use plastics during community functions and social gatherings.
15 November, 2023
Plastic Pollution
Giant tortoises were once so abundant on the Galapagos archipelago off Ecuador. The Galapagos giant tortoise (Chelonoidis niger) is the largest living species of tortoise. It is also one of the longest-lived land vertebrates, with an average lifespan of over 100 years. Of the 15 species of giant tortoises that once lived in the Galapagos, 3 are now extinct. The Galapagos National Park (Ecuador's first national park and a UNESCO World Heritage Site) was established to collect eggs from the wild and incubate them at the Charles Darwin Research Station.
14 November, 2023
Animals
Hirodai ohtsukai is a new genus and species of crustacean parasite discovered recently in the Dollfus’ Stargazer (Uranoscopus guttatus) fish species off the coast of India. Dollfus' stargazer (Uranoscopus dollfusi) is a marine fish in the family Uranoscopidae. It is widespread in the Western Indian Ocean, including the Gulf of Suez, Gulf of Oman, and Persian Gulf. It can be found at depths ranging from 300-550 m. The stargazers are a family of perciform fish that have eyes on top of their heads.
13 November, 2023
Wildlife & Fauna
The White-cheeked macaque is a species of macaque found only in Medog County in southeastern Tibet and Arunachal Pradesh in northeastern India. Conservation status – Endangered (IUCN Red List) It is not covered by the Wildlife Protection Act of India. Along with White-Cheeked Macaques and Arunachal Macaque, Assamese Macaque (Macaca assamensis) and Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) reported from the same landscape.
12 November, 2023
Animals
They are fireworks made with a reduced shell size without ash, and use additives such as dust suppressants to reduce emissions and particulate matter. These crackers lack barium compounds that is responsible for the green hue and noise pollution. The idea was introduced by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Environmental Engineering Research Insititute (CSIR-NEERI) in 2018. 3 broad categories of green crackers - SWAS (safe water releaser), SAFAL (safe minimal aluminium) and STAR (safe thermite cracker)
10 November, 2023
Air Pollution
The Brasilia Declaration on Road Safety was adopted at the 2nd global high-level conference on road safety in Brazil in 2015. The declaration includes recommendations on Sustainable transport, Enforcement, Post-crash response, Pedestrian and cyclist safety. The declaration also includes the Sustainable Development Goal 3.6, which is to half the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents by 2030. The United Nations has also declared 2011-2020 as the decade of action for Road Safety.
08 November, 2023
Sustainable development
Pancorius sebastiani, a new species of jumping spider, was discovered from the Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghats, Kerala. It belongs to the genus Pancorius Simon, 1902, and Salticidae family. The Pancorius genus of Asian jumping spiders is primarily distributed in south east Asia. While its distribution was hitherto limited to the east and northeastern regions in India, the new species is the first to be reported from the south.
08 November, 2023
Animals
It is a new species of gecko discovered in the Western Ghats (endemic) near Rajapalayam in Tamil Nadu. The new species is also called Rashid’s dwarf gecko as it is the smallest (approx. 2 inches) among the genus. The dwarf gecko has been found in small numbers and it is endemic to the Western Ghats. So far, 93 species of gecko have been documented and this is the 94th species.
08 November, 2023
Animals
Pied avocet - A migratory bird species that breeds in Europe and Central Asia, arriving in Africa and southern Asia during winters. Greater painted snipe and Slaty breasted rail, Brown crake - spotted at Visakhapatnam. Great crested grebe - A winter migrant to India (found in all wetlands of Srikakulam and some places in Visakhapatnam). Other species spotted in Andhra Pradesh - Lesser florican, Terek sandpiper, Jerdon’s courser and green munia, spot-billed pelicans.
07 November, 2023
Animals
A deep bay of the Southern Ocean, the Ross Sea exists between Marie Byrd Land and Victoria Land of Antarctica. The majority of the Ross Sea Region MPA is fully protected under a General Protection Zone (GPZ). Around 72% of the MPA is a no-take zone, excluding areas under ice shelves. A no-take zone is an area set aside by the government where no extractive activity is allowed. Extractive activities include fishing, hunting, logging, mining, and drilling. Shell collecting and archaeological digging are also extractive.
07 November, 2023
Conservation
Dholes, also known as Asiatic wild dogs, are wild dogs native to Asia and genetically similar to African wild dogs. In India, they are found in 3 clusters (Western and Eastern Ghats, central Indian landscape and North East India). Conservation Status CITES – Appendix II IUCN - Endangered. A pair of elusive wild dogs, often referred to as Dholes, have made a rare appearance in Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary of Odisha recently.
05 November, 2023
Conservation
Quality Council of India (QCI) in collaboration with the United Nations Forum on Sustainability Standards (UNFSS) hosted the ICSTS in New Delhi recently. Sustainability Standards are special rules that guarantee the products you buy do not hurt the environment and the people that make them. Standards are considered a market-based tool to transform production, global supply chains and consumption patterns into more sustainable ones.
04 November, 2023
Sustainable development
The Tamil Nadu government has enforced a complete ban on the sale, storage, purchase, import and use of manjha threads. Manjha threads refers to kite flying threads made of nylon, plastic or any other synthetic material which causes severe injury or even death of people and animals. The contravention of the ban shall be penalised under provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. The ban comes after the National Green Tribunal in 2017 had imposed a total ban on Manjha threads and other synthetic threads.
02 November, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
The Goa bench of the Bombay High Court directed the Goa government to notify a tiger reserve in Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS) and other contiguous areas of the state within 3 months. The sanctuary is located in Goa, Western Ghats of South India. It was established in the forests spread within the Mhadei River basin in the year 1999 with an objective to protect Bengal Tigers living in this area.
01 November, 2023
Conservation
According to experts, if Global Biodiversity Framework Funds (GBFF) fails to find adequate money, countries will have to find more funds domestically. Establishment – It was launched at the 7th Assembly of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) in Canada in 2023 where Canada and the United Kingdom made the initial contributions. Objectives To help countries achieve the 23 targets set under the KMGBF (the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework). To receive funding from all sources and quickly disburse through streamlined procedures. To enhance the access for indigenous peoples and local communities, according to their own priorities. Finance - Private, philanthropic and government investments unlike GEF, which relied on just 40 donors for finance. It…
30 November, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
The UNESCO report has stressed for mandatory participation of the vulnerable, neglected and marginalised individuals in policy decisions related to climate engineering. It is the intentional large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climate system to counter climate change. It is also known as geoengineering which involves 2 techniques. Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) – It removes and stores the emitted carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. It includes Direct air capture Land-use management (afforestation / reforestation) Sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2) Increasing the uptake of CO2 by the ocean Enhancing natural weathering processes that remove CO2 from the atmosphere According to a report in the journal Nature, so…
30 November, 2023
Climate Change
Recently held 8th India Water Impact Summit (IWIS) & 1st Climate Investments and Technology Impact Summit (CITIS) were included in the G20 India events in 2023. India Water Impact Summit (IWIS) Launch – Though started as a one-time event in 2012, it evolved as an annual event since 2nd summit in 2017. Objective – To bring clarity to the scientific, technological, socio-cultural, legal, policy and governance issues pertaining to river basin management in India. Organised by National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) – The implementation wing of National Ganga Council which was setup in 2016 under the River Ganga Authority order 2016 under the aegis of Ministry of…
30 November, 2023
Environmental Impact Assessment
According to scientists, North India can tackle smog using eco-friendly farm practices from the South. What is a smog? Smog= Smoke + Fog Photochemical smog- It is called as a Los Angeles smog which is produced when sunlight reacts with nitrogen oxides and at least one volatile organic compound (VOC) in the atmosphere. Sunlight hits these chemicals, thus forming airborne particles and ground-level ozone or smog. Sulphurous smog -It is called as London smog which is caused by the high concentration of sulphur oxides in the atmosphere Type of ozone About Stratospheric ozone It is high above the Earth, acts as a barrier that protects…
30 November, 2023
Air Pollution
Scientists and conservationists across the world have expressed concerns recently that the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is outdated and unreliable. IUCN About - International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is a membership organization that works to protect nature and natural resources. Established in - 1948 in Fontainebleau, France. It was originally called the International Union for the Protection of Nature and later known as the World Conservation Union. Functions - It provides public, private, and non-governmental organizations with the knowledge and tools to achieve sustainable development. IUCN’s Red Data List About - The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the Red Data Book, is…
29 November, 2023
Conservation
Ecologists from Mexico’s National Autonomous University recently relaunched a fundraising campaign to bolster conservation efforts for axolotls. Axolotls are paedomorphic or neotenic aquatic salamanders. Neoteny is a process in which there is a slowing down of the development of an organism. The ability to retain juvenile or larval traits by an adult is called pedomorphosis. They are amphibians (can live both in water and on land) with feathery gills and lungs. It is also called as Water Monster. Habitat - Only found in Lake Xochimilco, near Mexico City. Lake Xochimilco is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Characteristics - Axolotls are made of cartilage instead of bone. It…
29 November, 2023
Animals
The Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying, GoI is organizing the 19th Working Party on Data Collection and Statistics (WPDCS19) of the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC) About - IOTC is an intergovernmental organization that manages tuna and tuna-like species in the Indian Ocean and adjacent seas. Establishment - The Agreement for the establishment of the IOTC was adopted in 1993 and entered into force in 1996. It was created within the framework of the UN Food and Agricultural Organization’s (FAO) Constitution. Headquarters - Victoria, Seychelles. Objective - Appropriate management, conservation and optimum utilisation of stocks and encouraging sustainable development of fisheries based…
29 November, 2023
Animals
The British Antarctic Survey says that one of the world’s largest icebergs is drifting beyond Antarctic waters after being grounded for more than three decades. Origin – It split from the Antarctic’s Filchner Ice Shelf in 1986 but got stuck to the ocean floor for many years in the Weddell Sea. Size – Around 4,000 square kilometres (1,500 square miles). Movement – It has now ungrounded and is moving along ocean currents to sub-Antarctic South Georgia.It appears to be picking up speed because of wind and ocean currents. Iceberg An ice that broke off from glaciers or ice shelf and is floating in open water. Criteria for Iceberg Height must be greater than…
28 November, 2023
Climate Change
Recently, Supreme Court asked the Punjab government why it could not fund the costs of crop residue management machines for marginal farmers. Why stubble burning is practised? Also called as parali burning, stubble burning is a method of removing paddy crop residues from the field to sow wheat. It is usually done in the last week of September to November. It is usually required in areas that use the combined harvesting method which leaves crop residue behind. It is practised by the farmers to prepare the land for the next cultivation. It is practised mainly in the Indo-Gangetic plains of Punjab, Haryana, and UP to…
28 November, 2023
Environmental Impact Assessment
Climate resilient agriculture has the potential to assure food security, empower farmers, and protect our delicate ecosystems. What is Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA)? It is a comprehensive strategy for managing farmlands, crops, livestock, and forests that counteracts the negative impacts of climate change on agricultural productivity. FAO in 2019 said that CSA is an approach for transforming food and agriculture systems to support sustainable development and safeguard food security under climate change. Why India needs Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA)? Climate change- The world’s southern continent are reportedly experiencing severe drought due to climate change, which negatively impacts agricultural production and farmers’ livelihoods. Low crop…
27 November, 2023
Climate Change
The National Biofuels Coordination Committee (NBCC) gave its nod to mandatory blending of compressed biogas (CBG) with compressed natural gas (CNG) and piped natural gas (PNG) from 2025-26. Biogas - It is an energy-rich gas produced by anaerobic decomposition of biomass. Sources include Agriculture residue, cattle dung, sugarcane press mud, municipal solid waste, and sewage treatment plant waste, among others. It can be burnt directly as a fuel, or purified and upgraded by removing carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and then compressed to make compressed Biogas (CBG). CBG – It has more than 90% of methane, which is similar to commercially available natural gas in composition and…
27 November, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
Volunteers in Chargheri village of Sunderbans help in planting lakhs of mangroves which offer a dense forest cover and a rich carbon sink. The Sunderbans is a complex network of islands set in the delta on the Bay of Bengal and spread across West Bengal and Bangladesh. Blue carbon – It is coined in 2009, a term for carbon captured by and stored in the world’s ocean and coastal ecosystems. Key ecosystems of blue carbon - Mangroves, salt marshes and seagrass meadows These ecosystems sequester and store more carbon per unit area than terrestrial forests. Mangroves as carbon sink – After seagrass, mangroves are the most efficient carbon…
27 November, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
As nations gather for the COP 28 in Dubai, the question of carbon capture’s future role in a climate-friendly world will be in focus. What is Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR)? Carbon removal- Using technologies, practices, and approaches to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from our atmosphere through deliberate and intentional human actions. It captures CO2 from the atmosphere and locks it away for decades or centuries in plants, soils, oceans, rocks, saline aquifers, depleted oil wells, or long- lived products like cement. Process- CDR can be done through traditional or technological processes or both. Process Examples Traditional process Afforestation Reforestation Agricultural practices that sequester…
26 November, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
India needs to secure a fair and equitable share of the global carbon budget at COP 28, as it is a key factor for limiting global warming. What is a global carbon budget? Global Carbon Budget - It is the amount of CO2 that humanity can emit while still having a chance to contain global warming within 1.5°Celsius compared with preindustrial levels, as advocated by the Paris Agreement. It is taken from the atmosphere, regional carbon emissions, CO2 emissions from land usage, carbon emissions from man-made projects in many forms. It is produced under the umbrella of Global Carbon Project (GCP). It is part…
25 November, 2023
Climate Change
India has set an ambitious goal to become a leader in the electric vehicle market by 2030 with the government laying out a comprehensive roadmap to achieve this goal, which includes several initiatives and policies to accelerate the adoption of electric vehicles in the country. One of the key initiatives is the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric vehicles (FAME) scheme, which provides subsidies to customers who purchase electric vehicles. The government has also set a target to achieve 30% electric vehicle penetration in the country by 2030. In this regard, the government is also taking steps for development of domestic manufacturing capabilities for electric vehicles…
24 November, 2023
Sustainable development
Ghol fish was declared as State fish of Gujarat owing to its economic value and its uniqueness. Scientific name – Protonibea diacanthus. It is also called as black-spotted croake. Habitat – Usually found in the Indo-Pacific region that stretches from the Persian Gulf to the Pacific Ocean. In India, this fish is found mostly in Gujarat and Maharashtra. Threat – Pollution and relentless fishing have pushed its population to deep sea which makes it hard to catch it. Usage – It has nutritional and medicinal properties. It is used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. To make threads used for making dissolvable surgery stitches Its air bladder is used…
24 November, 2023
Wildlife & Fauna
Continuous warm temperatures for prolonged periods have led to the serious armyworm infestation in Assam damaging around 28,000 hectares of paddy crop. Scientific name – Mythimna separata Also known as the northern armyworm, ear head cutting caterpillar and rice ear-cutting caterpillar. 1st report – Reported as a sporadic pest from Tamil Nadu during 1937 and Kerala and Odisha in 1957. Key features – It is a cyclical pest that comes intermittently and was known to strike once every 10-12 years. They are polyphagous (feed on a range of host crop plants like paddy and wheat mainly and also on maize, millets, sunflower, sugarcane and groundnut) Growing conditions – Pest population…
23 November, 2023
Environmental Impact Assessment
The UN report has revealed that the world was set to become warmer by at least 3 degree Celsius by the end of the century with the current climate policies of the countries. Emission Gap Report 2023 Emission gap –It is the difference where greenhouse gas emissions are projected to be in 2030 and where they should be to limit global warming to well below 2°C or 1.5°C. Report - It is an annual assessment that evaluates the gap between the amount of global greenhouse gas emissions now and what is necessary to meet the objectives of the Paris Agreement. Based on the latest scientific assessments…
23 November, 2023
Environmental Governance
Recently, the 4th edition of the Production Gap Report was issued (1st in 2019). Prepared by – Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Climate Analytics, E3G, and the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) and the UN Environment Programme (UNEP). It is externally peer-reviewed, with additional guidance from UNEP and review by the UNFCCC’s government focal points. Objective – To assess?the production gap (discrepancy between governments’ planned/projected fossil fuel production and global production levels consistent with limiting warming to 1.5°C or 2°C) 2023 report – It provides newly expanded country profiles for 20 major fossil-fuel-producing countries, including India. It provided for new mitigation scenarios database and changes in government plans and…
23 November, 2023
Environmental Governance
A new study has revealed that two species of mosquitofish (Gambusia) have invaded various ecosystems across India. Gambusia fish – An insectivorous fish that is found mostly in fresh and brackish, and occasionally marine waters and has a high breeding capacity. When released into freshwater system, they feed on mosquito larvae and thus act as biocontrol agent to control mosquitoes. Commonly used Gambusia species includes Gambusia affinis Gambusia holbrooki (eastern mosquito fish) Guppy fish (Poecilia reticulate) is also deployed as a mosquito predator. Native to – U.S.A Reasons for its spread - High breeding capacity, robust adaptability and high tolerance for fluctuating environmental conditions. Impact – They displace and prey on native fauna,…
23 November, 2023
Wildlife & Fauna
In a recent landmark study, scientists reported the successful generation of a live chimera in non-human primates. What is chimera? In Greek mythology, a chimera was a fearsome creature with the combined features of a lion, a goat, and a snake. Chimerism- It is defined as a phenomenon of occurrence of more than one type of different and distinguished genotype in an organism. Chimera- It is defined as an organism composed of cells with different genotypes altogether. Formation of chimera- They can arise in several ways Natural chimeras- It also occurs in natural ways. Example- Anglerfish, Sponges, Yellow Crazy Ants etc., Genetic Chimeras- It…
21 November, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
Some large industrialised meat and dairy companies promotes a new metric for measuring methane emissions, called GWP* as a more accurate way to calculate emissions from the greenhouse gas (GHG). GWP – It tells us how much heat a greenhouse gas (GHG) traps in the atmosphere. It measures the energy absorbed by 1 ton of an atmospheric gas over a specific period relative to energy absorbed by 1 ton of Carbon di-oxide (CO2) over the same time. For example, the GWP of methane (CH4) is around 21 times greater than that of CO2. Gases with a higher GWP absorb more energy, per…
20 November, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
To cut down on plastic pollution, plastic credits are one of the tools being considered in UN-led talks in Nairobi. What are plastic credits? Plastic credits - It is a market based mechanism that allows companies or individuals to pay for plastic waste collection and recycling in exchange for a credit that offsets their own plastic production or use. It is similar to carbon credits that many fossil fuel companies have purchased to try to offset their greenhouse gas emissions. Facilitation- The exchange is facilitated by accreditors like Verra, marketplaces like the Plastic Credit Exchange (PCX), or private companies that trade in credits or organize credit-generating activities. When companies…
19 November, 2023
Plastic Pollution
Recently, Adaptation and Loss and Damage (L&D) are in sharp focus due to intensification of climate crisis. What is the difference between adaptation and L&D? Adaptation L&D It refers to the actions taken to reduce the negative impacts of climate change It refers to the financial support provided to the countries that suffer from the unavoidable and irreversible impacts of climate change. It is a proactive response to cope with climate challenges It is the irreversible consequences that cannot be avoided or mitigate. It involves reducing emission to prevent future climate impacts It involves investments in issues that will reduce…
16 November, 2023
Climate Change
As many of the Indian rivers are reported to be polluted, it is essential to ramp up the conservation initiatives. With 14 major river systems and more than 600 rivers, almost 80% of the subcontinent’s population is dependent on these resources for their sustenance. According to a 2022 report by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), there are about 311 Polluted River Stretches (PRS – stretches in rivers where BOD>3mg/L) in 279 rivers (out of 603 rivers assessed). There are about 1,631 Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) with a total capacity of 36,668 MLD but only 20,236 MLD of installed capacity is actually utilised, while the…
08 November, 2023
Environmental Pollution
Giraffes could go extinct soon as there are now fewer than 70,000 mature individuals left in the wild. Scientific Name - Giraffa camelopardalis Habitat – They use both semi-arid savannah and savannah woodlands in Africa. They can live as long as 25 years and eat a very wide variety of trees and shrubs. Giraffes are the world’s tallest mammals and an African icon. Status – IUCN Red List currently recognises 1 species of giraffe and 9 subspecies which is vulnerable as a whole while some are Critically Endangered. Threat – They have declined by 40% in the last 30 years and there are 5 biggest threats in recent times. Habitat loss –…
08 November, 2023
Animals
According to a study, Birds living within vicinity of gold mining were found to have over 4 times higher mercury concentrations than those living at other sites across the tropics of Central and South America. Mercury contamination – It is global as mercury emissions disperse widely in the atmosphere. They are Highly toxic to the nervous system. Persistent in the environment. Bioaccumulates (higher concentrations in tissues of aquatic plants and animals than in water). Biomagnifies (higher concentrations at increasingly higher levels in the food chain). According to World Health Organization (WHO), mercury is one of the top 10 chemicals or groups of chemicals of major public…
06 November, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
Recently, scientist estimated that the total taxonomic diversity of Chilika lagoon in Odisha is about 1,071 families across the tree of life using environmental DNA (eDNA) method. Chilika lagoon in Odisha is the country’s largest brackish water lagoon. eDNA – It is the nuclear or mitochondrial DNA that is released from an organism into the environment through natural processes during their lifetime or after death. Sources of eDNA- Secreted feces, mucous, and gametes; shed skin and hair; and carcasses. eDNA method - A non-invasive method to assess the total biodiversity of any ecosystem by sequencing the DNA found in the environments. Developed by – Laboratory for…
06 November, 2023
Ecosystem
What is air quality index? The Air Quality Index is acquired by measuring emissions of eight major pollutants present in the air: Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), Ozone (O3), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Lead (Pb) and Ammonia (NH3) emissions. Readings are noted every hour. Each country has their air quality indexes based on its air quality standards. Air Quality Index India The government agencies are responsible for communicating to the public about the health hazards and how to keep a check on them. Under the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, the National Air Quality Index was launched…
06 November, 2023
Air Pollution
Tamil Nadu has allotted Rs 25 crores to Project Nilgiri Tahr which was launched in 2022 to protect and conserve the animal. Scientific name - Nilgiritragus hylocrius It is the only mountain ungulate (large mammals with hooves) in southern India amongst the 12 species present in India. Population estimates - 3,122 individuals in the wild (as per a report released by WWF India in 2015) Habitat – It is a sure-footed (not likely to slip) ungulate that inhabits the open montane grassland habitats at elevations from 1200 to 2600 m of the South Western Ghats. Distribution – It is endemic to Western Ghats but currently large populations are found only in…
06 November, 2023
Conservation
It is important to reflect on the progress made in conserving and sustainably using the biosphere reserves. What is a Biosphere Reserve? It is an international designation for representative parts of natural and cultural landscapes extending over large area of terrestrial or coastal/marine ecosystems or a combination thereof. BRs are living examples of how human beings and nature can co-exist while respecting each other’s needs. Designated by- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Supported by - Other UN agencies and International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Function Conservation of biodiversity and cultural diversity Economic development that is socio culturally and environmentally sustainable Logistic…
05 November, 2023
Conservation
Recently, Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), a joint venture of public sector undertakings (PSU) under Ministry of Power have launched NCEP and EEFP. National Efficient Cooking Programme (NECP) – A subset of the Clean Cooking Scheme It focuses on Non-Solar/Electricity-based Induction Cook stoves, aligning with the Go- electric initiative by the Ministry of Power. Goal – EESL will deploy 20 Lakh energy-efficient induction cook stoves nationwide to accelerate the acceptance and adoption. Objectives – To reduce the environmental impact of cooking methods, ensuring cleaner air and improved health for citizens. To reduce dependence on imported sources for energy and saving costs for users. Partnership - EESL has partnered with Modern Energy Cooking…
05 November, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
According to UN Report, the money available to developing countries for adaptation measures to increasing climate change has been declining, and nowhere close to the scale of requirement. Adaptation Gap Report – It is an annual publication by United Nations Environment Programme’s (UNEP) since 2014. It is a science based independent assessment of the global situation of adaptation to climate change. It is co-produced by UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre (UNEP-CCC) and the World Adaptation Science Programme (WASP). Objectives – To inform the climate negotiations among UN member states and explores options for enhancing national and global adaptation efforts. Their objective is closely aligned with UNFCCC global…
05 November, 2023
Climate Change
Interconnected Disaster Risk Report 2023, released by the academic arm of United Nations, reveals that 21 of the 37 world’s aquifers are depleting faster than they can be replenished. Interconnected Disaster Risk Report Launch year- 2021 Launched by- Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), the academic arm of UN Headquarters - Bonn, Germany Objective- To analyse and shed light on the interconnections of disasters with each other and with human actions. 2023 report- The world is inching closer to 6 interconnected risk tipping points. A risk tipping point is defined as the moment at which a given socio-ecological system is no longer…
04 November, 2023
Environmental Impact Assessment
In 2023, UNEP’s Champions of the Earth seeks innovations, solutions, actions and initiatives working to ‘Beat Plastic Pollution’. It is the UN’s highest environmental honour which is awarded annually. Awarded by - United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Launch – 2005 Recognition – To leaders from government, civil society and private sector for their transformation impact on the environment Categories - It is celebrated under 4 categories. It has recognised 116 laureates (27 world leaders, 70 individuals, and 9 organisations). 2023 Award - It focuses on initiatives addressing plastic pollution. Categories Reason 2023 Award Reason Policy Leadership For global or national action for the environment Josefina Belmonte Belmonte (Philippines) For using local…
03 November, 2023
Environmental Governance
Climate Finance (Environment) During the 3rd Climate and Development Ministerial, Sultan bin Ahmed Al Jaber, COP28 President, has emphasized the need to address adaptation finance gaps and make climate finance more accessible to vulnerable nations. What is climate finance? Climate finance – It refers to local, national or transnational financing, drawn from public, private and alternative sources of financing to support mitigation and adaptation actions that will address climate change. UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement call for financial assistance from parties with more financial resources to those that are less endowed and more vulnerable. Significance – It can help countries transition to…
03 November, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
India hosts the 6th Assembly of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) started in New Delhi in 2023. ISA Assembly – It is the apex decision-making body of ISA and meets annually at the ministerial level at the ISA’s seat. International Solar Alliance (ISA) is an international organisation with 109 member countries which works to improve energy access and security worldwide and promote solar power as a sustainable way to transition to a carbon-neutral future. Presidency - The Republic of India holds the office of the President of the ISA Assembly, with the Government of the French Republic as the co-president. Participants – Member and signatory countries. Activities – It makes decisions concerning the…
02 November, 2023
Conservation
As part of Deep Ocean Mission, India will for the 1st time, embark on a journey to a depth of 6,000 metres in the ocean using an indigenously developed submersible. It is one of 9 missions under Prime Minister’s Science, Technology, and Innovation Advisory Council (PMSTIAC). Ministry - Ministry of Earth Sciences Project duration - 5 years (since 2021) Funding- 4,077 crore Aim - To help India in achieving target of over Rs. 100 billion “Blue Economy” through its ocean resources Countries such as the U.S.A., Russia, China, France, and Japan have already achieved successful deep-ocean crewed missions. Objectives To develop technologies for exploration and conservation for sustainable utilization of marine…
02 November, 2023
Sustainable development
The Ministry of Jal Shakti has published the results of the nation's first-ever water body census, providing important new information about the water resources of the nation. The census offers a thorough inventory of the country's water resources, showing differences between rural and urban areas as well as different degrees of invasion. What does the Census of Waterbodies mean? In conjunction with the 6th Minor Irrigation Census for 2017–18, the waterbodies census was carried out. The definition of a waterbody under this definition is "all-natural or man-made units bounded on all sides with some or no masonry work used for…
27 April, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
The Kerala government's appeal of the order of the Kerala High Court is rejected by the Supreme Court. The Kerala government's appeal against the Kerala High Court's directive to move Arikomban (Wild Elephant), the "rice tusker" of Munnar, to the Parambikulam tiger reserve was recently dismissed by the Supreme Court. About the translocation of elephant The act of transporting an elephant from its natural habitat to another location is referred to as translocation. This procedure is frequently used to address human-elephant conflict (HEC), in which elephants kill humans occasionally while damaging crops and destroying homes. The procedure of catching,…
27 April, 2023
Animals
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 has been in effect for 51 years, and throughout that time, it has been successful in preserving a number of endangered species. The law has been essential in preserving the various fauna of the nation. In order to guarantee environmental and ecological security, this Act provides for the protection of the nation's wild animals, birds, and plant species. The Act, among other things, imposes limitations on the hunting of several animal species. The Act was most recently modified in 2006. A Standing Committee was consulted when an amendment bill was presented…
25 April, 2023
National Envt Treaties
Animal Birth Control Rules, 2023 Animal Birth Control Rules, 2023 were just published by the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairy. In accordance with the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act of 1960, these Rules replace the Animal Birth Control (Dog) Rules, 2001. Highlight of the rule The relevant local bodies/municipalities/Municipal Corporations and Panchayats are to carry out the Animal Birth Control Programme for the sterilisation and immunisation of stray dogs. A recognised organisation by the Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) must conduct the Animal Birth Control Programme. The ABC and Anti Rabies Programmes must be put into…
21 April, 2023
Animals
Mangrove Pitta Bird In recent months, Kendrapara and Jagatsingpur, two coastal districts of Odisha, undertook the first mangrove pitta bird census. What is the Mangrove Pitta? About: The Mangrove Pitta bird (Pitta megarhyncha) is a species of bird found in a few isolated areas of eastern India, such as the Bhitarkanika in Odisha and the Sundarbans in West Bengal. The Mangrove Pitta bird, a ground forager and tree sitter that lives predominantly in India's coastal mangrove forests, explores widely for food. IUCN Status: The species is classified and rated as "Near Threatened" by the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of…
18 April, 2023
Wildlife & Fauna
Eravikulam National Park A Fernarium has been constructed up inside Eravikulam National Park (ENP), the Nilgiri tahr's natural habitat in Munnar. About Ferns Ferns belong to the epiphytic family of plants. They develop in a soilless environment spontaneously. With the leaching of nutrients and water from trees, plants receive both. Ferns are a varied group of plants that reproduce by spores rather than flowers or seeds. Uses: Although ferns are not as commercially significant as seed plants, they are nevertheless quite essential in some cultures. Food is made from some ferns. Eravikulam National Park (ENP) Eravikulam National Park is…
06 April, 2023
Forest
Bandipur Tiger Reserve On April 1, 2023, the Karnataka-based Bandipur Tiger Reserve will have served as a Project Tiger Reserve for 50 years. To arrest the population decrease of tigers, the reserve was established in 1973 by the then-prime minister, Indira Gandhi. When Project Tiger was started, there were 12 tigers in Bandipur at first; today, 173 tigers are utilising the region as a result of conservation efforts. About bandipur tiger reserve Bandipur was one of the first nine reserves included in Project Tiger's flagship initiative, and it contained the majority of territories that were already protected by Venugopal…
06 April, 2023
Forest
Earth Hour Earth Hour is a global movement that aims to inspire people, communities, and businesses to turn off all unnecessary electric lights for one hour. As a pledge to the environment, it is held on the final Saturday in March. Background: In Sydney, Australia, in 2007, it was infamously launched as a lights-off occasion. In the years thereafter, it has expanded to involve more than 7000 cities and towns worldwide. Today, Earth Hour educates the general public on a wide range of environmental issues. The now broader movement is still mostly being driven by the one-hour event. About Earth…
05 April, 2023
Environmental Governance
International Big Cat Alliance The Indian Government has proposed to head a massive International Alliance to Safeguard Big Cats, and it has pledged support for the initiative over a five-year period with a financing commitment of USD $100 million (over Rs 800 crore). About The proposed International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) will aim to protect and conserve the seven main big cats, including the tiger, lion, leopard, snow leopard, puma, jaguar, and cheetah. The alliance will be open to membership for 97 "range" countries, which house the large cat species' original habitat, as well as other interested countries, international organisations,…
17 March, 2023
Animals
Mimeusemia Ceylonica After being last seen 127 years ago at Trincomalee in Sri Lanka in 1893, researchers from Tamil Nadu have discovered a rare moth species for the first time in India in the buffer zone of Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR). About A species of moth known as Mimeusemia Ceylonica is a member of the Noctuidae family and subfamily Agaristinae. Entomologist George Hampson of England originally depicted and characterised it in 1893. The discovery of the moth species in the area has strengthened the case for the region's abundant biodiversity. Moths All members of the order Lepidoptera that are not…
16 March, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
Muggers of Rapti Mugger crocodiles (Crocodylus plaustris) of the Rapti River, which flows beside the Chitwan National Park (CNP) in South-Central Nepal and is next to the Valmiki Tiger Reserve in Bihar, are at risk because of anthropogenic concerns such as illicit fishing and sand mining. The first National Park in Nepal was the CNP, which opened in 1973. The park is home to one of the last groups of Asian rhinoceroses with only one horn. Prioritizing the inclusion of local ethnic and river-dependent communities of CNP in successful conservation and management programmes with viable livelihood options is advised. About…
16 March, 2023
Wildlife & Fauna
Great Seahorses Latest Context It's possible that the big seahorse is being forced to migrate arduously towards Odisha by intensive fishing off the coast of Coromandel. Although fishing pressure off the coast of Odisha is lower, the Seahorse may not find its new home there due to a lack of suitable habitat. More on News Off the coast of Odisha in the Bay of Bengal, fishing is less active. Nevertheless, a study published in the most recent issue of the Journal of Endangered Taxa suggests that the shallow coastal ecology of the eastern Indian State may not be the new…
14 March, 2023
Wildlife & Fauna
Forest Certification in India In recent years, deforestation has elevated to the status of a highly sensitive worldwide issue, necessitating increased demand for forest certification. Deforestation has recently become a highly sensitive issue due to climate change, necessitating the need for Forest Certification to control the importation and sale of items derived from forests. During the Glasgow climate conference in 2021, more than 100 nations committed to halting deforestation by 2030 and beginning its reversal. About Forest Certification The independent third-party audits that started the three-decade-old worldwide certification business were intended to examine that management sustainably. It is a system…
13 March, 2023
Forest
Phytoplankton Blooms Around the coastlines of the world, massive phytoplankton blooms—huge blooms of microscopic algae floating on the ocean's surface—have grown bigger and more frequent. According to recent studies, massive phytoplankton blooms have grown bigger and more frequent around the world's coastlines, benefiting fisheries but also having the potential to be harmful. Findings from the Study The expansion: Coastal phytoplankton blooms grew by around 13% in size between 2003 and 2020, adding 4 million square kilometres to the world's oceans. The frequency of blooming increased by 59% during this time. Pros and disadvantages While phytoplankton is consumed by marine animals…
11 March, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
World Wildlife Day Latest Context World Wildlife Day is celebrated annually by the UNGA (United nation general assembly) to increase public awareness of the world's animals and plants. It was announced in December 2013 during the 68th meeting of the UN General Assembly. Partnerships for wildlife conservation will be the focus(Theme) of World Wildlife Day 2023, which aims to recognise people who are making a difference in preserving the world's flora and animals. Historical Perspective The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which was ratified on March 3, 1973, is crucial in making…
10 March, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
SALT MARSHES According to a study conducted by researchers at the Marine Biological Laboratory, more than 90% of the world's salt marshes may be lost to sea level rise by the end of the century. What are Salt Marshes The salt water brought in by the tides floods and drains salt marshes, which are coastal wetlands. They are marshy because the soil may be made up of peat and deep mud. Peat is a thick layer of decomposing plant debris. Peat is extremely spongy, wet, and populated with roots. Oxygen levels in the peat can be quite low, a situation…
01 April, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
Marine Protected Areas India's exclusive economic zone encompasses 8118 km of coastline, approximately 2.02 million square kilometres. Nine states and seven union regions make up India's 372,424 square The National Portal & Helpline will provide necessary information and solutions to the Transgender community and the people engaged in the act of begging when needed.kilometre continental shelf. It faces significant challenges in maintaining its biodiversity as one of the world's 17 mega-biodiverse countries. India will support the establishment of two Marine Protected Areas (MPA) in Antarctica to preserve marine life and the ecosystem services it provides, according to a recent announcement…
31 March, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
State Of India’s Environment Report In Context Of The Center for Science and Environment (CSE) and Down to Earth (DTE) Magazine has released the State of India's Environment report 2023, which assesses a wide range of topics including water, plastics, forests, and biodiversity in addition to climate change, agriculture, and industry. The report, an annual publication, emphasises migration, health, and food systems. Additionally, it addresses topics like biodiversity, forestry and wildlife, energy, industry, habitat, pollution, trash, and rural development. CSE is a New Delhi-based organisation that does research and advocates for the public good. Highlight of the Report In addition to…
31 March, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
ESG Regulations in India In India, the development of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) legislation and regulations is still in its infancy. Regulations and businesses have adopted environmental impact, a dedication to social causes, solid corporate governance, and the preservation of shareholder rights as part of their business models over the past ten years. About ESG Regulations The term "Environmental, Social, and Governance" (ESG) refers to a set of standards used to evaluate how well a company does in protecting the environment, managing its stakeholder relationships, and managing issues including the company's leadership, internal controls, and shareholder rights. Socially and…
28 March, 2023
Environmental Governance
Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Treaty or Treaty Of High the Seas The Indian Ministry of Earth Science exhorts UN members to continue their commitment to the preservation and conservation of the ocean’s biodiversity. During the current session of the Intergovernmental Conference (IGC), or IGC-5 of Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) (Feb.–March 2023) India has asked the member countries to remain committed to the conservation and preservation of the seas and its biodiversity. India backed the ambitious coalition's goal of completing the International Legally Binding Instrument of BBNJ under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea as soon…
28 February, 2023
International Envt Treaties
Gross Domestic Climate Risk Report According to a recent analysis titled "Gross Domestic Climate Risk," the majority of Indian states face a significant risk of building environment damage as a result of climate change threats. India contains nine states in the 50 high-risk states, including Punjab, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Kerala, and Assam, according to the Cross-Dependency Initiative's (XDI) rating of Gross Domestic Climate Risk. Global company Cross-Dependency Initiative's (XDI) specializes in analyzing climate risk for governments, financial institutions, and businesses. Study on Gross Domestic Climate Risk: The report was released by the Cross Dependency Initiative,…
27 February, 2023
Climate Change
Rhododendron Recently, the Botanical Survey of India has published a new report titled 'Rhododendrons of Sikkim and Darjeeling Himalaya- An Illustrated Account', which lists 45 taxa of rhododendrons. About rhododendrons: An estimated 1,000 species of flowering plants in the genus Rhododendron are native to temperate Asia, North America, and Europe as well as tropical Southeast Asia and northern Australia. Many kinds are well-liked decorative plants in gardens and parks due to their stunning clusters of huge, vibrant blooms. Rhododendrons are woody-stemmed small trees or shrubs that are either evergreen or deciduous and have large, leathery leaves. Pink Rhododendron is the…
24 February, 2023
Flora
Great Backyard Bird Count (GBBC) 2023 190 nations, including India, took part in GBBC 2023 during February 17–20. More on the news: It is an annual event that unites bird watchers, students, and nature lovers together to count the birds they spot nearby their homes, places of employment, or educational institutions. Key Findings: During the Great Backyard Bird Count (GBBC) 2023, West Bengal recorded the most species (489), followed by Uttarakhand (426), Arunachal Pradesh (407), Assam (397) and Karnataka (371). With 349 and 325 species, Tamil Nadu and Kerala took the eighth and ninth places, respectively. Kerala had the most…
03 March, 2023
Wildlife & Fauna
Orangutans Four police officers in Chennai were recently suspended for helping orangutan smugglers. About orangutans: With arms far longer than their legs, orangutans—the largest arboreal mammals—are exceptionally well suited to living in the trees. They have long, curled fingers and toes on their feet, as well as grasping hands. They lack an external tail that may be seen and have recognisable fingerprints. From southern China to the Indonesian island of Java, orangutans once roamed the jungles of south-east Asia. Only two islands remain where they can be found today: Borneo and Sumatra. In just the last 60 years, the population…
03 March, 2023
Animals
Pangolin The World-Wide Fund for Nature India, also known as WWF India, and TRAFFIC, a non-governmental organization that tracks illegal international wildlife trade, recently released a report detailing the poaching and trafficking of over 1,200 pangolins, also known as the scaly anteaters, in India over the course of the previous four years from 2018 to 2022. In the 342 seizure occurrences, more than 880 kg of pangolin compounds and 199 live pangolins were reported. More on the news: In China and Southeast Asia, pangolins are mostly hunted for their scales, which are used as an ingredient in traditional remedies and…
22 February, 2023
Wildlife & Fauna
Global Sea-level Rise and Implications: WHO According to a recent assessment by the World Meteorological Organization, (WMO), the countries that are most at risk from sea level rise worldwide are India, China, Bangladesh, and the Netherlands. The Findings of the report: India, China, Bangladesh, and the Netherlands are the countries that are most at risk from sea level rise internationally, according to the World Meteorological Organization's (WMO) report, "Global Sea-level Rise and Consequences." The hazard posed by the sea level rise affects a number of major cities on all continents. Shanghai, Dhaka, Bangkok, Jakarta, Bombay, Maputo, Lagos, Cairo, London, Copenhagen,…
17 February, 2023
Climate change
Magnetic Pollution Magnetite pollution has recently been discovered by some geologists in Kolkata's roadside dust. In regions with considerable vehicular traffic and other polluting sources, pollutants occur more frequently. The quantity of magnetite varies with the volume of traffic on a particular road. The method exposes the existence of several magnetic components, and by linking them to particular pollution sources, the researchers were able to determine which sources predominate in which locations. Their research is in the field of environmental magnetism, which employs magnetism to illustrate the effects of pollution, climatic change, and environmental footprints on magnetic minerals found in…
09 February, 2023
Environmental Pollution
Save Wetlands Campaign The "Save Wetlands Campaign" was introduced by the Union Minister for Environment, Forestry, and Climate Change in Goa. This campaign is set up as a "whole of society" effort to conserve wetlands, promoting positive social change at all societal levels and integrating all social classes. The campaign's goal: The campaign will involve educating people on the importance of wetlands over the course of the following year, expanding the coverage of wetland Mitras, and creating citizen alliances for wetlands conservation. About World Wetland Day: Every year on February 2nd, people around the world celebrate…
08 February, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
Ladakh’s First Biodiversity Heritage Site Under the Biological Diversity Act Yaya Tso Lake was designated as Ladakh's first biodiversity heritage site. The Chumathang Panchayat, the Biodiversity Management Committee, and SECURE Himalaya Project have decided to designate Yaya Tso as the first Biological Diversity Act-designated Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS) in Ladakh. About: Yaya Tso, which is situated at an elevation of 4,820 metres and is referred to as a "birds' paradise," has a lovely lake. Many different birds and animals, including the brahmin duck, black-necked crane, and bar-headed goose, use Yaya Tso as a nesting site. Additionally, it is one of the…
08 February, 0023
Conservation
Senna Spectabilis Senna spectabilis, an exotic invasive plant that poses a serious danger to Karela’s animal habitat, has been identified as the target of a management strategy developed by the state. According to the management plan, no attempt should be made to remove trees before a comprehensive replanting strategy and the necessary funding are in place. Senna spectabilis: What is it? The deciduous Senna spectabilis tree is indigenous to tropical America tree. After flowering, it quickly grows up to 15 to 20 meters tall and releases thousands of seeds. Other native tree and grass species cannot thrive because of the…
03 February, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
Nobel's Helen Butterfly Arunachal Pradesh just discovered India's newest butterfly. About: A Swallowtail butterfly that was previously known to live in Myanmar, southern China, and India has now been discovered in India for the first time. In Arunachal Pradesh's Namdapha National Park, it is discovered at three different sites between September 2019 and September 2021. It is a Papilio noblei, or Noble's Helen, butterfly, which is highly rare. Characteristic: It was originally widespread in the montane forest at moderate elevations in northern Thailand. It is most similar to the Papilio antonio from the Philippines and is distinguished by a considerably…
01 February, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
Indian Star Tortoise An extensive loss in the genetic diversity and habitat of the Indian Star Tortoise (Geochelone elegans) has been linked to illegal commerce and ill-informed translocations, according to a recent study. The study urges the use of scientific breeding and argues for an appropriate conservation strategy to deal with the species' fragmented distribution. What are the Indian Star Tortoise's Key Facts? Habitat: Indian star tortoises can be found all throughout the Indian subcontinent, notably in West Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and the Central and Southern regions of India. It frequently inhabits arid, open environments including grasslands, scrub woodlands, and…
21 January, 2023
Conservation
Spot Bellied Eagle Owl The "Spot Bellied Eagle Owl" (Bubo Nipalensis) was recently spotted by a wildlife team for the first time in the Seshachalam forest and for the third time in Andhra Pradesh. Regarding the Spot-Bellied Eagle Owl: Its general appearance is a stark, grayish-brown with gritty, dark brown coloring on the back and upper wings. The woodland eagle-owl is another name for this huge raptor. It is a very aggressive and powerful predatory owl. The bird is known as the "Devil Bird" and the "Ghost of the Forest" in India because it emits an odd scream that sounds…
19 January, 2023
Conservation
Project Dolphin According to a recent study, human-generated noise makes it more difficult for dolphins to coordinate and communicate with one another. These creatures had to "shout" to one another as the underwater noise levels rise. About dolphins: Dolphins are creatures of the aquatic ecosystem. They can be discovered in fresh, brackish, and saltwater. There have been reports of 15 different species of marine and harbor dolphins from the oceans and shores of India. Furthermore, the brackish waters of Odisha are home to Irrawaddy Dolphins and Punjab rivers are home to Indus Dolphins. The Ganges River and its tributaries are…
17 January, 2023
Conservation
Asian Waterbird Census & Kole Wetland According to a survey done as part of the Asian Waterbird Census (AWC) 2023, some migratory waterbird species, particularly duck species that visit Kerala's Alappuzha region, are experiencing declining populations. What are the Survey's Highlights? Significantly absent this time around were duck species including the Northern Shoveler, Common Teal, and Eurasian Wigeon that had been spotted in prior surveys. Impact of Climate Change: The number of birds that visit the area has decreased as a result of climate change. More thorough research is necessary to determine the specific effects of climate change…
16 January, 2023
Conservation
Forest (Conservation) Rule 2022 v/s Forest Right Act, 2006 The Chairperson of the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) recently stated that the NCST’s view on the Forest (Conservation) Rules 2022 which is in violation of the Forest Rights Act, 2006 "would be the same” even as the Environment Ministry has dismissed these concerns. What's the problem? The Commission had suggested that these rules be put on hold right away in September 2022 after raising concerns about the new rules eliminating the consent clause for diverting forest property for other uses. The ministry has responded by insisting that the regulations…
04 January, 2023
Forest
SAIME Initiative in Sundarbans A fresh shrimp farming effort in Sundarbans raises the prospect of mangrove regeneration. What does SAIME stand for? Farmers in West Bengal have started growing shrimp on 30 hectares as part of the Sustainable Aquaculture In Mangrove Ecosystem (SAIME) initiative. Farmers are planting mangrove trees around the shrimp ponds. Earlier farmers had to buy shrimp feed, now the mangrove leaf litter provides nourishment for the crustaceans NGOs like Naturland, Bangladesh Environment and Development Society (BEDS), Global Nature Fund (GNF), and Nature Environment and Wildlife Society (NEWS) are spearheading the community-based effort of sustainable shrimp cultivation, which…
03 January, 2023
Ecosystem
Butterflies Adaption Many intriguing facets of butterflies' adaptation and evolution processes have just come to light In the Western Ghats of Karnataka, a study on many species of butterflies and their mimicry characteristics was done. What are the Study's Highlights? The results were divided into three categories: The species that are poisonous to predators serve as models. Batesian Mimicry Species: Those that adopted poisonous or unappealing features to stave off predators. Species that are closely related to Batesian mimics but did not evolve mimicry traits are known as non-mimetic species. Models and Mimics are terms used to describe the disagreeable…
01 January, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
Indian Skimmers According to the Asian Waterbird Census 2023, which has just begun (recommended dates for the AWC are 7 - 22 January), the Godavari estuary in Andhra Pradesh has developed into a prime and secure habitat for the Indian Skimmer ( Rynchops albicollis). Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary reported seeing about 250 Indian Skimmers. What are Indian Skimmers? Indian scissors bill is another frequent name for Indian skimmers. Indian skimmers are found in the coastal estuaries of western and eastern India; they are more common in the winter. The species can be seen in Central India around the Chambal River, at…
07 January, 2023
Wildlife & Fauna
A new species of tiny Boa from Ecuador In honor of an Indigenous campaigner, researchers have named a new species of dwarf boa that they found in the Amazon of Ecuador. About Dwarf Boa: The snake, which belonged to the Tropidophiidae family, was up to 20 centimeters long when it was discovered in northern Ecuador's cloud forest. Based on its outward characteristics and bone structure, Tropidophis cacuangoae can be distinguished from other reptiles of the same species. Two confirmed specimens of the species were discovered by the scientists. Similar to a boa constrictor, it is generally light brown in color…
06 January, 2023
Biodiversity & Environment
E-WASTE In India India is now considering a switch to two standard chargers for all mobile phone brands and portable electrical gadgets, which will aid in the fight against e-waste. Similarly, the European Union (EU) has mandated that the USB-C port be standard on all devices by mid-2024, including Apple's iPhone, which now utilizes its own standard. Consumers in the European Union would no longer need to buy new charging devices and cables every time they bought a new phone under the new rule. What is E-Waste? E-Waste is an abbreviation for Electronic-Waste, and it refers to old,…
10 January, 2023
Environmental Pollution
Kunming Montreal Biodiversity Framework (GBF) adopted at COP15 The UN Convention on Biological Diversity's 15th Conference of Parties (COP15) has accepted the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF). 188 of 196 member governments agreed on a new framework to halt the sharp and steady loss of biological species. These governments, supported by the U.S. and the Vatican, who are not a party to the Convention, adopted the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) that sets out four goals for 2050, and 23 targets for 2030, to save existing biodiversity and ensure that 30% of degraded terrestrial, inland water, coastal and marine ecosystems…
24 December, 2022
Biodiversity & Environment
Tal Chhapar Sanctuary: Rajasthan A defence has been provided for the Tal Chhapar blackbuck sanctuary in Rajasthan against a state proposal to shrink the area of its eco-sensitive zone. The sanctuary, which spans a 7.19 sq. km. area, has a major initiative underway by the World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF) to save raptors. The wildlife sanctuary's area cannot be decreased, according to a recent court judgment. About Tal Chhapar blackbuck sanctuary: It is situated in the Churu district of Rajasthan The Jaswantgarh forest block in the Nagaur district is located not far from Tal Chhapar and is traversed by the…
24 December, 2022
Conservation
Air Pollution and Public Health in South Asia: World Bank Report Striking for Clean Air: Air Pollution and Public Health in South Asia is a recent report from the World Bank. The report explains how continuing to implement national policies as they have been (largely since 2018) will produce results, but not at the level desired. Major Findings India: There are six significant airsheds in India, some of which are shared with Pakistan. Even if Delhi National Capital Territory adopted all available air pollution control measures by 2030, other regions of South Asia would still be subject to the same regulations, which…
22 December, 2022
Air Pollution
Methane Emission Report In a study recently published under the title "Wetland emission and atmospheric sink changes explain methane growth in 2020," it is suggested that in 2020, record-high levels of methane emissions were probably caused by warming wetlands and low nitrogen oxide pollution. What are the Findings? Summary: Global methane emissions increased from 9.9 parts per billion (ppb) in 2019 to approximately 15 ppb in 2020. Human-related methane emissions decreased by 1.2 teragrams (Tg) annually in 2020. Contributors: Compared to 2019, methane emissions from natural gas and oil decreased by 3.1 Tg annually. Coal mining's contributions decreased by 1.3…
21 December, 2022
Air Pollution
Black Carbon: Explained In Lok Sabha, the Minister of State for Environment, Forest and Climate Change outlined the various measures taken to counter black carbon. Under the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, under which ISRO operates a network of aerosol observatories and black carbon mass concentration is one of the parameters being measured. What is black carbon? Soot, often known as black carbon, is a type of tiny particulate air pollution (PM2.5). It is created when fossil fuels, wood, and other fuels burn inefficiently. Soot is a term used frequently to describe the complicated mixture of particulate debris…
19 December, 2022
Air Pollution
Coastal Red Sand Dunes Scientists recently urged the Government of Andhra Pradesh to protect the coastal red sand dunes of Visakhapatnam of the glacial period. Major Points: Visakhapatnam is fortunate to have a number of significant geological sites. One of them is the Erra Matti Dibbalu, or "red sand dunes" of the coast. Location and Extent: The site is situated on the coast, about 20 km to the northeast of Visakhapatnam City and 4 km to the southwest of Bheemunipatnam. 20 sq km is the approximate size of the area where the Erra Matti Dibbalu is located, and the entire…
12 December, 2022
Conservation
Climate Finance Countries recently agreed at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conference of Parties 27 in Sharm el-Sheikh (Egypt) that a complete transformation of the international financial system was required to significantly increase resources for Climate Action. The current funding for climate action amounts to only 1%-10% of the estimated needs. What is climate finance? It refers to local, national, or transnational financing derived from public, private, and alternative sources to support climate change mitigation and adaptation actions. The UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement all call for financial assistance from Parties with greater financial resources…
10 December, 2022
Climate Change
Indo-French Partnership on Kaziranga Project Some measures at the Kaziranga National Park in Assam will form the cornerstone of an Indo-French initiative. Measures With French and Indian technical and financial support, the Indo-Pacific Parks Partnership will facilitate partnership activities for interesting natural parks of the Indo-Pacific region. These activities include biodiversity conservation, wildlife management and engagement with local communities. About The Kaziranga project, The Kaziranga project is a part of a larger Assam Project on Forest and Biodiversity Conservation (APFBC) for which the Agence Française de Développement (AFD) has committed funding of €80.2 million for a 10-year period, between 2014-2024.…
10 December, 2022
Conservation
The Great Barrier Reef Recently, a joint report by the IUCN and UNESCO's World Heritage Centre recommended that the Great Barrier Reef be added to the List of World Heritage in Danger, which Australia has opposed. The reef is not currently listed as endangered. What is the Great Barrier Reef? It is located in Australia, off the coast of Queensland. With over 2,900 individual reefs, 900 islands, and an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometres, it is the world's largest coral reef system. It is one of the world's most important biodiversity hotspots as well as one of its largest…
09 December, 2022
Conservation
Himalayan Yak The Himalayan Yak has been approved as a 'food animal' by the Food Safety and Standard Authority of India (FSSAI). The move is expected to help slow the decline of the high-altitude bovine animal's population by incorporating it into the conventional milk and meat industries. Food animals are those that are raised for food production or human consumption. About Himalayan Yak: The Yak is a member of the Bovini tribe, which also includes bison, buffaloes, and cattle. It can withstand temperatures as low as -40° C. They have long hair that hangs off their sides like a curtain,…
07 December, 2022
Animals
Plastic's Life Cycle According to a recent document titled "The Plastic Life-Cycle," India is not properly collecting and recycling its polymer waste. The document emphasized that the problem will not be solved unless the entire life cycle of plastic, from source to disposal, is considered as the root cause of the pollution it causes. What is plastic waste? Unlike other forms of waste, such as paper, food peels, and leaves, which are biodegradable (capable of being decomposed by bacteria or other living organisms) in nature, plastic waste persists in the environment for hundreds (or even thousands) of years. The Most…
06 December, 2022
Environmental Pollution
Project Great Indian Bustard The Supreme Court (SC) recently requested that the Centre review the concept of 'Project Great Indian Bustard (GIB)' to save endangered birds. Important Points: The Supreme Court established a three-member committee to evaluate the feasibility of laying high-voltage underground power cables. The committee was directed by the SC to submit an updated status report on steps taken to protect the GIB. Project GIB is similar to 'Project Tiger,' which was launched in 1973 to save big cats. Demands of the Supreme Court: It requested reports from the chief secretaries of Rajasthan and Gujarat on the following…
05 December, 2022
Conservation
CITES COP19 The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is holding its 19th Conference of the Parties (CoP19) meeting in Panama City. A second name for CoP19 is the World Wildlife Conference. What were the Conference's High Points? 52 suggestions that would change the laws governing the trade of sharks, reptiles, hippos, songbirds, rhinos, 200 different tree species, orchids, elephants, turtles, and more have been made. India's Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) is subject to CITES rules for the trade of the species because it is included in Appendix II of the convention. By relaxing…
02 December, 2022
International Envt Treaties
Prevention of Cruelty to Animal Act The Union Government recently proposed 61 amendments to the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960. More on the news The Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairy has prepared the draught Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, (Amendment) Bill-2022. The following are the draft's key provisions: Imprisonment for animal cruelty: For killing an animal, the draft proposes a maximum 5-year prison sentence plus a fine. A new clause has been proposed to address this. The Act defines gruesome cruelty as "an act that causes extreme pain and suffering to the animals, which may…
02 December, 2022
Animals
CITES 19th Conference & Pangolins To help save the species, the 19th Conference of Parties (COP19) to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) urged countries to remove references to pangolin parts and derivatives from official pharmacopoeia (drug-making). Regarding Pangolin: The pangolin is the world's most trafficked animal. Pangolins are mammal-like creatures. They are the only mammals that are entirely covered in scales, which they use to protect themselves from predators in the wild. Pangolins, also known as the scaly anteater, eat ants, termites, and larvae. Eight pangolin species are found on two…
01 December, 2022
Conservation
Nagoya Protocol The Nagoya Protocol has yet to provide benefits to indigenous populations in Mexico. Concerning Nagoya Protocol A supplementary agreement to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization (ABS). It offers a clear legal framework for the efficient realisation of one of the three goals of the CBD: the equitable and fair distribution of gains attributable to the use of genetic resources. The Nagoya Protocol on ABS was ratified on October 29, 2010, in Nagoya, Japan. It came…
30 November, 2022
Biodiversity & Environment
Climate Change Performance Index 2023 The Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) 2023 places India eighth. India was ranked tenth in the CCPI 2022. What is the CCPI? Since 2005, Germanwatch, the New Climate Institute, and the Climate Action Network have published an annual report. It is an independent monitoring tool for tracking the performance of 59 countries and the European Union in climate protection. These countries are responsible for more than 92% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Its goal is to increase transparency in international climate politics by allowing countries to compare their climate protection efforts and progress. Criteria: The…
30 November, 2022
Climate Change
Olive Ridley Turtles A large number of Olive Ridley turtles have begun to arrive in Odisha for mating at the Gahirmatha marine sanctuary. Concerning Olive Ridley turtles Lepidochelys olivacea is the scientific name for the Pacific ridley sea turtle. Found in the warm waters of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans. One of the tiniest sea turtles on the planet. Their shell is an olive green colour. They can grow to be two and a half feet long and weigh up to 45 kilogrammes. Food consists primarily of shrimp, crab, mollusks, fish, and crabs. Known for their unique mass nesting…
29 November, 2022
Conservation
Great Knot A Great knot from Russia has found its way to Kerala’s coast, flying over 9,000 km for a winter sojourn. Great knots to be re-sighted in India among the nearly thousand ones tagged with MOSKVA rings in the Kamchatka peninsula in eastern Russia. About Great knot Scientific Name: Calidris tenuirostris It is a small wader. It is the largest of the calidris species Habitat: Grassland, Marine Neritic, Marine Intertidal, Marine Coastal/Supratidal. This species breeds in northeast Siberia, Russia, wintering mainly in Australia, but also throughout the coastline of South-East Asia and on the coasts of India, Bangladesh, Pakistan,…
28 November, 2022
Wildlife & Fauna
An Assessment of Extreme Weather Events in India by CSE According to a recent report by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), India will experience some form of natural disaster almost every day in the first nine months of 2022. Between January 1 and September 30, 2022, India recorded 241 extreme weather events. About the evaluation The report provides a comprehensive overview of the state of extreme weather in India over the course of the year. The report analyses extreme weather events and their associated loss and damage seasonally, monthly, and regionally. CSE obtained its data from two key…
24 November, 2022
Climate Change
Muli Bamboo A recent research study observed and recorded a wide range of animal visitors/predators drawn to the fruit and flowers of Muli Bamboo (Melocanna baccifera). The study discovered that predation is primarily caused by the high sugar content. It was also reported that a bamboo clump of this species produced the most fruit ever. What is Muli Bamboo? Muli is a tropical evergreen bamboo species. It is the largest fruit-producing bamboo and is indigenous to northeast India and Myanmar. It accounts for 90% of the bamboo forests in the state's northeast. It is easily identified by its diffused clump…
24 November, 2022
Flora
Arittapatti Village: Biodiversity Heritage Site In accordance with Section 37 of the Biodiversity Diversity Act, 2002, the Government of Tamil Nadu published a notification designating Arittapatti Village in Melur in the Madurai district as a biodiversity heritage site. The Biodiversity Heritage site is the first site to be nominated in the Southern State and is located on a 193.21 hectare parcel of land. The local residents' involvement in biodiversity and conservation initiatives would be strengthened with the designation of Arittapatti Village as Tamil Nadu's first biodiversity heritage site. First Biodiversity Heritage Site in Tamil Nadu: Major Points The Arittapatti Biodiversity Heritage…
24 November, 2022
Biodiversity & Environment
Red Crowned Roofed Turtle At the 19th Conference of the Parties to CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species), which will be held in Panama, India has recommended protecting the Red-Crowned Roofed turtle. What were the Conference's High Points? To move riverine species from the current Appendix II to Appendix I, India has submitted a proposal to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. According to the level of protection required, the CITES-covered species are listed in three Appendices: Species in danger of extinction are listed in Appendix I. Species listed in Appendix…
24 November, 2022
Conservation
Report On Amazon Rainforest Recent research from the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) titled "Living Amazon Report" 2022 claims that 35% of the rainforest has either completely disappeared or is severely degraded. The study was presented at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change's 27th Conference of Parties (COP27), which took place in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt. The paper summarised the main stresses and change-causing factors, described the current state of the Amazon biome and basin, and provided a conservation strategy. What are the Report's Highlights? Huge sections of the Amazon rainforest, which act as the planet's lungs and carbon sinks,…
23 November, 2022
Ecosystem
Global Health and Climate Change Reliance on fossil fuels, according to the Lancet report on Health and Climate Change: Health at the Mercy of Fossil Fuels, raises the risk of disease, food insecurity, and other heat-related illnesses. What are the Report's Findings? Impact on Health: Climate change has an impact on the social and environmental determinants of health, such as clean air, safe drinking water, enough food, and safe shelter. Heatwave Exposure: Rapidly rising temperatures exposed people, particularly vulnerable populations (adults over 65 and children under one) to 3.7 billion more heatwave days in 2021 than in 1986-2005. Infectious Diseases: Climate…
22 November, 2022
Climate Change
Pathway to "low emissions" in India At the United Nations Conference of Parties (COP) in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, India recently announced its long-term strategy to transition to a "low emissions" pathway. More information on LT-LEDs (Long Term-Low Emission Development Strategy) are as follows: Attaining the net-zero goal: Every country must submit a long-term strategy outlining how it intends to achieve its net-zero goal. Developed countries must achieve net-zero status by 2050; China has decided to do so by 2060, and India has set the target year of 2070. LT-LEDs from India: Global carbon budget: India's long-term development strategy must be…
21 November, 2022
International Envt Bodies
Conservation of Wetlands Every aspect of the Earth's environment has been impacted by humans in this Anthropocene period. The loss of Shallow Wetlands like lakes and ponds is becoming a serious worry as a result of these human-induced changes. The most recent period in Earth's history when human activity began to have a significant impact on the planet's climate and ecology is referred to as the Anthropocene Epoch. This term refers to an unofficial unit of geologic time. The Shallow Water Wetlands: What are they? These wetlands are small-flowing, permanent, or semi-permanent water habitats. Vernal ponds, spring pools, salt lakes,…
16 November, 2022
Biodiversity & Environment
International Drought Resilience Alliance (IDRA) At the COP27 to the UNFCCC in Sharm El-Sheikh, 30 nations and 20 organisations, led by Spain and Senegal, launched the International Drought Resilience Alliance (IDRA). The IDRA At the 77th UN General Assembly, Spain made the initial announcement of the IDRA. The partnership will cooperate to improve each other's drought preparedness in the future. The group also committed to changing the way the world responds to the increasing threats of drought by shifting from immediate action to long-term resilience building. The alliance's goal is to create political momentum so that by 2030, the land…
14 November, 2022
Conservation
Climate Mangrove Alliance The "Mangrove Alliance for Climate" was recently established by the UAE and Indonesia on the fringes of the COP27 UN climate meeting taking place in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt. India joined the Mangrove Alliance for Climate, launched on the sidelines of the ongoing United Nations Climate Summit in Egypt. Regarding the Alliance A Global Mangrove Research Centre will be constructed in Indonesia as part of this collaboration, and it will carry out research on mangrove ecosystem services like carbon sequestration and ecotourism. Goal: To improve global mangrove ecosystem preservation and restoration. The association will increase public awareness of mangroves'…
14 November, 2022
Conservation
2022 Provisional State of the Climate Report The provisional State of the Global Climate report, 2022, was recently published by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). In April 2023, the complete and final report is anticipated to be released. What are the Report's Highlights? Greenhouse gas concentrations rising: Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (NO2) concentrations—the three principal greenhouse gases—were all at record highs in 2021. In fact, methane emissions surged at the quickest rate ever. Methane is 25 times more powerful than carbon dioxide at causing global warming. Countries made commitments to reduce global methane emissions by at…
11 November, 2022
Climate Change
World Heritage Glaciers in Danger: UNESCO A recent UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) study discovered that a third of the glaciers on the UNESCO World Heritage list are under threat, despite efforts to limit temperature increases. A glacier is a large, perennial accumulation of crystalline ice, snow, rock, sediment, and water that forms on land and moves down slope under the influence of gravity and its own weight. They are sensitive indicators of climate change. What does the findings highlight? Glaciers are under threat: Glaciers can be found in 50 UNESCO World Heritage sites, accounting for nearly…
08 November, 2022
Climate Change
Adaptation Gap Report 2022 According to the United Nations Environment Programme's (UNEP) Adaptation Gap Report, 2022, global efforts in adaptation planning, financing, and implementation are insufficient to prepare vulnerable communities around the world to adapt to the rising risks of climate change's impacts. The report discovered some progress on adaptation plans from national governments, but they are not financially supported. What are the Report's Findings? A third of the 197 parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have included quantified and time-bound adaptation targets. And 90% of them have thought about gender and underserved groups. International adaptation…
07 November, 2022
Climate Change
Gangetic River Dolphin Dolphins have begun to return to the Ganga River as the quality of its water has improved due to the Namami Gange Programme. Regarding the Gangetic River Dolphin The Ganges River dolphin was formally discovered in 1801. In 2009, they were designated as India's National Aquatic Animal. About Freshwater dolphins: The Gangetic River dolphin is one of the world's four freshwater dolphin species. The other three are the baiji of China's Yangtze River, the bhulan of Pakistan's Indus River, and the boto of Latin America's Amazon River. Ganges river dolphins used to live in Nepal, India, and…
04 November, 2022
Wildlife & Fauna
Rhinoceros Horn Shrinkage According to a British Ecological Society study, rhinoceroses horns may have shrunk over time. Reasons for Horn Shrinkage Rhinos' horns, which are highly valued in some cultures, have long been hunted. The decreasing horn length across species over time, possibly due to hunting selective pressure and evolution. Important Fact: Keratin, the main component of human hair and fingernails, is used to make rhino horns. More on the Research The study discovered that the rate of horn length decline was highest in the critically endangered Sumatran rhino and lowest in the white rhino of Africa, which is the…
04 November, 2022
Wildlife & Fauna
Increasing the Biosphere's Footprint On November 3, 2022, the first 'International Day for Biosphere Reserves' will be held. More information about the World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) UNESCO established the World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) in 1971. The World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) is a network of internationally designated protected areas known as biosphere reserves that aim to demonstrate a harmonious relationship between people and nature (e.g. encourage sustainable development). They were created as part of the Programme for Man and the Biosphere (MAB). In terms of biosphere reserves: All biosphere reserves are internationally recognised locations on…
03 November, 2022
Biodiversity & Environment
COP27's Challenges The annual United Nations Conference on Climate Change (COP27) will soon begin in the Egyptian resort town of Sharm el-Shaikh. Climate Objectives and the CoP These annual meetings have been the driving force behind the global fight against climate change. However, the response has been inadequate in comparison to the magnitude of the challenge. Problems and Difficulties Action plans that fall short: The world has been deciding to reduce greenhouse gas emissions for at least two and a half decades. According to the most recent assessments, countries' current climate action plans are woefully inadequate. Rising emissions: Annual global…
03 November, 2022
Climate Change
2022 Forest Declaration Assessment Recent publication of the 2022 Forest Declaration Assessment revealed that the global deforestation rate only slightly decreased in 2021, by 6.3%, compared to the 2018–20 baseline. At the 26th UN Conference of the Parties on Climate Change (COP26) in Glasgow, about 145 nations reaffirmed their commitment to stop and reverse land degradation and forest loss by 2030. The Forest Declaration Assessment releases yearly updates on the status of the world's forests. By 2030, 350 million hectares of degraded landscapes and forestlands are to be restored, according to the New York Declaration on Forests (NYDF), a political…
29 October, 2022
Forest
Emission Gap Report 2022: UNEP The Recent publication of the "Emissions Gap Report 2022" by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Concerning the Report The Report's current edition is its thirteenth. Theme: The Closing Window: Climate Change Requires Rapid Social Transformation Overview of the discrepancy between projected greenhouse gas emissions in 2030 and where they should be in order to prevent the worst effects of climate change. Major Findings The 2015 Paris Climate Agreement's goals have not been met by the entire world. Right now, there is no plausible plan in place to keep global warming to less than 1.5…
28 October, 2022
Climate Change
Advantages of Biogas To increase their energy security, nations all over the world are turning to biogas and biomethane. About biogas. The main components of biogas, (a renewable fuel) created by the anaerobic digestion of organic feedstock, are methane (50–65%), carbon dioxide (30–40%), hydrogen sulphide (1-2.5%), and a negligibly small amount of moisture. It supports all 17 Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations and can be transformed into a variety of sustainable transportation fuels. Variants: Compressed Bio Gas (CBG): High-purity or upgraded biogas is compressed at 250 bar pressure to produce a fuel. Unwanted components such as carbon dioxide,…
26 October, 2022
Renewable Energy
Sandalwood Spike Diseases A recent study found that Sandalwood Spike Disease (SSD) is a serious threat to commercial sandalwood cultivation. About Sandalwood Spike Disease: It is a plant-borne infectious disease caused by phytoplasma. Phytoplasmas are plant-parasitic bacteria that are transmitted by insect vectors and involved in plant-to-plant transmission. There is currently no cure for the infection. To prevent the spread of the disease, the only option is to cut down and remove the infected tree. In 1899, the disease was first reported in Kodagu, Karnataka. Between 1903 and 1916, over a million sandalwood trees were felled in the Kodagu and Mysore…
25 October, 2022
Flora
Great Indian Bustards (GIB) The recent sighting of Great Indian Bustards (GIBs) deep in Pakistan's Cholistan desert has fueled speculation that the endangered birds may have flown across the border from India's Desert National Park (DNP). What Are the Most Important Facts About the Great Indian Bustard (GIB)? The Great Indian Bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps), Rajasthan's state bird, is considered India's most critically endangered bird. It is regarded as the flagship grassland species, representing the overall health of the grassland ecosystem. Its population is mostly concentrated in Rajasthan and Gujarat. Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh have small populations. Threats include collisions/electrocution…
25 October, 2022
Wildlife & Fauna
Climate Change and Health According to a recent Lancet report, over 3,30,000 persons died in India in 2020 as a result of exposure to particulate matter from fossil fuel combustion. Important Findings The report's title is Countdown on Health and Climate Change: Health at the Mercy of Fossil Fuels. The seventh annual global report is now available. Temperature Influence: Heat-related mortality in India increased by 55% from 2000 to 2004 to 2017-2021. Problematic government and corporate actions: They continue to pursue tactics that endanger the health and survival of all individuals alive today and future generations. Subsidy: India had a…
24 October, 2022
Climate change
Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) At the Statue of Unity in Gujarat, Prime Minister Narendra Modi introduced "Mission LiFE" (Lifestyle for Environment) in the presence of U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres. About A new movement for sustainable and healthy living is called Mission LiFE. Mission LiFE will make the battle against climate change democratic with the help of each individual. It will assist in addressing the world's and humanity's main challenges, which include climate change and global warming. At the occasion, Mr. Guterres introduced the LiFE logo, tagline, and the Mission Document. The LiFE Mission's Importance Effort fine-tuning: It will aid…
20 October, 2022
Biodiversity & Environment
Green Crackers The Chandigarh government recently approved the use of green crackers. About Three Categories of Green Crackers: developed by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). SWAS (Safe water releaser) Have a small water pocket/droplet which gets released when burst, in the form of vapour. Suppresses the dust released by releasing water vapour in the air. Does not comprise potassium nitrate and sulphur and the particulate dust released will reduce approximately by 30 per cent. STAR (Safe thermite cracker) Does not comprise potassium nitrate and sulphur, Emits reduced particulate matter disposal and reduced sound intensity. SAFAL (Safe minimal…
15 October, 2022
Air Pollution
Lead Poisoning in India According to a report by Niti Aayog and the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), lead poisoning causes the greatest health and financial burden in India. Principal Points of the Report Global Results: Blood lead levels (BLL) in children of up to 800 million worldwide are at or above 5 micrograms per deciliter (g/dL). Lead poisoning of children is an enormous and previously ignored global problem. Over 900,000 premature deaths per year are related to lead exposure since lead has such a significant negative effect on individuals. Many nations don't have enough official recycling infrastructure…
13 October, 2022
Environmental Pollution
World Sloth Bear Day On October 12, 2022, the inaugural World Sloth Bear Day was marked in an effort to raise awareness about and support conservation efforts for this rare bear species that is only found on the Indian subcontinent. The International Union for Conservation of Nature's (IUCN) Species Survival Commission (SSC) sloth bear expert team accepted the proposal made by Wildlife SOS India, an organisation that has been working to protect and conserve sloth bears for more than 20 years, and declared the day to be observed globally. About Sloth Bear: One of the eight bear species that can…
12 October, 2022
Animals
Living Planet Report 2022 Living Planet Report 2022 is published by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). About Living Planet Report The Living Planet Report is the organization's main journal. Every two years, it is made available. It is an extensive analysis of changes in both global biodiversity and environmental health. It monitors shifts in the relative richness of populations of wild species all around the world. Since the 2020 LPR was published, 11,011 new populations and 838 new species have been added to the LPI dataset. The number of fish species that have been added to the Living Planet…
12 October, 2022
Biodiversity & Environment
Emperor Penguin According to a significant evaluation of environmental pollution near the South Pole, there is no evidence of microplastics in Emperor penguins. It is the largest penguin in the order (Sphenisciformes). Of all the living penguin species, it is also the tallest and heaviest. Geographical Presence: Antarctica-Specific Endemic IUCN Status: Close to Endangered. About Penguin They are a flock of water birds without wings. World Penguin Day is commemorated annually on April 25. Only one species, the Galapagos penguin, is found north of the equator and is mostly found in the Southern Hemisphere. Penguins cope with an exceptionally hostile…
06 October, 2022
Wildlife & Fauna
Medicinal Fungi Researchers at the Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai (IMSc) have conducted an analytical study of medicinal fungi, and the results suggest that some of the substances the fungi secrete may be useful as novel therapeutics. About MeFSAT (Medicinal Fungi Secondary Metabolites and Therapeutics), a database that contains data on 184 medicinal fungi, including mushrooms, was used by the researchers. Basidiomycota and Ascomycota are the two taxonomic divisions that comprise medicinal fungi. The division of Basidiomycota includes mushrooms. One such is the edible button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. Ascomycota division-related fungi are typically not mushrooms. These include Shiraia bambusicola and…
03 October, 2022
Biodiversity & Environment
Global Methane Pledge Methane emissions will likely increase by 13 percent by 2030 without the Global Methane Pledge. About Global Methane Pledge: It was launched in 2021, aims to keep alive the 1.5 degrees Celsius goal. Over 100 countries have committed to reducing global methane emissions by at least 30 per cent by 2030 from 2020 levels. This reduction could eliminate over 0.2C warming by 2050 India, which is not a part of the Global Methane Pledge, is among the top five methane emitters globally, according to the International Energy Agency. Most emissions can be traced back to agriculture. Aims…
29 September, 2022
Air Pollution
Taj Mahal & Pollution Warning The Supreme Court recently ordered a halt to all commercial activities within a 500-meter radius of the Taj Mahal. More on the news: The Supreme Court recently ordered the Agra Development Authority to halt all commercial activity within 500 metres of the Taj Mahal, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Supreme Court has repeatedly emphasised the Taj Mahal's failure to protect it from various forms of pollution. Concerns: Previously, the court expressed concern about the Taj Mahal's marble changing colour from white to yellowish, then brownish-green. Illegal businesses are flourishing near the monument's western gate,…
29 September, 2022
Air Pollution
Fly Ash The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has emphasised the urgent need for Chhattisgarh to increase the use and disposal of fly ash. ??????? About 15 state, national, and privately owned electricity generating units are concentrated in Korba, Chhattisgarh, makes the situation much more dire. What is Fly Ash? Burning pulverised coal in thermal power plants produces fly ash as a byproduct. Clay, feldspar, quartz, and shale, mineral impurities in coal, fuse in suspension during combustion and float out of the combustion chamber with the exhaust gases. Fly ash, which are spherical glassy particles, are formed as the fused material…
26 September, 2022
Environmental Pollution
Breakthrough Agenda Report 2022 The UN Climate Change High-Level Champions, the International Energy Agency (IEA), and the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) have launched The Breakthrough Agenda Report 2022, which focuses on international cooperation to accelerate greenhouse gas emission reductions. What are the Report's Key Points? It evaluates the status of efforts to cut emissions in five important industries: steel, agriculture, road transportation, hydrogen, and power. The world's top leaders asked for this first-of-its-kind annual progress report during the UN Climate Change Conference COP26 in November 2021 as part of the introduction of the Breakthrough Agenda. The Breakthrough Agenda, which…
24 September, 2022
Environmental Pollution
Asiatic Caracal The Caracal is struggling to survive, although both species (Cheetahs and Caracal) had a similar distribution in the past. The caracal is on the verge of extinction in India and it is essential to find suitable areas to conserve it. About Asiatic caracal: Scientific Name: Caracall caracal schmitzi It is an elusive medium-sized and locally threatened felid (cat) species, which has been widely reported to be on the brink of extinction in India. The reasons are large-scale hunting, illegal trading and loss of natural habitats are considered significant threats to the species. Habitat : Rajasthan,Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana , Uttar Pradesh,…
20 September, 2022
Animals
Green Fins Hub Recently, the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), along with the UK-based charity Reef-World Foundation, launched the Green Fins Hub. Green Fins Hub is a global digital platform for diving and snorkeling operators worldwide. About : The Green Fins Hub is the world's first platform for the marine tourism sector. It would "significantly promote" environmentally conscious sea travel. From roughly 700 operators spread over 14 countries, it is anticipated to scale up to perhaps 30,000 operators globally. Through membership in Green Fins, a revolutionary change toward sustainability in the marine tourism industry is meant to be sparked. At…
19 September, 2022
Sustainable development
World Ozone Day In December 1994, the UN General Assembly declared September 16 to be the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer. Since then, it has been observed with the aim of raising awareness of the Ozone layer's deteriorating state. On September 16, 1995, the globe observed the first International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer. Theme: Global Cooperation Protecting Life on Earth is the theme for the 2022 International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer, according to the UN Environment Program. With this subject, the Montreal Protocol's influence is acknowledged and…
16 September, 2022
Air Pollution
Eco-Sensitive Zone Recently, Supreme Court quashed a plea against Gadgil, Kasturirangan reports. Details about the news Public interest litigation (PIL): The Western Ghats Ecologically Sensitive Area was defined as a 56,825 square kilometer area across six states by the Madhav Gadgil and K. Kasturirangan Committees (ESA). Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu are the six states. The petitioner had prayed with the Supreme Court to not put the Western Ghats Ecologically Expert Panel's and the High-Level Working Group's recommendations into effect (Kasturirangan Committee Report). Report by Madhav Gadgil: The entire Western Ghats, which span six states, 44 districts,…
15 September, 2022
Conservation
International Day of Clean Air for Blue Skies To create awareness and encourage efforts to enhance air quality under the National Clean Air Programme, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&C) recently held the 3rd International Day of Clean Air for Blue Skies called "Swachh Vayu Diwas ("Swachh Vayu Neel Gagan") today (NCAP). 20 of the 131 cities chosen for its National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) have surpassed their 2017 levels of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (60 micrograms per cubic metre) in 2021–2022. Theme: "The Air We Share". Major Points: In order to implement mitigation policies…
12 September, 2022
Air Pollution
Red-eared Slider Turtle Concern has been raised over the red-eared slider turtle, an invasive species, showing up in Kerala's public water bodies. Image Source - Scroll About The main issue is that it not only devastates the aquatic habitat (leading to the extinction of native species), but it also harbours bacteria that are dangerous to humans. It is therefore recognized as a significant invasive alien species. Of the 356 turtle species recognized worldwide, 29 freshwater turtle and tortoise species are found in India, and almost 80% of them are vulnerable. In India, the wildlife preservation act forbids keeping native turtles…
10 September, 2022
Wildlife & Fauna
Green hydrogen's benefits as fuel for India Long-term storage: The intermittent nature of renewable energy, particularly wind energy, causes grid instability. Green hydrogen has a high energy storage capacity. Fuel cells can be used to generate energy utilizing the hydrogen that has been stored. Grid stability: Hydrogen gas interacts with oxygen to produce electricity and water vapour in a fuel cell, a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. As a result, hydrogen can serve as an energy storage mechanism and promote grid stability. Financial advantages: According to experts, the oxygen that is created as a byproduct (8 kg…
09 September, 2022
Renewable Energy
Sea Cucumber Recent Chinese investment in a Sea cucumber farm has raised concerns among northern Sri Lankan fishermen. Image Source - Youtube About Sea Cucumber Marine creatures known as sea cucumbers have leathery skin and an elongated body with a single, branching gonad. They can be found in both tropical and temperate oceans, living in both deeper water and the intertidal zone. Sea cucumbers can be found in India in the waters surrounding the Lakshadweep and Andaman Nicobar islands as well as in Tamil Nadu's Gulf of Mannar, which is where the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal converge.…
06 September, 2022
Biodiversity & Environment
Rising Greenhouse Gas Image Source - Live Science Sea levels and greenhouse gas emissions reached new highs in 2021, according to a report by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the United States. Findings: The study, which claimed that Greenland's ice sheet is already starting to melt to dangerous levels and will eventually raise sea levels without any warming, came out just days before the report. The dwellings of hundreds of millions of people who live in low-lying locations all over the world are predicted to be submerged. Rising Greenhouse Gases: In 2021, the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse…
03 September, 2022
Climate change
International Whale Shark Day Save the Whale Shark Campaign was recently launched in Mangaluru by the Delhi-based nonprofit Wildlife Trust of India (WTI) along the states of Karnataka, Kerala, and Lakshadweep. International Whale Shark Day is celebrated on August 30, 2022, with the slogan "The Future of Sharks: Guardians of Our Seas." Save the Whale Campaign In cooperation with the Forest and Fisheries Departments of Karnataka, Kerala, and the Lakshadweep administration, the campaign will run along the coastal regions of these three states as well as the Lakshadweep islands. The effort also attempts to lessen the number of fishermen who…
02 September, 2022
Wildlife & Fauna
Community Forest Resource Rights The Mungeli district of Chhattisgarh has granted community forest resource rights to residents in four villages (CFRR). Following Udanti Sitanadi Tiger Reserve in the Dhamtari district, Achanakmar became the second tiger reserve in Chhattisgarh to receive CFRR. About Community Forest Resource Image Source - Sharbendu Common forest land that has traditionally been preserved and safeguarded for a specific community's sustainable usage is known as a Community Forest Resource (CFR) area. The community uses it to access resources that are located within the village's traditional and customary boundaries as well as for pastoralist communities' seasonal use of…
01 September, 2022
Forest
Getting India to Net Zero In order to achieve its objective of net zero emissions by 2070, India will need to invest $10.1 trillion across its entire economy, according to a recent analysis. About the report The paper, titled "Getting India to Net Zero," was just made public in New Delhi. Former Australian prime minister Kevin Rudd, who is also the president of the Asia Society Policy Institute, former UN secretary-general Ban Ki-moon, head of the International Finance Corporation and director of climate business Vivek Pathak, and former Indian foreign minister Shyam Saran all released the report. Advantages of…
27 August, 2022
Climate Change
Bhitarkanika National Park Image Source - Kalinga tv There has been an increased confrontation between humans and crocodiles, now that the crocodile population in the Bhitarkanika National Park has reached saturation. About Bhitarkanika National Park Orissa's Bhitarkanika National Park spans a massive 672 km2 region. It has India's second-largest mangrove habitat. A network of creeks and canals that receive floodwater from the rivers Brahmani, Baitarani, Dhamra, and Patasala create the National Park's distinctive environment. Due to its close proximity to the Bay of Bengal, the area's soil is salt-rich, and the sanctuary's vegetation and species are mostly found in tropical…
26 August, 2022
Biodiversity & Environment
Forever Chemicals In a recent investigation, researchers discovered that per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAs) are present in rainwater from various locations throughout the world. They are also known as "Forever Chemicals" due to their propensity to persist for extended periods of time in soil, precipitation, and the environment. Additionally, PFAs are included in the Stockholm Convention. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances They are synthetic chemicals used to create nonstick cookware, clothing that repels water and oil, materials that resist stains, cosmetics, firefighting gear, and several other goods. During their creation and use, they may travel to the air, water, and soil.…
23 August, 2022
Environmental Pollution
Arctic Snailfish with Freeze Proteins Scientists have discovered a fluorescent snailfish (Liparis gibbus) with antifreeze proteins coursing through its veins beneath a Greenland glacier. By doing this, snailfish may stop ice crystals from building up in their cells and bodily fluids. About the Discovery The first known Arctic bio fluorescent fish is also a result of the discovery of the Greenland snailfish. According to experts, it is uncommon for a marine animal to display fluorescence, the property that allows some living things, such as fish and insects, to absorb sunlight and reemit it as a distinct hue. Notothenioid fishes were once…
22 August, 2022
Biodiversity & Environment
Ocean Diversity Pact Deliberations on a groundbreaking deal to protect marine biodiversity on the high seas are being held in New York by a delegation from India and other UN members. 2018 saw the start of a number of conferences aimed at developing international regulations under the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) regarding the preservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in certain regions. What are High Seas? The high seas are those areas of the ocean that are not a part of a state's territorial sea, internal waters, or exclusive economic zones. All…
22 August, 2022
Biodiversity & Environment
Megalodon According to research, ancient Megalodon sharks were able to devour a whale in a few bites. About Megalodon Otodus megalodon is its scientific name. It is a mackerel shark species that were extinct millions of years ago. In the past 23 million to 2.6 million years, it inhabited the waters. It was the biggest shark to ever traverse the oceans of the planet. Description Around 70 tonnes, or the equivalent of 10 elephants, would have been the weight of the enormous transoceanic predator. Its typical cruising speed was higher than that of modern sharks. It was capable of migrating…
20 August, 2022
Wildlife & Fauna
African ‘orphan’ Crop Researchers recently discovered genes in the regional food crops of Africa that can increase drought tolerance. About Orphan crops Orphan crops are wholesome regional food crops that could be extremely important in the fight against hunger. Although they are not traded worldwide, these crops have evolved to be able to flourish in inclement weather. Crops Orphan crops including African yam bean, jojoba, jatropha, and finger and small millet are frequently found across the continent. Significance Changing weather It provides a remedy for growing worries that crop yield will be hampered by climate change. It had discovered genes…
13 August, 2022
Climate change
Amendments to Biodiversity Bill, 2021 The Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill 2021 was recently the subject of an investigation by the Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC), which recently submitted its recommendations. Image Source - Journals of India The Ministry of Environment and Climate Change submitted various revisions, which the JPC has accepted (MoEFCC). Biodiversity Act, 2002 To ensure the preservation of biological variety, sustainable use of its elements, and fair and equal distribution of the benefits resulting from the use of biological resources and traditional knowledge, the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 (BDA), was adopted. Features: According to the Act, no individual or…
12 August, 2022
Biodiversity & Environment
Declining Mangrove Cover: NASA STUDY NASA recently brought attention to the disappearance of mangroves on Katchal Island, which is a part of India's Nicobar archipelago. Image Source - NASA.gov Findings Of NASA Mangrove loss: The study revealed how much of the world's mangroves have disappeared during the last two decades. On August 8, 2022, the NASA Earth Observatory displayed a satellite-shot map of the island. The mapping highlighted the tidal wetland loss from 1999 to 2019. Earthquake impact The Andaman earthquake in December 2004 had a significant impact on the islands, causing up to 3 meters (10 feet) of land…
12 August, 2022
Vegetation
Rock Agama Researchers from the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) conducted a survey to determine the precise locations of the rock agama in and around Bengaluru. About rock agama It is a particular kind of garden lizard that is widely distributed in southern India. It is a big animal with eye-catching orange and black colouring. They need to find external sources of heat, such as a heated rock or a sunny area on the wall, as they cannot produce their own body heat. They are crucial to ecology in a variety of ways, including the ability to identify which urban…
09 August, 2022
Wildlife & Fauna
Indian Virtual Herbarium Indian Virtual Herbarium is attracting a lot of attention and is proving to be an intriguing project. About Indian virtual herbarium It is a database of dried plants. Indian Virtual Herbarium is an interesting collection of plants and preserved parts of plants. The virtual herbarium also presents a rich botanical diversity of the country. In addition to digital images of the herbarium specimens, the label data for each species includes all relevant information, including the family, genus, species, author citation, sub-species, variety (if any), collector, collection number, collection date, herbarium region, localities, plant description, habitat, and comments (if…
09 August, 2022
Flora
CLIMATE TARGET 2030 Recently, India has enhanced its climate change targets for 2030. The Prime Minister of India made a number of new commitments to strengthen climate action from India at UNFCCC COP 26 (Click on the blue link to understand all about COP 26 and Climate Change before going through this topic) in Glasgow in 2021. Revised target Emission Intensity: India currently pledges to reduce GDP emissions intensity (emissions per unit of GDP) by at least 45% from 2005 levels. Currently, a 33–35 per cent reduction was the goal. Energy generation India has also committed to making sure that by 2030, at…
06 August, 2022
Climate Change
Wildlife Protection Amendment Bill 2021 The Lok Sabha passed by voice vote the Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Bill-2021 which seeks to provide for the implementation of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It also seeks to amend the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972. The objective of the bill Prohibition of hunting, Protection and management of wildlife habitats, Establishment and control of trade in parts and products derived from wildlife Management of zoo CITES The bill aims to implement the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and…
04 August, 2022
Wildlife & Fauna
American Bullfrog & Brown Tree Snake The American bullfrog and Brown Tree Snake cost the world economy $16 billion, as per the study. The invasive duo has caused ecological damage in addition to ruining farm produce and causing expensive power interruptions. More than two million Brown Tree snakes populate the tiny Pacific Island, with one estimate calculating as many as 20 inhabitants per acre of Guam's jungle. The Brown Tree snakes have the most significant impact on Pacific islands, and the amphibian breed of the American bullfrog multiplied uncontrollably in Europe. About the Species The brown-and-green frog known as Lithobates…
02 August, 2022
Biodiversity & Environment
LOKTAK LAKE AND RECENT CONTROVERSY Loktak Lake Authority of Manipur recently issued a notice to remove all floating houses and fishing structures on Loktak lake. This has received a sharp reaction from the local Fishing Community & Homestay Operators. What are the Issues? There is a Lack of regulation. There is a growing number of homestays and huts that are constructed and have put the lake at vital risk, and even impacting the environment. There has been a sharp reduction in fish production and the traditional fisheries due to a major hydropower project that was started in the year 1983.…
01 August, 2022
Conservation
Gaia Hypothesis Recently, James Lovelock, the creator of the Gaia hypothesis died on his 103rd birthday. What is Gaia's hypothesis? It is named after the ancient Greek goddess of Earth. It is an interaction between living organisms on the Earth with their inorganic surroundings forming a complex, self-regulating and synergistic system that helps to perpetuate and maintain optimum conditions for life on the planet. It posits that life on Earth is a self-regulating community of organisms interacting with each other and their surroundings. About James Lovelock: He was one of the UK’s most respected independent scientists. He spent his life…
29 July, 2022
Biodiversity & Environment
INTERNATIONAL TIGER DAY AND CONSERVATION MEASURES Every year on 29TH July International Tiger Day is celebrated. The first International Tiger Day was celebrated in the year 2010 after it was found that 97% of all the wild tigers had disappeared in the last century, with about only 3,000 of them remaining. Aim: the aim is to halt the numbers from worsening as well as the preservation of these species, the day also aims to protect and expand their habitats. Conservation status of tiger Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972- Schedule I International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List- Endangered.…
29 July, 2022
Wildlife & Fauna
FIRST ASIAN RECORD OF LIGHT MANTLED ALBATROSS Asia’s first sighting of the Light Mantled Albatross, a species native to the Antarctic has been spotted on the Rameswaram coast. The researchers feel a change in atmospheric pressure could have been among the reason for the albatross to land on an Indian shore. About Albatross They have nasal tubes on the upper bill called naricorns, though with albatrosses these are on the sides of the upper mandible rather than the top. They also have a salt gland above the nasal passage which excretes a concentrated saline solution to maintain osmotic balance, due…
27 July, 2022
Wildlife & Fauna
INDIA ADDS FIVE MORE RAMSAR SITES India has added five more wetlands of international importance bringing the number of such sites in the country to 54 from the previous 49. These include three wetlands: (Karikili Bird Sanctuary, Pallikaranai Marsh Reserve Forest and Pichavaram Mangrove) in Tamil Nadu, Mizoram (Pala wetland) and Madhya Pradesh (Sakhya Sagar), In India Ramsar wetlands are spread over 11,000 sqkm and around 10% of the total wetland area in the country and across the 18 states. The UK(175) and Mexico (142) smaller countries than India have the most Ramsar sites, whereas Bolivia span 1,48,000 sq km under…
27 July, 2022
Biodiversity & Environment
SNOW LEOPARD A study on snow leopards has thrown up interesting insights into the elusive mountain cat and its prey species by the Zoological Survey of India. The studies highlighted the relationship between habitat uses by Snow Leopard, Siberian ibex and blue sheep under the National Mission on Himalayan by Zoological Survey of India. It mainly aimed at examining how the predator used habitat in the presence or absence of its prey species and vice-versa. The key highlight of the study It was found that the likelihood of detecting a snow leopard will increase if the place is also a…
26 July, 2022
Wildlife & Fauna
MONARCH BUTTERFLIES The migratory monarch butterflies have been declared endangered in the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Red List of threatened species. About monarch butterflies It's a sub-species of the Danaus Plexippus butterfly that travels around 4,000 kilometkilometers in America. It is the most recognizable butterfly species that are essential pollinators and further provides various ecosystem services such as maintaining the global food web. A smaller population of the species is also found in the countries like Australia, Hawaii, and India. Adult monarch butterflies possess two pairs of brilliant orange-red wings, featuring black veins and white spots along…
26 July, 2022
Biodiversity & Environment
KALI BEIN RIVER Punjab Chief Minister has been admitted to the hospital, days after he had drunk a glass of water directly from the River Kali Bein. About the River Kali Bein is one of the most important rivers (more as a rivulet) of Punjab. The total length of the river is around 165 kilometres. It emerges in Hoshiarpur and flows through four districts of Punjab and meets at the confluence of rivers Beas and Sutlej at Harike Pattan. Along its banks are around 80 villages and half a dozen small and big towns. Wastewater from villages as well as…
23 July, 2022
Conservation
ASIATIC BLACK BEAR Scientists from the Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, and the Himachal Pradesh Forest department have calculated the density and the population of Asiatic black bears in two Protected Areas of Himachal Pradesh. About black bears Scientists have calculated the population density of the bears for Darangati Wildlife Sanctuary and Rupi Bhaba. The asiatic black bear is also called the Himalayan bear, Tibetan bear, or moon bear. They are members of the bear family found from southern Iran to the Himalayas, Southeast Asia, and parts of eastern Asia, including Japan. The Asiatic black bear is omnivorous as they…
21 July, 2022
Animals
GREAT INDIAN BUSTARD Only four Female Great Indian Bustards (GIB) are left in Gujarat. According to a 2018 count, India has fewer than 150 GIBs, of which 122 are mainly in Rajasthan. About Great Indian Bustard The Great Indian Bustard is a bustard native to the Indian subcontinent. Bustards are large terrestrial birds found in dry grasslands and steppe regions. Also known as the Indian Bustard, it is among the heaviest flying birds in existence, standing at about 3.3 ft tall. Weighing about 15 kgs, the Great Indian Bustard is easily recognizable by its black cap over a pale head…
18 July, 2022
Conservation
DECRIMINALISATION OF INDIAN FOREST ACT 1927 The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has proposed a public notice for decriminalization of the Indian Forest Act, 1927. Key points Ministry is undertaking a review of the act to decriminalize minor sections of the law which include: Carrying timber into the forest, Trespassing by cattle, Felling a tree, Felling or damaging a tree is reserved under a special provision of the law, Kindling a fire or carrying fire in forest areas. Amendment proposed It focuses on decriminalization if a relatively minor violation of the law takes place. Fast resolution through the…
13 July, 2022
Forest
RED PANDA An ambitious program has been started by the Padmaja Naidu Himalayan zoological park to release 20 Red Pandas in about five years to the forest. About Red Panda In the world, there are only two different panda species the Giant pandas and the Red pandas. The red panda is the state animal of Sikkim. India is the home to both subspecies of Panda which is the Himalayan red panda and the Chinese red panda, both found in the forest of India, Nepal, Bhutan, and the northern mountains of Myanmar and Southern China. Red pandas are shy, solitary, and arboreal…
13 July, 2022
Wildlife & Fauna
AMENDMENT IN ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACT, 1986 Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has proposed the amendments in the Environment Protection Act, 1986. The Environment Ministry has proposed to levy more fines and less imprisonment for environmental violations. Present Clause in the Act: Currently the act says that the violators will be punishable with imprisonment up to five years or with a fine up to one lakh or, both. If the violation continues, an additional fine of up to 5000 for every single day during which such failure or contravention continues after the conviction was levied. Even there is also…
07 July, 2022
Biodiversity & Environment
FOREST CONSERVATION RULE 2022 Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has issued the Forest (Conservation) Rules, 2022. It is conferred by Section 4 of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, and in supersession of the Forest (Conservation) Rules, 2003. Provision of forest (conservation) rule 2022 Formation of Committees: It set up an Advisory Committee, a regional empowered committee at each of the integrated regional offices, and a project screening committee at the State/Union Territory (UT) government level. Advisory Committee: The function of the Advisory Committee is restricted to advise or recommending with regards to grants of approval under relevant sections…
02 July, 2022
Forest
HUMAN-WILDLIFE CONFLICT Human-wildlife conflict refers to the harmful interaction between humans and wildlife that lead to a loss in terms of life, property and resources. The expanding human population and their greediness lead to the encroachment of wildlife areas and disturbing their natural habitation. VERMIN ISSUE AND RECENT LAW: Recently the wildlife (protection) amendment bill 2021 was introduced in the parliament with the objective to change the wildlife (protection) act 1972. 1972 WLPA divide the species into 6 categories for the degree of protection to animals and plants from schedule I to VI, where schedule I and II animals and…
14 June, 2022
Biodiversity & Environment
UN FUND INSUFFICIENT FOR CLIMATE DISASTER: OXFAM Oxfam International released a report, which says the United Nations requires eight times more climate finance than 20 years ago to be able to provide humanitarian aid to low-income countries during climate-related disasters. It is also said that United Nation cannot provide poor countries with enough humanitarian relief to recover from climate disasters as rich donor countries are holding back their finances. CLIMATE DISASTER: Climate disaster refers to activity like floods, storms, drought, and heat waves mainly due to changes in climate over a long period of time either by a shift in…
13 June, 2022
Climate Change
GLOBAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2022 The report highlights India’s continuous decline in Sustainable Development Performance. India ranked 120 out of 163 countries in 2022. In 2020 it ranked 117. Sustainable Development Report is the global assessment of the country's progress toward achieving the sustainable development goal which is published by Sustainable Development Solution Network. (The United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) is a nonprofit organization made by United Nations to promote and advance Sustainable Development Goals). PERFORMANCE OF COUNTRY: Finland followed by Denmark and Sweden were the top three countries in the performance of the SDG index 2022. It was Bangladesh…
14 June, 2022
Sustainable development
India State of Forest Report 2021 Who prepares the India State of Forest Report, 2021? ‘India State of Forest Report 2021’ is prepared by the Forest Survey of India (FSI) which has been mandated to assess the forest and tree resources of the country. The ISFR-2021 provides information on forest cover, tree cover, mangrove cover, growing stock, carbon stock in India’s forests, forest fire monitoring, forest cover in tiger reserve areas, above ground estimates of biomass using SAR data & climate change hotspots in Indian forests. Features of India State of Forest Report, 2021 The total forest and tree cover…
15 January, 2022
Forest
PLI Scheme for Advance Chemistry Cell (ACC) Battery What are ACC Batteries? ACCs are the new generation of advanced storage technologies that can store electric energy, either as electrochemical or as chemical energy, and convert it back to electric energy as and when required. They will cater not only to electric vehicles but also to the consumer electronics industry, solar rooftops, and electricity grids. PLI Scheme for ACC Battery The Government on 12th May 2021 approved a Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for the manufacturing of Advance Chemistry Cell (ACC) in the country. The objective of the scheme is to…
16 January, 2022
Renewable Energy
Study on Countries’ commitment to Climate Change Context: This topic is important for UPSE GS Paper 3. The findings, while optimistic, come amidst the deliberations underway at Glasgow. How effective are climate change pledges made by countries in containing global warming? A study published Friday in the journal Science finds that the latest Nationally Determined Contributions by 120 countries, as of September 30, improve the odds of global temperature rise staying below 2°C by 34% and below 1.5°C by 1.5%. By way of comparison, the 2015 pledges made by countries at the Paris Agreement promised only an 8% chance of…
07 November, 2021
Climate Change
Net-Zero Emissions and India's Stand Context: Net Zero emission is highly important FOR prelims “Why after PARIS net zero emission becomes the new buzz to solve the problem of climate change and sea level rise. Why? India should not sign it…” What is NET ZERO EMISSION: Net zero emissions’ refers to achieving an overall balance between greenhouse gas emissions produced and greenhouse gas emissions taken out of the atmosphere. First, human-caused emissions (like those from fossil-fueled vehicles and factories) should be reduced as close to zero as possible. Second, any remaining GHGs should be balanced with an equivalent amount of…
27 October, 2021
Climate Change
Delhi metro earned Rs. 19.5 crores from Carbon credits Read the complete topic on Climate change on this link and then read this news. The Delhi Metro has earned? 19.5 crore from the sale of 3.55 million carbon credits collected over a period of six years from 2012 to 2018, in its bid towards gaining greater energy efficiency. In 2007, Delhi Metro became the first Metro or Railway project in the world to be registered by the United Nations under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which enabled it to claim carbon credits for its Regenerative Braking Project. The CDM is…
27 September, 2021
Climate Change
India now has 10 Blue Flag beaches In yet another recognition of India’s commitment to protect and conserve the pristine coastal and marine ecosystems through holistic management of the resources the globally recognized and the coveted International eco-label "Blue Flag”, has been accorded the Blue Flag Certification for 2 new beaches this year –Kovalam in Tamil Nadu and Eden in Puducherry beaches. What are Blue Flag beaches? Blue Flag certification is a globally recognised eco-label accorded by "Foundation for Environment Education in Denmark" based on 33 stringent criteria. Blue Flag for Beach Cleanup started in 1985 with the objective to…
22 September, 2021
Conservation
Plant Discoveries 2020 The Botanical Survey of India, in its new publication Plant Discoveries 2020 has added 267 new taxa/ species to the country’s flora. The 267 new discoveries include 119 angiosperms; 3 pteridophytes; 5 bryophytes, 44 lichens; 57 fungi, 21 algae and 18 microbes. In 2020, 202 new plant species were discovered across the country and 65 new records were added. With these new discoveries, the latest estimate of plant diversity in India stands at 54,733 taxa including 21,849 angiosperms, 82 gymnosperms, 1,310 pteridophytes, 2,791 bryophytes, 2,961 lichens, 15,504 fungi, 8,979 algae and 1,257 microbes. “The year 2020 will…
21 September, 2021
Flora
India’s 1st indigenous Coal gasification to Methanol plant at Hyderabad Methanol is utilized as a motor fuel, to power ship engines, and to generate clean power all over the world. Methanol is also used to generate di-methyl ether (DME), a liquid fuel that is very similar to diesel — existing diesel engines simply need to be minimally changed to use DME instead of diesel. The majority of worldwide methanol production is derived from Natural Gas, which is a relatively easy process. Since India doesn’t have much of the natural gas reserves, producing methanol from imported natural gas lead to outflow…
10 September, 2021
Renewable Energy
Diversion of Freshwater from the Brahmani river basin The massive diversion of fresh water from the Brahmani river basin could pose a grave threat to Bhittarkanika mangroves vegetation in Odisha. Bhitarkanika — a notified Ramsar wetland — is spread over 195 sq. km and is home to 62 mangrove species. Besides, 1,600 saltwater crocodiles crawl on the mudflats of the Bhitarkanika mangrove forest. Mangroves grow in brackish water. Proportionate freshwater flows from the Brahmani river basin and the Kharasrota river keep the salinity level of the water along the shore down. The brackish water becomes ideal for the mangroves to…
04 September, 2021
Vegetation
Shailendra Singh wins Behler Turtle Conservation Award Indian biologist Shailendra Singh has been awarded the Behler Turtle Conservation Award for bringing three critically endangered turtle conservation species back from the brink of extinction. A press statement issued by the headquarters of the Turtle Survival Alliance earlier this week said: “For some species, such as the red-crowned roofed turtle (Batagur kachuga), northern river terrapin (Batagur baska), and black softshell turtle (Nilssonia nigricans), Dr. Singh and his team’s efforts are the last hope for their wild survival in the country.” The award has been bestowed by several global bodies involved in turtle…
03 September, 2021
Animals
Campaign for Medicinal Plants on 75000 ha of land The National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB), Ministry of AYUSH has launched a national campaign to promote the cultivation of medicinal plants in the country as part of the Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav. This will help in increasing the income of farmers and realize the dream of Green India. Under this campaign, the cultivation of medicinal plants will be done on 75,000 hectares of land in the next year across the country. The program has been started in Saharanpur in UP and Pune in Maharashtra. This program is the second in the…
03 September, 2021
Flora
Ladakh adopts State animal and bird Ladakh adopted two endangered species, snow leopard and black-necked crane, as State animals and State birds, two years after it was carved out as a separate Union Territory (UT) from the erstwhile State of J&K. “The snow leopard (Panther unica) and black-necked crane (Grus nicricollis) shall be the State animal and State bird respectively of the UT of Ladakh from the date of issue of the notification,” reads an order issued by the Lieutenant Administration (LG) of Ladakh. Black-necked crane, only found in the Ladakh region, was the State bird of J&K before August…
02 September, 2021
Animals
Why are hydropower projects in the Himalayas risky? The Environment Ministry, in an affidavit placed in the Supreme Court earlier this month, has disclosed that it has permitted seven hydroelectric power projects, which are reportedly in advanced stages of construction, to go ahead. The seven projects are the Tehri Stage 2, Tapovan Vishnugadh (which was impacted by the February flood), Vishnugadh Pipalkoti, Singoli Bhatwari, Phata Bhuyang, Madhyamaheshwar and Kaliganga 2. One of them is the 512 MW Tapovan Vishnugadh project, in Joshimath, Uttarakhand which was damaged by a flood in February. Six months after a devastating flood of rock, ice…
29 August, 2021
Renewable Energy
Lake Sambhar is shrinking About Sambhar Lake The Sambhar Salt Lake, India's largest inland salt lake, is located 80 km southwest of the city of Jaipur and 64 km northeast of Ajmer, Rajasthan. It surrounds the historical Sambhar Lake Town. The lake receives water from six rivers: Mantha, Rupangarh, Khari, Khandela, Medtha and Samod. The lake is an extensive saline wetland , with water depth fluctuating from as few as 60 centimetres (24 in) during the dry season to about 3 meters (10 ft) at the end of the monsoon season. Sambhar has been designated as a Ramsar site (recognized…
27 August, 2021
Ecosystem
Reuse of wastewater: TADOX Technology by TERI New technology may soon enhance the reuse of wastewater in an affordable and sustainable manner. The technology which uses UV-Photocatalysis can treat municipal sewage and highly polluting industrial wastewater streams and increase its reuse as a technological option in industrial as well as municipal wastewater treatments. With the ever-increasing Water crisis and Water pollution, it becomes imperative for industries & utilities to reuse ‘treated water. However, the current treatment practices are inefficient because of their high dependence on biological treatment systems, which are unable to bear shock loads. This is followed by tertiary treatment…
26 August, 2021
Environmental Pollution
The Nansen Initiative The Nansen Initiative is a state-led, bottom-up consultative process intended to build consensus on the development of a protection agenda addressing the needs of people displaced across international borders in the context of disasters and the effects of climate change. The overall goal of the Nansen Initiative is to build consensus among States on key principles and elements to protect people displaced across borders in the context of disasters caused by natural hazards, including those linked to climate change. It aims to set in place back-stopping measures that address the needs of people and communities who are…
30 January, 2022
International Envt Treaties
India’s first Smog Tower in Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal on Monday inaugurated a ‘smog tower in Connaught Place and said similar towers would be built across the city if the results of the current pilot project are satisfactory. What is a Smog Tower? The smog tower is a 24-metre-high structure fitted with fans and air filters. This is to solve the problem of Air Pollution in Delhi. It will draw in polluted air from the top and release filtered air near the ground through fans fitted on the sides. The tower has 40 big fans and 5,000 filters to…
24 August, 2021
Air Pollution
Total Ramsar Sites in India are now 46! Four more wetlands from India get recognition from the Ramsar Secretariat as Ramsar sites. These sites are Thol and Wadhwana from Gujarat and Sultanpur and Bhindawas from Haryana. With this, the number of Ramsar sites in India is 46 and the surface area covered by these sites is now 1,083,322 hectares. While Haryana gets its first Ramsar sites, Gujarat gets three more after Nalsarovar which was declared in 2012. The aim of the Ramsar list is “to develop and maintain an international network of wetlands which are important for the conservation of global…
23 August, 2021
Ecosystem
Plastic Pollution in India Plastic Pollution is an important problem in India. It is a part of UPSC GS Paper III Biodiversity, Environment and Pollution in India. Before learning about Plastic Pollution in India it is highly recommended that you watch Ankit Sir's lecture about Plastic Pollution crisis and then come back to this write up. What are Single-use plastics? Single-use plastics (SUPs) are those that are discarded after one-time use. Besides the ubiquitous plastic bags, SUPs include water and flavoured/aerated drinks bottles, takeaway food containers, disposable cutlery, straws, and stirrers, processed food packets and wrappers, cotton bud sticks, etc. Of…
31 October, 2021
Plastic Pollution
Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2021 Plastic Waste Management is an important problem in India. It is a part of UPSC GS Paper III Biodiversity, Environment and Pollution in India. Before learning about Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2021 it is highly recommended that you watch Ankit Sir's lecture about Plastic Pollution in India and then come back to this legislation since this legislation is a solution to Plastic pollution crisis in India. Background Plastic has multiple uses and its physical and chemical properties lead to commercial success. However, the indiscriminate disposal of plastic has become a major threat to the environment. Pollution due to…
14 August, 2021
Plastic Pollution
Common survey to count elephants and tigers Why in news? From December, India will move to a system that will count tigers and elephants as part of a common survey in 2022. This will be for the first time that Tiger and Elephants will be counted in a single survey. The tiger survey is usually held once in four years and elephants are counted once in five years. According to the most recent 2018-19 survey, there were 2,997 tigers in India. According to the last count in 2017, there were 29,964 elephants in India. Since 2006, the Wildlife Institute of India…
13 August, 2021
Wildlife & Fauna
'Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis' IPCC’s Sixth Assessment Report The Sixth Assessment Report has been finalised and approved by 234 authors and 195 governments and updates the scientific consensus on extreme weather, human attribution, the carbon budget, feedback cycles, and charts the future state of the climate since the Fifth Assessment Report of 2014. The 3,000-plus-page report said warming is already accelerating sea level rise and worsening extremes such as heatwaves, droughts, floods and storms. The Indian Ocean is warming at a higher rate than other oceans, said the latest report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change…
10 August, 2021
Climate Change
Pensilungpa glacier of Zanskar valley is retreating The Pensilungpa Glacier located in Ladakh’s Zanskar Valley is retreating due to an increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation during winters, a recent study has found. Since 2015, the Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology (WIHG) at Dehradun, an autonomous body under the Department of Science and Technology, has been working on various aspects of glaciology – glacier health (mass balance) monitoring, dynamics, discharge, past climatic conditions, speculation for future climate change and its impact on glaciers in this region. A team of scientists from the institute ventured to study the less explored…
08 August, 2021
Climate Change
Sundarbans Plastic pollution First, watch this lecture by Ankit Sir on Plastic pollution in India and then read this news, your retention level will increase exponentially. The unregulated inflow of relief to the Sunderbans has resulted in a new crisis in the cyclone-battered region: plastic waste. Several NGOs, experts, and even officials of the District Police and the Forest Department have pointed out that the plastic accumulating on the isolated islands of the fragile ecosystem is cause for great concern. Ecologist Diya Banerjee has been pointing out the issue from as early as June, days after Cyclone Yaas inundated large…
08 August, 2021
Environmental Pollution
Agroforestry in India What is Agroforestry? Agroforestry is a collective name for land-use systems and technologies where woody perennials (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc.) are deliberately used on the same land-management units as agricultural crops and/or animals, in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence. In agroforestry systems, there are both ecological and economical interactions between the different components. Agroforestry can also be defined as a dynamic, ecologically based, natural resource management system that, through the integration of trees on farms and in the agricultural landscape, diversifies and sustains production for increased social, economic and environmental benefits for land…
02 December, 2021
National Envt Treaties
Air Quality Commission Bill for NCR Delhi cleared To read complete news on Air Pollution in Delhi: click here The Lok Sabha passed the Bill to formalise the Commission for Air Quality Management For National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas. The body has a full time chairperson and a range of members consisting of both representatives from several Ministries as well as independent experts and will have the final say on evolving policy and issuing directions to address air pollution in Delhi and the adjoining regions. The Centre, facing flak earlier this year from farmers protesting the farm laws,…
06 August, 2021
Air Pollution
Government efforts to clean river Cleaning and rejuvenation of rivers is an ongoing activity. It is the responsibility of the States/Union Territories (UTs) and local bodies to ensure the required treatment of sewage and industrial effluents to the prescribed norms before discharging into rivers and other water bodies, coastal waters or land to prevent and control of pollution therein. For the conservation of rivers, this Ministry has been supplementing efforts of the States/UTs by providing financial and technical assistance for the abatement of pollution in identified stretches of rivers in the country through the Central Sector Scheme of Namami Gange…
04 August, 2021
Environmental Pollution
Electric Vehicles and Government Policies Electric Vehicle Policy India Electric Vehicle as the car uses alternate fuel electricity instead of petrol or diesel. An electric vehicle uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion. There is a growing acceptance for hybrid and electric cars in the country and more and more manufacturers are entering this niche segment with an express objective of lowering the fuel import bill and running cost of vehicles. Conversion of vehicles to electric vehicles has the potential to save fossil fuels worth about $100 bn annually, which in turn would save the country…
17 January, 2022
Renewable Energy
Aerosol and Climate Change Scientists tracing the concentration, size and evolution of aerosol particles smaller than 3 nanometres at an urban location in India have found the frequent formation of sub-3nm aerosol particles in the atmosphere. This has critical importance as a major fraction of these newly formed particles can reach sizes of cloud condensation nuclei where they have climatic impacts. The formation of small molecular clusters of sub-3nm size is technically called aerosol nucleation, and the subsequent growth of these newly formed clusters to large sizes is called atmospheric new particle formation (NPF). NPF occurs everywhere in the terrestrial troposphere,…
02 August, 2021
Air Pollution
The IITM-ESM Model (Earth System Model) The government has developed an indigenous climate model to predict the impact of climate change on monsoon in the country. A state-of-the-art Earth System Model (ESM) has been developed at the Centre for Climate Change Research (CCCR), the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES). The model development was done by the scientists at IITM Pune in collaboration with the international research community. This model is a state-of-the-art climate model with components of the atmosphere, ocean including deep ocean circulation, Arctic and Antarctic sea ice and ocean biogeochemistry.…
28 July, 2021
Climate Change
Yamuna River Pollution Read the complete topic about Water pollution and then read this news for the most retention. The 22 km stretch of Yamuna from Wazirabad to Okhla in Delhi, which is less than 2% of the river length, accounts for about 80% of the pollution load in the river. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, an environmental flow is the water provided within a river, wetland or coastal zone to maintain ecosystems and their benefits where there are competing water uses and where flows are regulated. Levels of fecal coliform (microbes from human and animal…
27 July, 2021
Environmental Pollution
Wetlands and Conservation Wetlands are the lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems where the water table is usually at or near the surface or land is covered by shallow water. Productivity of Estuaries > Swamp, Marshes, Wetlands > Coral Reefs > Equatorial and Tropical rainforests > Savannah. Definition: Areas of marsh, fen, peatland/ water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with static or flowing water, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the "depth of which is < 6 m". Waterlogged soil for at least 7 days, adapted plant life (hydrophytes) and hydric soils (not enough Oxygen) are the main characteristics of Wetlands. It occupies 18.4% of the…
27 July, 2021
Ecosystem
Marine Pollution What is Marine Pollution? Marine pollution is a combination of chemicals and trash, most of which comes from land sources and is washed or blown into the ocean. This pollution results in damage to the environment, the health of all organisms, and to economic structures worldwide. Marine pollution is a part of Water pollution. Click here to read the Water pollution topic. Sources of Marine Pollution: Land-Based Activities: Dumping of hazardous waste, heavy discharges from industry, the inflow of fertilizers and pesticides from Agri fields. Pollution from Open exploration: Offshore drilling. Marine debris: Sunken ships (w their cargo…
03 December, 2021
Environmental Pollution
Everything about: Elephants Asiatic Elephant Asiatic Elephant is Endangered in IUCN; Schedule I of Wildlife Protection Act and Appendix I of CITES. Elephants are National Heritage animals. World Elephant Day = 12 Aug, 2017. Elephant Reserves (ER are declared by Center) Singhbhum ER in JH is the 1st ER of India. Karnataka has the highest Elephants followed by Assam & Kerala. Singphan ER = Nagaland. (Other Protected Areas in NG = Itangki NP, Fakim WS, Pulibadze WS, Rangapahar WS). Manas NP is also an Elephant reserve. Elephant Corridors Elephant Corridors are narrow strips of land that connect 2 large habitats of Elephants. Elephant corridors are crucial to reducing animal fatalities due to accidents and other…
25 July, 2021
Wildlife & Fauna
Green Crackers and NGT Green crackers are less harmful and less dangerous than conventional ones. They are the crackers with reduced emission and decibel levels. They are known as 'green' firecrackers because they have a chemical formulation that produces water molecules, which substantially reduce emission levels and absorbs dust. They are cheaper to manufacture and produce 30-35% less SO2 and NO2 emissions. What are the Green Crackers? Traditional firecrackers are made of barium nitrate, antimony etc. which causes respiratory problems and even cancer. Green crackers are the crackers without barium nitrate. NEERI substituted barium nitrate with Potassium Nitrate and Zeolite. NEERI…
24 July, 2021
Air Pollution
Microplastics in Ganga An analysis of the stretches of the river Ganga by a Delhi-based environment NGO, Toxics Link, has revealed pollution by microplastics, defined as synthetic solid particles sized ranging from 1 micrometre to 5 millimetres (mm), which are insoluble in water. The Ganga flows across five States and has been at the centre of a massive multi-crore undertaking by the Union government, in the form of the National Mission for Clean Ganga, to rid it off contamination. About Microplastics Microplastics are recognized as a major source of marine pollution. Untreated sewage from many cities along the river’s course,…
23 July, 2021
Air Pollution
Danube Sturgeon- Illegal Selling According to a report released by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the illegal sale of Danube Sturgeon, one of the most endangered species in the world, is rampant in the lower Danube (River) region, especially in Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Ukraine. The Danube is the second longest river in Europe after the Volga. It rises in the Black Forest mountains of western Germany and flows for some 2,850 km to its mouth on the Black Sea. Danube Sturgeons Sturgeons have existed since the time of dinosaurs, for about 200 million years. Some of the species can grow up to eight metres in length and live more than a century. They are…
15 April, 2021
Conservation
Climate change has added over 1,000 lakes in Swiss Alps: study Glaciers there lost a full 2% of their volume last year alone Climate change has dramatically altered the Swiss Alp landscape — at a quicker pace than expected — as melting glaciers have created more than 1,000 new lakes across the mountains, a study published on Monday showed. The inventory of Swiss Glacial lakes showed that almost 1,200 new lakes have formed in formerly glaciated regions of the Swiss Alps since the end of the Little Ice Age around 1850. Around 1,000 of them still exist today, according to…
20 July, 2021
Climate Change
Achieving Paris Agreement- the key to save endemic species: Study According to a study published in the journal Biological Conservation, 90% of the endemic species will face extinction unless the goals of the Paris Agreement are met. For example, Kolar Leaf Nose Bat is endemic to India and endemic to only one cave in Hanumanahalli village in Kolar district, Karnataka Endemic species are those plants and animals that exist only in one geographical region. Species can be endemic to an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone. About the Study Conducted The scientists analysed almost 300 biodiversity hotspots — places with…
11 April, 2021
Biodiversity & Environment
Climate Change Impact on Health With the monsoon making a revival over several parts of India, there is a rise in lightning-linked deaths. Over the years, the Home Ministry’s statistics consistently cited lightning as the biggest natural disaster-linked killer in India. The recent statistics from the National Crime Records Bureau, from 2019, said that year, there were 8,145 deaths in the country attributable to forces of nature. Of these, 35.3% deaths were reported due to ‘lightning’, 15.6% deaths due to ‘heat/sun stroke’ and 11.6% deaths due to ‘flood’. Most of those who died due to accidents caused by forces of…
13 July, 2021
Climate Change
Clean Ganga Fund- Role in Ganga Conservation The main goal of the Government’s flagship program Namami Gange has been to make Ganga clean and restore its pristine glory. Rejuvenation of such a long river not only poses tremendous challenges but also requires huge investment. The Government has already quadrupled the budget, but still, it will not be sufficient for such a mammoth amount of work. Therefore, a Clean Ganga Fund was created by the Government, in which everyone can contribute funds to clean the river Ganga. Background- Cleaning Ganga The Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1986 with the objective of pollution…
08 April, 2021
Biodiversity & Environment
Sikkim Vegetation Sikkim, the smallest State with less than 1% of India’s landmass, is home to 27% of all flowering plants found in the country, reveals a recent publication by the Botanical Survey of India (BSI). Flora of Sikkim – A Pictorial Guide, released earlier this week, lists 4,912 naturally occurring flowering plants in the tiny Himalayan State. The total number of naturally occurring flowering plants in the country is about 18,004 species, and with 4,912 species, the diversity of flowering plants in Sikkim, spread over an area of 7,096 sq. km, is very unique. Dr. Gogoi said the publication…
11 July, 2021
Biodiversity & Environment
Mangroves in India They are evergreen forests with salt tolerant trees (halophytes). They are adapted to low oxygen (anoxic) conditions of waterlogged mud. The richest Mangrove communities occur in tropical and subtropical areas i.e. Between 30 degree North and South latitudes. Where Water temperature is > 24 degrees in the warmest month. Where Annual rainfall is > 125 cm. Where Mountain ranges > 700 m are found close to the coast. Mangroves are found almost in all continents except Europe, the Arctic and the Antarctic. The best Mangroves are found in Asia, especially in India and Bangladesh. India has 7% of the World's total area of Mangroves. Of the total Mangroves 80% are found along the East coast - Sundarbans, Bhitarkanika and…
11 July, 2021
Vegetation
Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) Background An AQI between 0-50 is considered ‘good’, 51-100 ‘satisfactory’, 101-200 ‘moderate’, 201-300 ‘poor’, 301-400 ‘very poor', and 401-500 ‘severe’. Above 500 falls in the ‘severe-plus emergency’ category. Measures announced under Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)- Severe+ or Emergency- (PM 2.5 over 300 µg/cubic meter or PM10 over 500 µg/cu. m. for 48+ hours): Stop entry of trucks into Delhi (except essential commodities). Stop construction work. Introduce an odd/even scheme for private vehicles and minimize exemptions. Task Force to decide any additional steps including shutting of schools. Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP): Approved by the Supreme…
06 December, 2021
Air Pollution
Sunderlal Bahuguna and Chipko Movement The 94-year-old environmentalist succumbed to Covid-19 on May 21, 2021, at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) in Rishikesh, Uttarakhand. With his demise, India has lost one of the finest environmentalists and social workers who had also been part of India’s freedom movement. About Sundarlal Bahuguna Born in village Maroda near Tehri, Uttarakhand on January 9, 1927, he was an active revolutionary during the Indian Freedom Struggle. Early in his life, Sunderlal Bahuguna met Gandhian Sridev Suman, who later died while on a long fast of 84 days against the atrocities of Tehri’s…
22 May, 2021
Biodiversity & Environment
National Ganga River Basin Authority, 2009 It was established in 2009 under Environment Protection Act, 1986 (which also declared Ganga as a 'National river'). It is financing, planning, implementing, monitoring, and coordinating authorities for Ganga under Jal Shakti Ministry. In 2014, it is transferred from MoEF to the Ministry of Jal Shakti. PM is the Chairperson. In 2016, it was changed to National Ganga Council (NGC). NMCG (National Mission on Clean Ganga), 2016 It is the implementation wing of NGC set up in 2016 under River Ganga Authority Order 2016 (which dissolved NGRBA). It has 2 tier management structure (Governing Council & Executive Committee - 1000 crore approval). It has 5 tier structure at the National, State & Dist levels: NGC (PM), Empowered…
06 July, 2021
Environmental Pollution
National Mission on use of Biomass in coal-based thermal power plants Ministry of Power has decided to set up a National Mission on the use of Biomass in coal-based thermal power plants. This would further support the energy transition in the country and our targets to move towards cleaner energy sources. Objectives: To increase the level of co-firing from the present 5% to higher levels to have a larger share of carbon-neutral power generation from the thermal power plants. To take up R&D activity in boiler design to handle the higher amount of silica, and alkalis in the biomass pellets.…
25 May, 2021
Air Pollution
Crocodile species in India There are 3 species of crocodilians in India — Saltwater/ Estuarine Crocodile; Mugger/ Marsh/ Indian/ Broad snouted Crocodile and Gharial or Gavial or Fish eating crocodile Mugger Crocodile or Marsh Crocodile or Broad snouted crocodile It is mainly a freshwater species, and found in lakes, rivers and marshes. It is Vulnerable in IUCN; Appendix I of CITES; Schedule I of WPA. Its habitat includes wetlands (inland), marine neritic (shallow part of the ocean), artificial/aquatic & marine. Vadodara is the only city in India where crocodiles live in their natural habitat amidst the human population. It is extinct in Myanmar and Bhutan and possibly extinct in Bangladesh. Recently Gujarat relocated Mugger…
05 July, 2021
Animals
186 elephants were killed on rail tracks in over 10 years Asiatic Elephant Asiatic Elephant is Endangered in IUCN; Schedule I of Wildlife Protection Act and Appendix I of CITES. Elephants are National Heritage animals. World Elephant Day = 12 Aug, 2017. Elephant Reserves (ER are declared by the Center) Singhbhum ER in JH is the 1st ER in India. Karnataka has the highest Elephants followed by Assam & Kerala. Singphan ER = Nagaland. (Other Protected Areas in NG = Itangki NP, Fakim WS, Pulibadze WS, Rangapahar WS). Manas NP is also an Elephant reserve. Elephant Corridors Elephant Corridots are narrow strips of land that connect 2 large habitats of Elephants. Elephant corridors are crucial…
15 May, 2021
Wildlife & Fauna
Accurate estimation of Black Carbon over Himalaya Accurate estimation of black carbon (BC), the second most important global warming pollutant after CO2, will now be possible using optical instruments in the Himalayan region. Thanks to a parameter called the mass absorption cross-section (MAC) specific to the Himalayan region that scientists have estimated. It will also improve the performance of numerical weather prediction and climate models. Scientists at the Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), an autonomous institute under the Department of Science & Technology (DST), Govt. of India, in collaboration with scientists from the University of Delhi, IIT Kanpur…
08 June, 2021
Air Pollution
Everything about Coral Reefs Coral Polyp is a living animal living in a symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae algae. Corals are actually white and they receive their colours and Energy from zooxanthellae algae. The coral polyp provides Algae with a Protected Environment. Productivity of Estuaries > Swamp, Marshes, Wetlands > Coral Reefs > Equatorial and Tropical rainforests > Savannah. Coral reefs are CaCO3 (Limestone) material. The majority of corals are found in tropical and subtropical water, there are also deepwater corals in colder regions. Coral belongs to the class Anthozoa in the animal phylum Cnidaria, which includes sea anemones and jellyfish. Unlike sea anemones, corals secrete hard carbonate exoskeletons that support and protect…
28 June, 2021
Wildlife & Fauna
Do insects migrate? Which insect has the longest migration route? Many dragonflies, beetles, butterflies, locusts and moths are known to migrate during the breeding season and the distance travelled varies with species. Most insects travel in large groups and scientists have been studying these movements for several years. A recent study (PNAS) noted that the painted lady butterfly (Vanessa cardui) can make 12,000 to 14,000 kilometre round trips. This is the longest annual insect migration circuit so far known. Found in sub-Saharan Africa, the butterfly is able to travel to Europe, crossing the Sahara Desert when weather conditions are favourable.…
27 June, 2021
Biodiversity & Environment
Black Carbon study by World Bank About Black Carbon Black Carbon (BC) =It is a Pollutant as well as a GHG. It is a solid particle or aerosol & a component of Particulate Matter. Black carbon consists of pure carbon in several linked forms. It is formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuel, and biomass (like soot & dust), and is emitted in both anthropogenic and naturally occurring soot. It is short-lived. It is the strongest absorber of sunlight and heats the atmosphere directly. It can upset the monsoon system and disrupt cloudiness. Black Carbon Study by…
04 June, 2021
Air Pollution
Climate crisis to hit sooner What is the news? Climate change will fundamentally reshape life on Earth in the coming decades, even if humans can tame planet-warming greenhouse gas emissions, according to a landmark draft report from the UN’s climate science advisers obtained by AFP Earlier models predicted that we were not likely to see Earth-altering climate change before 2100. But the UN draft report says that prolonged warming even beyond the threshold of 1.5 degrees Celsius could produce “progressively serious, centuries’ long and, in some cases, irreversible consequences”. Dangerous thresholds are closer than once thought, and dire consequences stemming…
24 June, 2021
Climate Change
Ramsar sites and Wetlands in India Context: A wetland is a place where the land is covered by water. Marshes, ponds, the edge of a lake/ocean, the delta at the mouth of a river, low-lying areas that frequently flood — all of these are wetlands. Wetlands of international importance are also known as Ramsar sites. Wetlands are areas where water is the primary factor controlling the environment and the associated plant and animal life. They occur where the water table is at or near the surface of the land, or where the land is covered by water. Wetlands are defined…
01 February, 2022
Ecosystem
Black Softshell Turtle Conservation in Assam A major temple in Assam has signed a memorandum of understanding with two green NGOs, the Assam State Zoo-cum-Botanical Garden and the Kamrup district administration for the long-term conservation of the rare freshwater black softshell turtle or the Nilssonia nigricans. A vision document 2030 was also launched after Turtle Survival Alliance India and Help Earth signed the pact involving the Hayagriva Madhava Temple Committee. The temple, revered by both Hindus and Buddhists, is at Hajo, about 30 km northwest of Guwahati. Until sightings along the Brahmaputra’s drainage in Assam, the black softshell turtle was…
21 June, 2021
Conservation
Why do some corals withstand climate change better than others? In 2014 and 2015, the brown rice coral in Hawaii was completely bleached, but the blue rice coral recovered quickly after bleaching, and blue coral was unaffected by the elevated ocean temperatures. Researchers from the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, U.S., have now decoded the reason for this resilience. Hawaiian blue rice corals have a deep blue pigment derived from algae called zooxanthellae that live inside the coral tissue. The researchers found that these algae produce sunscreen for the coral. This pigment has a protein named chromoprotein which filters out harmful…
13 June, 2021
Climate Change
Operation Olivia Every year, the Indian Coast Guard’s “Operation Olivia”, initiated in the early 1980s, helps protect Olive Ridley turtles as they congregate along the Odisha coast for breeding and nesting from November to December. The Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) is listed as vulnerable under the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red list. All five species of sea turtles found in India are included in Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, and in Appendix I of the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora which prohibits trade in turtle products by…
13 June, 2021
Wildlife & Fauna
New Critically Endangered Tree species discovered in the Andaman Islands A 15-metre-tall tree that belongs to the genus of the coffee family has recently been discovered in the Andaman Islands by a team of researchers from India and the Philippines. The new species, Pyrostria laljii, is also the first record of the genus Pyrostria in India, the researchers said. Plants belonging to the genus Pyrostria are usually found in Madagascar, but the recently discovered species is new to science. The tree is distinguished by a long stem with a whitish coating on the trunk and oblong-obovate leaves with a cuneate…
14 June, 2021
Flora
Leaders’ Summit on Climate- India-US Clean Energy Agenda 2030 Partnership Introduction Recently, the Leaders' Summit on Climate was convened by the US President virtually. 40 world leaders were invited to the event to underscore the urgency of stronger climate action. UN COP 26 United Nations Climate Change Conference, Conference of the Parties 26 (COP 26) in November 2021 in Glasgow, Scotland. India-US Clean Energy Agenda 2030 Partnership: It is a joint climate and clean energy initiative of India with the US. It will demonstrate how the world can align swift climate action with inclusive and resilient economic development, taking into…
26 April, 2021
Climate Change
Air Pollution in Delhi UPSC Air Pollution and AQI Context: UPSC GS Paper III – Air Pollution (Prelims – Mains – Interview) What is the National Air Quality Index? Launched in 2014 with outline ‘One Number – One Color -One Description’ for the common man to judge the air quality within his vicinity. The measurement of air quality is based on eight pollutants, namely: Particulate Matter (PM10), Particulate Matter (PM2.5), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Ozone (O3), Ammonia (NH3), and Lead (Pb). AQI has six categories of air quality. These are: Good, Satisfactory, Moderately Polluted, Poor,…
01 May, 2021
Air Pollution
Great Nicobar development plan and its environmental concerns- NITI Aayog Environment Appraisal Committee (EAC) on the plan The Environment Appraisal Committee (EAC) - of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has flagged serious concerns about NITI Aayog’s ambitious project for Great Nicobar Island The committee has, however, removed the first hurdle faced by the project. The EAC was responding to the 126-page ‘pre-feasibility’ report, ‘Holistic Development of Great Nicobar Island at Andaman and Nicobar Islands, prepared for the NITI Aayog by the Gurugram-based consulting agency Aecom India Private Limited. Proposals for the Great Nicobar plan The proposal…
10 May, 2021
Environmental Impact Assessment
Methane Emissions- Global Methane Assessment & Climate Change GS-Paper-3: Environment and climate change – UPSC PRELIMS – Mains Application “Human-caused methane emissions must be cut by 45 per cent to avoid the worst effects of climate change, a new United Nations report has said” Such a cut would prevent a rise in global warming by up to 0.3 degrees Celsius by 2045, the report added. It would also prevent 260,000 premature deaths, 775,000 asthma-related hospital visits annually, as well as 25 million tonnes of crop losses. Human-caused methane emissions are increasing faster currently than at any other time since record-keeping…
09 May, 2021
Climate Change
The shift in Earth’s Axis-Climate Change GS-Paper-3: Environment – UPSC PRELIMS – Mains Application A new study has added the shifting of Earth’s axis to the list of consequences of climate change, which already includes rising sea levels, heat waves, melting glaciers and storms. While this change is not expected to affect daily life, it can change the length of the day by a few milliseconds. Earth’s Axis The Earth’s axis of rotation is the line along which it spins around itself as it revolves around the Sun. The points on which the axis intersects the planet’s surface are the…
05 May, 2021
Climate Change
Global Climate Risk Index 2021 GS-Paper-3: Environment – UPSC PRELIMS – Mains Application The Global Climate Risk Index analyses to what extent countries and regions have been affected by impacts of weather-related loss events (storms, floods, heat waves etc.). The report is annually released by Germanwatch, an environmental think tank and sustainable development lobbyist. The 16th edition of the Global Climate Risk Index was released on January 25, 2021. The Global CRI 2021 displayed data based on human impacts (fatalities) and direct economic losses due to extreme weather events in 2019 and between 2000 and 2019. ** India was ranked…
28 April, 2021
Climate Change
The Global Climate 2020 GS-Paper-3: Environment – UPSC PRELIMS – Mains Application World Meteorological Organization (WMO) released its annual State of the Global Climate for 2020 on April 20, 2021. Irrespective of the widespread surmise that lockdowns and shutdowns to curb the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic would lower emissions and reduce the impact on climate, the report has scary findings. According to the report: Extreme weather combined with COVID-19 in a double blow for millions of people in 2020. However, the pandemic-related economic slowdown failed to put a brake on climate change drivers and accelerating impacts. Key Points This annual report…
29 April, 2021
Climate Change
National Climate Vulnerability Assessment Report The Department of Science and Technology (DST) has recently released the National climate vulnerability assessment report. About National Climate Vulnerability Assessment Report: The National Climate Vulnerability Assessment Report identifies the most vulnerable states and districts in India, as per the current climate risk and key drivers of vulnerability. The report uses several key drivers of Vulnerability for the assessment- 1) a percentage of the population living below the poverty line; 2) income share from natural resources; 3) Also, the proportion of marginal and small landholdings, 4) women’s participation in the workforce, and; 5) the density of…
21 April, 2021
Climate Change
India’s First “Disc Footed Bat found in Meghalaya Researchers from the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) have discovered India’s first disc footed bat near the Nongkhyllem Wildlife Sanctuary in Meghalaya. About Disc Footed Bat: This bat (Eudiscopus denticulus) is a bat species that is very different. It has a flat skull, prominent disk-like pads in the thumb, and bright orange colouration. This bat rests inside bamboo internodes. Their sticky disks and flattened skull help them in this. So far, this species only thrive in Southern China, Vietnam, Thailand, and Myanmar. The disc-footed bat is genetically very different from all other bats bearing…
20 April, 2021
Conservation
Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index The comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI) is a rational number to characterise the quality of the environment at a given location following the algorithm of source, pathway and receptor. An increase in the CEPI score denotes adverse effects on the receiving environment. A Delhi-based think-tank Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) did an assessment of Tamil Nadu’s CEPI scores. Groundwater is becoming more polluted in Tamil Nadu’s industrial areas and Vellore is the state’s most polluted district in terms of river pollution. According to the CEPI water score 2018, five industrial clusters in Tamil Nadu were…
02 April, 2021
Environmental Pollution
Jammu and Kashmir Lakes Srinagar’s Dal Lake along with five other ones in Jammu and Kashmir are to be declared protected wetlands. Wetland Information: https://www.aspireias.com/upsc-related-facts-and-data/Ramsar-sites-Wetlands-in-India-Quick-facts Other lakes - Wular Lake, and Nigeen Lake in the Kashmir region; Sanasar Lake, Manasbal Lake and Purmandal lake or Chotta Kashi (in Samba district) in the Jammu region. The decision was taken in the meeting of the Jammu and Kashmir Wetland Authority, chaired by Chief Secretary. Chief Secretary asked the Forest Department to profile various wetlands of Jammu and Kashmir and recommend their notification under, Environment Protection Act, 1986 and Wetland (Conversation & Management)…
02 April, 2021
Conservation
Biodiversity Heritage Sites in India: UPSC PRELIMS GS-Paper-3: Environment– UPSC PRELIMS – Mains Application Context: BHS are areas that are unique, ecologically fragile ecosystems - terrestrial, coastal, inland and marine waters - having a rich biodiversity. Maharashtra government declared an area at Amboli in Western ghats in Sindhudurg district as a Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS). More Envi Information: http://www.wiienvis.nic.in/Database/bhs_8650.aspx BHS are areas that are unique, ecologically fragile ecosystems - terrestrial, coastal, inland and marine waters - having a rich biodiversity. The biodiversity comprises any one or more of the components like, Species richness - Wild and domesticated species or intra-specific categories,…
02 April, 2021
Conservation
Culex Mosquito With the change in season and rise in temperature, culex or common house mosquitoes have made reappearance across Delhi. Unlike Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which spread dengue and chikungunya and breed in clean water, culex mosquitoes breed in unclean stagnant water. Culex mosquitoes are known as carriers or vectors of diseases such as Japanese encephalitis, West Nile Virus and Lymphatic filariasis. They bite by detecting body heat and carbon dioxide that humans exhale.
02 April, 2021
Wildlife & Fauna
National Award for Excellence in Forestry The National Award of Excellence for Outstanding Research in Forestry for the year 2019 has been awarded to Kannan C S Warrier, a scientist at the Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding (IFGTB). This award is conferred by the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE). The award has been awarded to Kannan C S Warrier for releasing three salt-tolerant productive clones of Casuarina that are suitable for salt-affected soils, for the first time in the country. India has 6.73 million hectares of salt-affected land and is also the largest producer of Casuarina in the world which makes the production of these…
01 April, 2021
Wildlife & Fauna
National Climate Vulnerability Assessment Report The report titled ‘Climate Vulnerability Assessment for Adaptation Planning in India Using a Common Framework’, was released by DST, which identifies the most vulnerable states and districts in India with respect to current climate risk and key drivers of vulnerability. A total of 94 representatives from 24 states and 2 Union Territories participated in the nationwide exercise jointly supported by the DST and the Swiss Agency for Development & Cooperation (SDC). The National climate vulnerability assessment report has identified Jharkhand, Mizoram, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Assam, Bihar, Arunachal Pradesh, and West Bengal as states highly vulnerable to…
18 April, 2021
Climate Change
Great Indian Bustard poaching Great Indian Bustard and Conservation Efforts It is one of the heaviest Flight birds. They have weak eyesight. Habitat is grassland (not covered under Forest Conservation Act, 1980). It is endemic to the Indian subcontinent found in Central India, west India and eastern Pakistan. Bustard species found in India: Great Indian Bustard, Lesser Florican and Bengal Florican; Houbara Bustard in Pakistan. It is considered the flagship/ indicator grassland species, representing the health of the grassland ecology. No species can replace it. It has an L-shaped habitat = Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and…
18 April, 2021
Animals
Indus and Ganges River Dolphins were Detected to be 2 different species According to an analysis of the Indus and Ganges River dolphins, it was found they are not one but two separate different species. What is the current classification? Currently, Indus and Ganges River dolphins are classified as two subspecies of South Asian river dolphins(Platanista gangetica). What has the analysis revealed? The researchers examined the DNA samples of the Indus and Gangetic River Dolphins. They found out that the Indus and Ganges river dolphins have clear genetic differences. Also, there is a difference in the number of teeth, colouration,…
16 April, 2021
Conservation
Indian Rhino Vision 2020 Indian Rhino Vision 2020 (IRV 2020) ended with the release of two rhinos. An adult male and a female rhino were transported to Assam’s Manas National Park from Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary. Indian Rhino Vision Plan 2020: Indian Rhino Vision Plan 2020 was launched in 2005. The vision of IRV was: Increase the Rhino Population in Assam from about 2000 to 3000 by 2020. Ensure that one-horned rhinos are spread over seven protected areas in the Indian state of Assam by the year 2020. Seven Protected Areas: The seven protected areas are Kaziranga, Pobitora, Orang National Park,…
15 April, 2021
Conservation
Antarctica’s Thwaites Glacier is Melting Researchers at a Sweden University released a new finding related to the melting of the Thwaites Glacier. About Thwaites Glacier: Thwaites Glacier is a 120 km wide, fast-moving glacier located in Antarctica. Because of its size (1.9 lakh square km), it contains enough water to raise the world sea level by more than half a meter. It’s melting already contributes 4% to global sea-level rise each year. It is estimated that it would collapse into the sea in 200-900 years. Studies have found the amount of ice flowing out of it has nearly doubled over…
14 April, 2021
Climate Change
Recent Dolphin Census Report Released The Odisha State Forest and Environment Department released the final data on the dolphin census that covered almost the entire coast of Odisha. Key Findings: The number of dolphins increased by 311 in Odisha taking the total number up to 544 Dolphins. In the 2020 census, there were a total of 233 dolphins in the Odisha state. Census recorded three species of Dolphins: Irrawaddy, bottle-nose, and humpback dolphins. Irrawaddy Dolphins: The population of Irrawaddy dolphins jumps from 146 in 2020 to 162 this year. These Dolphins mostly reside in Chilika lake. Apart from Chilika, 39…
13 April, 2021
Wildlife & Fauna
Bar Headed Geese with a Mongolian Band Wildlife Science and Conservation Center of Mongolia follow unique conservation methods like banding. The band consists of details like: Colour of the band- This green colour band Conservation centre name- Wildlife Conservation and Science Center in Mongolia Where is found- Salt lake near Tsakhir soum in province Arkhangai of Central Mongolia. Capture location- N48.126314, E99.143451. Details of Bird- This bird was identified as an adult male, weighed 2815 g. Bar-headed Goose The bar-headed goose is a goose that breeds in Central Asia in colonies of thousands near mountain lakes and winters in…
13 April, 2021
Conservation
Dolphin boom in Odisha’s Chilika lake Syllabus subtopic: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment Prelims and Mains focus: about the census and its findings; about Irrawaddy dolphins and why they are important; about Chilika lake Dolphin boom in Odisha’s Chilika lake The population of dolphins in Chilika, India’s largest brackish water lake, and along the Odisha coast has doubled this year compared with last year. The wildlife wing of the State Forest and Environment Department released the final data on the dolphin census conducted in January and February this year, indicating a spectacular growth in numbers. Divided into…
11 April, 2021
Animals
Wind Energy in India- Renewable Energy GS-Paper-3 Renewable Energy – Infrastructure development- Prelims & UPSC Interview Context: Renewable energy mainly Wind energy is the most important topic of discussion in the 21st Century when the World has faced the problem of Climate change and Energy security. This topic is highly important for UPSC's main examination under Paper-3 Infrastructure and Energy security. As per a report by Fitch Solutions Macro Research, India is likely to install 54.7 GW of wind capacity by 2022 against the 60 GW target set by the government. It has also been found that land acquisition issues and grid…
07 April, 2021
Renewable Energy
Solar Power Park in India- UPSC FACTS GS-Paper-3 Renewable Energy – Infrastructure development- Prelims & UPSC Interview Context: Renewable energy mainly solar energy is the most important topic of discussion in 21st Century, when the World has faced the problem of Climate change and energy security. This topic is highly important for UPSC mains examination under Paper-3 Infrastructure and Energy security. India lying in a tropical belt has the advantage of receiving peak solar radiation for 300 days, amounting to 2300-3,000 hours of sunshine equivalent to above 5,000 trillion kWh. India’s current installed solar power capacity, according to the Central…
07 April, 2021
Renewable Energy
Renewable Energy in India – Facts and Future prospect GS-Paper-3 Renewable Energy – Infrastructure development- Prelims & UPSC Interview Context: Renewable energy is the most important topic of discussion in 21st Century when the World has faced the problem of Climate change and energy security. This topic is highly important for UPSC mains examination under Paper-3 Infrastructure and Energy security. Recently, the Prime Minister of India has announced about having huge renewable energy deployment plans for India for the next decade which are likely to generate business prospects of around $20 billion per year. Post the inauguration of the 3rd Global Renewable…
07 April, 2021
Renewable Energy
New Small Freshwater Fish found- Schistura Hiranyakeshi It is a new small freshwater fish species discovered near Amboli in Sawantwadi tehsil of Sindhudurg district. It is a rare sub-species of Schistura, a freshwater loach. Named after the Hiranyakeshi River near Amboli village, this fish is a colourful fish that lives in water and streams in an abundance of oxygen. It was important to conserve this species as it might face extinction due to fishing activities. Jammu and Kashmir Lakes Srinagar’s Dal Lake along with five other ones- Wular Lake, Nigeen Lake in the Kashmir region; Sanasar Lake, Manasbal Lake and Purmandal…
03 April, 2021
Wildlife & Fauna
Ramsar sites- Wetlands in India – Quick facts GS-Paper-Forest and Biodiversity conservation- Prelims & UPSC Interview Context: A wetland is a place where the land is covered by water. Marshes, ponds, the edge of a lake/ocean, the delta at the mouth of a river, low-lying areas that frequently flood — all of these are wetlands. Wetlands of international importance are also known as Ramsar sites. Wetlands are areas where water is the primary factor controlling the environment and the associated plant and animal life. They occur where the water table is at or near the surface of the land, or…
03 April, 2021
Vegetation
Sacred groves of India GS-Paper-Forest conservation- Prelims & UPSC Interview Context: Forest conservation with the help of the LOCAL Community is very important for sustainable development. The sacred grove is a traditional method by TRIBALS to conserve the local forest and to worship the local DEITIES. What? The Sacred Groves comprises patches of forest or natural vegetation- from a few trees to forests of several acres-that are usually dedicated to local folk deities. The sacred groves are important repositories of flora and fauna diversity that have been conserved by local communities in a sustainable manner. Imp points Hunting and…
03 April, 2021
Forest
Environment Related Important Dates GS-Paper-ENVIRONMENT DATES- Prelims Context: Environmentally important dates are highly important for PRELIMS in the UPSC examination and also a student can utilize in MAINS. This article is about Environmentally Important Days, being celebrated in India to increase awareness regarding various aspects, and concerns on the environment. February February 2 World Wetlands Day February 27 International Polar Bear Day February 28 National Science Day March March 3 World Wildlife Day March 14 International Day of Action for Rivers March 20 World Sparrow Day March 21 World Forestry Day, World Planting Day, World Wood Day March 22 World Water…
03 April, 2021
Biodiversity & Environment
International Ranger Award Winner from Rajaji Tiger Reserve Mahinder Giri, a range officer from Rajaji Tiger Reserve won the prestigious International Ranger Award. He is the only ranger from Asia to win this award recently. About the International Ranger Award: The International Ranger Award was created in 2020. It is conferred by The IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas(WCPA) in collaboration with the International Ranger Federation, Global Wildlife Conservation, and Conservation Allies. The award aims to highlight the extraordinary work of rangers in protected and conserved areas worldwide. About World Commission on Protected Areas(WCPA): The World Commission on Protected Areas(WCPA) is one of…
03 April, 2021
Conservation
Migratory Birds Found Dead near Pong Lake As many as 27 migratory birds died on account of avian influenza in Himachal Pradesh’s Pong Dam Wildlife Sanctuary. The lake is fed by the Beas River. Its numerous perennial tributaries are Gaj, Neogal, Binwa, Uhl, Bangana, and Baner. Government of India also declared Pong Dam Lake as a “Wetland of National Importance” The sanctuary area is covered with tropical and subtropical forests & it shelters a great number of Indian Wildlife animals. The sanctuary is a host to around 220 species of birds belonging to 54 families. Migratory birds from all over…
03 April, 2021
Biodiversity & Environment
Tiger Reserves and Tiger Census Tigers are at the top of the food chain and are sometimes referred to as “umbrella species" that their conservation also conserves many other species in the same area. More than 80% of the world’s wild tigers are in India, and it’s crucial to keep track of their numbers. India’s five tiger landscapes are: Shivalik Hills and Gangetic Plains, Central Indian Landscape and Eastern Ghats, The Western Ghats, North-East Hills and Brahmaputra Plains and Sundarbans. According to recent Census, Region-wise Highest population are in Central Indian Landscape and Eastern Ghats followed by Western Ghats Region. …
31 December, 2021
Conservation
Animals of India India has some of the world's most Biodiverse regions, encompassing a wide range of biomes–desert, high mountains, highlands, tropical and temperate forests, swamplands, plains, grasslands, areas surrounding rivers, as well as an island archipelago. It hosts 4 biodiversity hotspots: the Himalayas, the Western Ghats, the Indo-Burma region and the Sundaland (which Includes a group of Islands), with numerous endemic species. Important facts about Wildlife and Protected areas of India. The Lion is found naturally only in India, besides Africa. In India, its only natural habitat is the Gir forest (Saurashtra) in Gujarat. In 1972, the Gir Lion Project was…
01 April, 2021
Conservation
Biosphere Reserves and Significance- UPSC Exam This topic helps you to cover: Biosphere reserves (BSR) in detail. Understand the UPSC pattern of the Questionnaire. Get a mental map of bio sphere reserves linking them with physiography, climate, tribes, flora and fauna of the region. Salient Features of Biosphere Reserves: It comprises of terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystems People are integral component of the system. Their status is internationally recognized and ecosystem oriented. Boundaries are circumscribed by legislation. Attention is provided on gene pool conservation. They are nominated by the Center and under the sovereign jurisdiction of States where they are…
02 April, 2021
Conservation
A group of lepidopterists discovers a new species of butterfly. It was named as “Nacaduba Sinhala Ramaswamii Sadasivan”. Note: A lepidopterist is a person who specializes in studying butterflies and moths. About the New Species: It is a Line Blue Butterfly Species that belongs to the Nacaduba genus group. Line Blues are small butterflies belonging to the subfamily Lycaenidae. Their distribution ranges from India and Sri Lanka to the whole of southeastern Asia, Australia and Samoa. This butterfly species was discovered in the Agasthyamalai in the Western Ghats a decade ago. But now it found a place in the Journal of Threatened…
02 April, 2021
Wildlife & Fauna
Mahendragiri Biosphere Reserve Odisha government has proposed a second biosphere reserve in the southern part of the state at Mahendragiri. Similipal Biosphere Reserve is Odisha’s first such reserve, which was notified in 1996. The area of the proposed Mahendragiri Biosphere Reserve is spread over Gajapati and Ganjam districts in the Eastern Ghats and is near the Mahendragiri peak. Soura Tribe: They are a Munda ethnic group from eastern India living in southern Odisha and north coastal Andhra Pradesh. They are known by various names such as Savara, Sabara, Sora, and Soura. The Soras speak Sora, a Munda language They practice shifting…
01 April, 2021
Biodiversity & Environment
New Red Alga found in the Arabian Sea Two new species of red seaweed - Hypnea indica and Hypnea bullata - have been discovered by marine biologists from the Central University of Punjab (The genus Hypnea includes red seaweeds.) Hypnea indica - Discovered from Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu, and Somnath Pathan and Sivrajpur in Gujarat. Hypnea bullata - Discovered from the Kanyakumari and Diu islands of Daman and Diu. Another species, Hypnea nidifica, has been found for the first time on Indian coasts. The genus Hypnea consists of calcareous, erect, branched red seaweeds. They grow in the intertidal regions of…
31 March, 2021
Wildlife & Fauna
IUCN Declares African Elephants as Critically Endangered The IUCN has declared African Forest elephants as ‘critically endangered’ and Savanna (or bush) elephants as ‘endangered’. Previously IUCN listed both African elephants as “vulnerable”. But now it has opted to list them separately. It is after genetic evidence proved that both are different species. About African Elephants African elephants are the largest land animals on Earth. They are slightly larger than Asian Elephants and can be identified by their larger ears (Asian elephants have smaller, rounded ears.) Elephants are matriarchal, suggesting they live in female-led groups. The matriarch is usually the biggest and oldest. African elephants are keystone species…
30 March, 2021
Animals
International Day of Forests The United Nations observed March 21 as the International Day of Forests. About International Day of Forests: The United Nations General Assembly proclaimed March 21 as the International Day of Forests (IDF) in 2012. The day celebrates and raises awareness about the importance of all types of forests. The day is celebrated by the United Nations Forum on Forests and the Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO). The celebrations are done in collaboration with governments, Collaborative Partnership on Forests(CPF), and other relevant organisations in the field. On this day, the UN encourages the countries to undertake local, national, and…
28 March, 2021
International Envt Bodies
Tulips in Jammu & Kashmir The Prime Minister through a tweet asked everyone to visit a tulip garden in Jammu and Kashmir. The garden is located at the foothills of the Zabarwan range. About the Tulip Garden: The tulip garden is located at the foothills of the Zabarwan range. It is Asia’s largest tulip garden, spreading over an area of about 30 hectares. This garden is home to more than 64 varieties of tulips in bloom. It was started in 2007 to boost floriculture and tourism in Kashmir Valley. About Zabarwan Range: It is a short sub-mountain range between Pir…
26 March, 2021
Wildlife & Fauna
Increasing House Sparrow Population in India House Sparrow population was on the decline in cities, for decades. But now citizen-led movements across various states are facilitating the increase of the House Sparrow population. About House Sparrow: House Sparrow(Passer domesticus) is a bird of the sparrow family Passeridae, found in most parts of the world. Characteristics of House Sparrow: The male and female House Sparrow are easily distinguishable not in size but in colouration. The male is dark brown with a black bib, grey chest, and white cheeks. Whereas the female is light brown throughout its body, with no black bib,…
25 March, 2021
Biodiversity & Environment
Tiger Reserves in India About Tiger Reserves: Tiger Reserves are protected areas that aim at conserving the habitat to ensure a viable population of the tigers along with their prey base in their habitat. Declared by: Tigers Reserves are declared by the National Tiger Conservation Authority via Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act,2006 under Project Tiger. Project Tiger: It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme of the Government of India launched in 1973. It aims for in-situ conservation of wild tigers in designated tiger reserves. To declare an area…
22 January, 2022
Wildlife & Fauna
NITI Aayog vision for Great Nicobar Great Nicobar Island is the southernmost island in the Andaman and Nicobar group. More than 150 sq. km. of land is being made available for this. This amounts to nearly 18% of the 910 sq. km. island and will cover nearly a quarter of its coastline. The overall plan envisages the use of about 244 sq. km. — a major portion being pristine forest and coastal systems. Projects to be executed in Phase I include a 22 sq. km. airport complex, a transhipment port (TSP) at South Bay at an estimated cost of 12,000…
21 March, 2021
Sustainable development
Seabuckthorn Plantations in Himachal Pradesh The Himachal Pradesh government has decided to start Sea Buckthorn Plantation in the cold desert areas. About Sea buckthorn: It is a shrub that produces an orange-yellow coloured edible berry. It is found above the tree line in the Himalayan region. It is generally in dry areas such as the cold deserts of Ladakh and Spiti. It is locally called Himalayan chharma and grows in the wild in Lahaul and Spiti and parts of Kinnaur. Benefits of Seabuckthorn Plantation: It is used as a medicine for treating stomach, heart, and skin problems. It is rich in…
18 March, 2021
Wildlife & Fauna
World Air Quality Report, 2020 IQ Air, a Swiss air quality technology company released a report titled “World Air Quality Report, 2020”. About World Air Quality Report: World Air Quality is an annual report. The report is based on PM2.5 data. It is from 106 countries based on data from ground-based monitoring stations. Key Findings Related to India India is home to 35 of the world’s 50 most polluted cities in the World. Delhi has gotten listed as the 10th most polluted city and the top polluted capital city in the world in 2020. India ranked as the world’s 3rd…
18 March, 2021
Air Pollution
Project RE-HAB-National Honey Mission An initiative of the Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC), Project RE-HAB (Reducing Elephant-Human Attacks using Bees) intends to create “bee fences” to thwart elephant attacks in human habitations using honeybees. Project RE-HAB is a sub-mission of KVIC’s National Honey Mission. That is how the authorities intend to mitigate human-elephant conflict that seems to continue unabated in Kodagu and other parts of south Karnataka region. A pilot project launched in Kodagu entails installing bee boxes along the periphery of the forest and the villages with the belief that the elephants will not venture anywhere close to…
16 March, 2021
Wildlife & Fauna
Indian Collaborative Research in Antarctica It is an Indo-Japanese project that was initiated during 2019 to reconstruct the past climate. In 2019 India-Japan under the aegis of the National Center for Polar and Ocean Research and the National Institute of Polar Research signed an MoU to share and carry out R & D in Antarctica Objective of SONIC To understand the ice sheet variability at the Schirmacher Oasis to examine East Antarctic Ice Sheet sensitivity and its response to glacial-interglacial cycles To assess the variability of biological community through the study of pigments and DNA Similar expeditions in Antarctica by…
17 March, 2021
Climate Change
Great Indian Bustard and Conservation Efforts It is one of the heaviest Flight birds. They have weak eyesight. Habitat is grassland (not covered under Forest Conservation Act, 1980). It is endemic to the Indian subcontinent found in Central India, west India and eastern Pakistan. Bustard species found in India: Great Indian Bustard, Lesser Florican and Bengal Florican; Houbara Bustard in Pakistan. It is considered as the flagship/ indicator grassland species, representing the health of the grassland ecology. No species can replace it. It has an L-shaped habitat = Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. The largest…
16 March, 2021
Animals
World Air Quality Report: Delhi is the most polluted city in the World World Air Quality Report is given by IQAir Visual and Greenpeace. The main objective was to measure the presence of fine PM 2.5. Delhi remained the most polluted capital city in the world but India, on the whole, had improved its average annual PM2.5 (particulate matter) levels in 2020 than in 2019, according to a report from IQ Air, a Swiss air quality technology company specialising in protection against airborne pollutants, and developing air quality monitoring and air cleaning products. Delhi’s PM2.5 concentration level, based primarily on…
17 March, 2021
Air Pollution
Gregarious bamboo flowering in India What is the Gregarious flowering of bamboo? Gregarious bamboo flowering refers to the phenomenon when all populations of a particular species flower roughly at the same time. The bamboo plants die after flowering and setting seeds. Such synchronised flowering, sometimes at intervals as long as 50 to 120 years, may bring in its wake a swarm of rats, subsequent famine and loss of lives and livelihoods. National Bamboo Mission is a subscheme of MIDH India has the highest area (14 million ha) under bamboo and is the 2nd richest country in diversity, after China, with 136…
14 March, 2021
Biodiversity & Environment
500-METRE-TALL CORAL REEF Scientists have discovered a detached coral reef in the Great Barrier Reef of Australia taller than the Empire State Building of the United States. About the reef The newly discovered reef adds to the seven other tall detached reefs in the world. This includes Raine Island. Raine Island is the most important Green Sea Turtle nesting area in the world. What are Detached reefs? Detached reefs are the reefs that are bedded to the ocean floor but are not a part of the main body of the Great Barrier Reef. The newly found detached reef has great potential for…
12 November, 2020
Wildlife & Fauna
THEODORE BASKARAN WON SANCTUARY LIFETIME SERVICE AWARD 2020 S. Theodore Baskaran who is a writer, a historian, a naturalist and an activist has won the Sanctuary Lifetime Service Award, 2020. The award was instituted by the Sanctuary Nature Foundation. Theodore on Conservation Theodore is of the view that any conservation initiative should be in the local language in order to gain momentum as a people’s movement. He was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award (Iyal Virudhu) for his writing on nature in Tamil. The award was given by the Canada Literary Garden in the year 2014 in Toronto. Books by him Some…
19 January, 2021
Conservation
GOLDEN PEACOCK ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AWARD Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) has been awarded the Golden Peacock Environment Management award for the year 2020 in the steel sector. The award was given for its efforts in adopting various environmental measures like upgrading pollution control facilities, treatment and recirculation of wastewater from individual units and outfalls, enhancement in green cover and efficient solid waste management. SAIL has received the award for 2 consecutive years. About the Golden Peacock Environment Management Award The golden Peacock Environment Management Award is a prestigious award that was instituted by the World Environment Foundation in 1998.…
09 December, 2020
Sustainable development
UNEP’S 2020 YOUNG CHAMPIONS OF THE EARTH AWARD The United Nations Environment Programme recently named seven dynamic Environmentalists as its Young Champions of the Earth. Prize winners The following seven people won the UNEP 2020 Young Championships of the Earth Award Nzambi Matee of Kenya. He is a material engineer and is receiving the award for producing low-cost construction materials from recycled plastic waste and sand. Xiaoyuan Ren of China. He leads the MyH20 organization that tests and records the quality of groundwater in rural China. He is awarded the prize for developing an application that will educate the communities…
15 December, 2020
Sustainable development
The flowering of Bamboos in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve The gregarious flowering of bamboo inside the Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary and the nearby Mudumalai Tiger Reserve and Gudalur forest division in Tamil Nadu. The life cycle of bamboo: Bamboo is a monocarpic (flowering occurs only once in the life cycle) plant belonging to the Poaceae family (grass family), and its flowering cycle varies from 40 to 60 years. The Bamboo flowers and die. Regeneration occurs from seeds after gregarious flowering. Seeds have no dormancy, and they can undergo germination under favourable conditions soon after seed fall. The bamboo groves in the Wayanad forest…
15 March, 2021
Wildlife & Fauna
Data on Climate Vulnerability Ranking by various organizations of India’s Climate Vulnerability Status: HSBC ranking(2018) Placed India at the TOP among 67 nations in Climate vulnerability. Germanwatch(2020) India ranked 5th among 181 nations in terms of climate risk. India is 3rd largest Carbon Emitter after China and USA. Incidents supporting the same: 2013 Glacial flooding in Uttarakhand Heatwave in Delhi Hyderabad. 2018 Chennai Kerala Floods. Elsewhere Cold wave events in Texas Countries Status China announced C-Neutrality by 2060. Japan and South Korea by 2050.
15 March, 2021
Climate Change
Sharks Conservation in India As per a recent study, the global population of sharks and rays reduced by over 70% in the past 5 decades. About Sharks: Sharks come under a subclass of fish species called Elasmobranchii. The species in this subclass have skeletons made from cartilage and not bones. They use gills to filter oxygen from the water. Sharks inhabit 3 major marine habitats such as continental shelves, deep-sea and open ocean. Sharks have been around for more than 400 million years—long before the dinosaurs- In the Silurian era. India is the second-largest shark fishing nation in the world. Conservation…
14 March, 2021
Animals
Biofuels Researchers of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Hyderabad are studying impediments to incorporating biofuels into the fuel sector in India. Significance of Biofuels: Biofuels in India are of strategic importance as it augers well with the ongoing initiatives of the Government such as Make in India, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, and Skill Development and offers a great opportunity to integrate with the ambitious targets of doubling Farmer's Income, Import Reduction, Employment Generation, Waste to Wealth Creation. What are Biofuels? Any hydrocarbon fuel that is produced from organic matter in a short period of time is considered a biofuel. Biofuels may…
16 July, 2020
Biodiversity & Environment
SATAT Initiative Context: Indian Oil, NTPC and SDMC have signed an MoU to develop a waste-to-energy facility at Delhi's Okhla landfill site using gasification technology. About the SATAT initiative: The initiative is aimed at providing a Sustainable Alternative To Affordable Transportation (SATAT) as a developmental effort that would benefit both vehicle users as well as farmers and entrepreneurs. Compressed Bio-Gas plants are proposed to be set up mainly through independent entrepreneurs. How it work? CBG produced at these plants will be transported through cascades of cylinders to the fuel station networks of OMCs for marketing as a green transport fuel…
08 July, 2020
Biodiversity & Environment
Vapour Recovery System Context Green concern: Fuel stations are a major source of emission, according to the National Green Tribunal. Committee’s recommendation A joint committee appointed by the National Green Tribunal (NGT) to study air pollution in Kerala has recommended the installation of a vapour recovery system at fuelling stations and retrofitting of diesel vehicles with particulate filters to improve air quality. The report pointed out that petrol refuelling stations were a major source of benzene emissions, volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter 2.5 concentration. Therefore, the installation of a vapour recovery system is an important step in improving air quality.…
13 March, 2021
Air Pollution
Miyawaki Technique In a year, a patch of land in Mumbai’s eastern suburbs has become a testament to creating the “urban forests” through the Miyawaki technique. Miyawaki is an afforestation technique to create urban forests based on the work of Japanese botanist Akira Miyawaki in the 1980s. Miyawaki forests are tiny forests grown on small plots of land in 2 to 3 years and are self-sustaining, like how a forest is. Three layers of greens - shrubs and undergrowth, medium-height trees and taller canopies - are integral components of the Miyawaki forests. Before plantation, local agro-climatic conditions are studied. Mulching,…
12 March, 2021
Flora
Dumping Inert Waste in Bhatti Mines SDMC is seeking permission to dump material in 3 former mining pits in the sanctuary and one outside it. Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary It is located on the Southern Ridge of Aravalli Hills, one of the oldest mountain systems in the world. It is part of the Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor. It is the green lung & carbon sink for New Delhi. It provides a potential shelterbelt for arresting the shifting of sand dunes & protecting from desert storms. As it is located on the Delhi-Haryana border, both governments had defined certain areas around…
12 March, 2021
Conservation
Green Bonds India has announced its intention to achieve all the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) by 2030. The first green bond was issued in 2015. This is an alternative to the Kuznets hypothesis that is used by developed countries to achieve SDG goals A green bond is a fixed-income instrument designed specifically to support specific climate-related or environmental projects. The green bond market in India includes: Corporates issue green bonds for a period of 3-5 years. Banks opt for a longer tenure. The US dollar and Indian Rupee are two preferred currencies. The National Thermal Power Corporation and the International…
12 March, 2021
Climate Change
Environment Regulation redux Introduction The Supreme Court’s notice to the Centre on a public interest plea to set up a National environmental regulator under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 revives an issue that successive governments have preferred to ignore, in spite of specific orders passed by the same court more than nine years ago. Lack of consensus There is no consensus on what a new regulator can achieve, since official policy privileges ease of doing business. The draft Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification 2020, which seeks to advance that goal, makes no effort to disguise the desire to virtually eliminate…
11 March, 2021
National Envt Bodies
Compressed Biogas Plants Under the Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation (SATAT) scheme, Oil and Gas Marketing Companies (OGMCs) invited entrepreneurs to procure Compressed Bio Gas (CBG). Under this scheme, provisions are, Assured price for offtake of CBG with long-term agreements by OGMCs; Inclusion of bio manures produced from CBG plants as Fermented Organic Manure (FOM) under Fertilizer Control Order 1985; Inclusion of CBG projects under Priority Sector Lending by RBI. So far, 9 CBG plants have been commissioned and started supply of CBG in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. Technology for a plant is chosen by the…
10 March, 2021
Sustainable development
Invasive Earthworm Species Found in Karnataka An exotic and highly invasive earthworm Amynthas Alexandria has been collected and reported for the first time from Karnataka. They are medium-to-large-sized, fast-moving worms, which have practically inhabited all the districts of Kerala. Their original home is in Southeast Asia.
08 March, 2021
Wildlife & Fauna
CSIR Floriculture Mission Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Floriculture Mission will be implemented in 21 States and Union Territories of India. Efforts are being made to take the agro-technologies, new varieties and value addition technologies with the CSIR institutions to the farmers and entrepreneurs. It is being implemented in collaboration with Directorate of Floriculture (ICAR); KVIC; APEDA; TRIFED; Fragrance and Flavour Development Centre (FFDC), and Universities. The convergence of Floriculture with Apiculture has been envisaged. Mission’s focus - Commercial floral crops, seasonal/annual crops, wild ornaments and cultivation of flower crops for honey bee rearing. Council of Scientific &…
05 March, 2021
Biodiversity & Environment
Simlipal Biosphere Reserve Simlipal National Park is a national park and a tiger reserve in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. It is part of Similipal-Kuldiha-Hadgarh Elephant Reserve popularly known as Mayurbhanj Elephant Reserve. Simlipal National Park derives its name from the abundance of semul (red silk cotton trees) that bloom here. It was the second largest national park in India. Its reserve is part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 2009. The park has a protected area of 845.70 square kilometres and has some beautiful waterfalls like Joranda and Barehipani. Besides it is famous for gaurs (Indian bison),…
05 March, 2021
Biodiversity & Environment
Manas National Park Manas national park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, a Project Tiger reserve, an elephant reserve and a biosphere reserve. It is located in the Himalayan foothills in Assam. It is contiguous with the Royal Manas National Park in Bhutan. The name of the park is originated from the Manas River. Significance: The park is known for its rare and endangered endemic wildlife such as the Assam roofed turtle, hispid hare, golden langur and pygmy hog. It is also famous for its population of wild water buffalo. Human History: Pagrang is the only forest village located in the…
05 March, 2021
Conservation
Black-browed Babbler After a long time, a solitary black-browed babbler was spotted in south-eastern Kalimantan in Indonesian Borneo. This small brown-grey songbird was stout, with a relatively short tail and a robust bill with a black eye stripe running all the way around its head. This bird is often called 'the biggest enigma in Indonesian ornithology.' IUCN Red List - “Data Deficient” category.
03 March, 2021
Wildlife & Fauna
Himalayan Serow A Himalayan Serow has been spotted in Manas Tiger Reserve, Assam. It is a mammal that is somewhere between a goat and an antelope, which is a high-altitude dweller found 2,000-4,000 metres above sea level. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species Status - ‘Vulnerable’. It is listed under Schedule I of The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, which provides absolute protection. A black-necked crane (Near-threatened) and white-bellied heron (Critically Endangered) were also recently sighted in Manas. Manas National Park This national park is located at the foothills of the Bhutan-Himalayas, Assam and…
03 March, 2021
Animals
Snow Leopard Also known as Ghost of the mountains acts as an indicator of the health of the mountain ecosystem in which they live, due to their position as the top predator in the food web. Habitation: The Snow Leopard lives at high altitudes in the steep mountains of Central and Southern Asia, and in an extremely cold climate. They inhabit the higher Himalayan and trans-Himalayan landscape in the states/union territories of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh. India is a unique country to have a good presence of 5 big cats, including the Snow Leopard.…
28 February, 2021
Animals
Why does it rain highest in Mawsynram? Because of the uneven relief of India due to the presence of a number of hill ranges, the monsoon is not able to shed its moisture evenly over India. Windward sides receive more rainfall and leeward sides receive less rainfall. Mawsynram lies in the funnel-shaped depression caused by the Khasi range in Meghalaya. The Bay of Bengal branch of monsoons is trapped in it and causes heavy rainfall. Decreasing rainfall trends The research analysed daily rain gauges and noted that the changes in the Indian Ocean temperature have a huge effect on the…
20 February, 2021
Climate Change
Circular Economy It is an economic system aimed at eliminating waste; and the continual use of resources. It is a system of resource utilization where reduction, reuse and recycling of elements prevail. Circular systems create a closed system, minimizing the use of resource input and the creation of waste, pollution and emissions. It is an alternative to a traditional linear economy. This linear economy is modelled on the take-make-waste industrial model (make, use, dispose of). Sustainable Development Goal 12 → responsible consumption and production→ requires changing the linear production model and shifting towards a circular economy.
19 February, 2021
Biodiversity & Environment
Carbon Watch It is India’s first app to assess the carbon footprint of an individual. Carbon footprint is the amount of greenhouse gases-especially carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by particular human activity. Chandigarh became the first state or Union Territory in India to launch the mobile application Carbon Watch.
25 February, 2021
Climate Change
Bio-Restoration New technology for ecological restoration (Bio-restoration) was developed by Indian scientists. It is helping in the revival of mangroves degraded due to rising sea levels, climate change and human intrusion in the Sunderbans, West Bengal. The Sundarbans is a protected wetland under the Ramsar Convention and is also a UNESCO World Heritage site. Ecological restoration means reviving the native ecosystem in degraded areas while maintaining the diversity of original flora and fauna through regeneration but bringing down the regeneration period to 4 to 5 years. The restoration process begins with stabilising the entire site by planting native salt tolerant grasses. It…
24 February, 2021
Conservation
African Swine Fever Virus Scientists have found a natural mutation in the African swine fever virus (ASFV) that could be less deadly than the strain that ravaged the world’s largest pig herd in 2018 and 2019. ASFV is an intra cytoplasmically-replicating DNA arbovirus, which is the sole member of the family Asfarviridae. ASF is a severe viral disease that affects wild and domestic pigs resulting in a highly lethal haemorrhagic fever but doesn’t affect humans. It has an almost 100% case fatality rate (CFR). Transmission of the ASFV could be through, Direct contact with an infected or wild pig (alive or dead),…
23 February, 2021
Animals
Humboldt Penguin Humboldt penguin is named after the cold ocean current, known as the Humboldt current (discovered by German explorer Alexander von Humboldt), which is typical for the natural habitat of this species of penguin (west coast of South America). Its habitat is highly influenced by the cold, nutrient-rich Humboldt Current flowing northward from Antarctica, which is vital to the productivity of plankton and krill and fosters fish abundance. Migration: When not raising chicks, these penguins have been known to travel long distances at sea to find food, especially in recent years as prey species become increasingly scarce.
14 February, 2021
Animals
Dickinsonia Fossils Found in Bhimbetka Caves Researchers discovered three fossils in Madhya Pradesh. These fossils are possible of the earliest known living animal named ‘Dickinsonia’ (550-million-year-old). The fossils are found on the roof of Auditorium Cave at Bhimbetka Rock Shelters. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Madhya Pradesh. The fossil can be identified from the white leaf-like patches with a central vertebra (central midrib) and connecting veins. These are the only Dickinsonia fossils available in the country. They are similar to those seen in South Australia. Dickinsonia : It is an extinct genus of basal animals. They lived…
15 February, 2021
Animals
National Marine Turtle Action Plan The Ministry of Environment has released National Marine Turtle Action Plan in which A&N Islands are given prominent importance. According to the plan, India has identified all its important sea turtle nesting habitats as ‘Important Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Areas. These areas have been included in the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) – 1. South Bay and West Bay on Little Andaman and Galathea on Great Nicobar, are mentioned as “Important Marine Turtle Habitats in India”
16 February, 2021
Conservation
Leatherback Sea Turtle It is the largest of the seven species of sea turtles. Other species are: Olive Ridley turtle, Green turtle, Hawksbill turtle, Loggerhead turtle, Leatherback turtle Except the Loggerhead, the remaining four species nest along the Indian coast. It is found in all oceans except the Arctic and the Antarctic. Within the Indian Ocean, they nest only in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It is the only living species in the genus Dermochelys and the family Dermochelyidae. It can easily be differentiated from other modern sea turtles by its lack of a bony shell. …
16 February, 2021
Wildlife & Fauna
WCCB wins Asia Environmental Enforcement Award-2020 The Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) has received the Asia Environmental Enforcement Award-2020. It is awarded by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). WCCB got the award twice in three years. It has been awarded this year under the Innovation category. Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) It is a statutory body constituted under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Ministry: Ministry of Environment and Forests. Mandate: To combat organized wildlife crime in the country. Headquarters: New Delhi WCCB has developed an online Wildlife Crime Database Management System to get real-time data to analyse trends in wildlife…
21 February, 2021
International Envt Bodies
Siberian Mammoths Scientists have recovered and sequenced the oldest DNA on record, from the molars of mammoths that roamed Siberia up to 1.2 million years ago. Until now, the oldest DNA came from a horse that lived in Canada's Yukon Territory about 700,000 years ago. Researchers gained insights into mammoth evolution and migration by comparing the DNA to that of mammoths that lived more recently (4,000 years ago). The molars of the mammoths were discovered near the Krestovka River, Adycha River and the Chukochya River.
22 February, 2021
Animals
Tree City Status to Hyderabad Hyderabad city has the ‘Tree Cities of the World’ status by the Arbor Day Foundation jointly with the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation. It is the only city in India to have been selected for this recognition for its commitment to growing and maintaining urban and community forestry. Hyderabad applied for this recognition, citing the State government’s Haritha Haram programme and its initiative for the Urban Forest Parks.
22 February, 2021
Flora
Fly Ash Definition: It is a byproduct of the burning of coal in electric power generating plants. It is called fly ash because it is transported from the combustion chamber by exhaust gases. It is collected from the exhaust gases by electrostatic precipitators or bag filters. Composition: Fly ash includes substantial amounts of silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminium oxide (Al2O3), ferric oxide (Fe2O3) and calcium oxide (CaO). Properties: Exhibit cement like properties. Uses: It is used in concrete and cement products, road base, metal recovery, and mineral filler among others. Harmful Effects: Fly ash particles are toxic air pollutants. They can trigger heart disease, cancer, respiratory diseases and stroke. …
13 February, 2021
Environmental Pollution
Low-Emissions Technologies Widespread global deployment of technologies like hydrogen, carbon capture use and storage, soil carbon, energy storage to backup renewables and decarbonise transport, and low or zero emissions steel and aluminium will reduce emissions or eliminate them in sectors responsible for 90% of the world's emissions Dr. Alan Finkel, Australia's Special Adviser for Low-Emissions Technologies, spoke at the World Economic Forum in Davos on the enormous potential of these technologies to support the global transition to net zero emissions.
Himalayan trillium Trillium govanianum- the Himalayan herb is often called Nagchatri in local areas. It is found in temperate and sub-alpine zones of the Himalayas at an altitude from 2,400-4,000 metres above sea level. In India, it is found in four states only - Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim, and Uttarakhand. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has placed Himalayan trillium in “Endangered” category. Its population is expected to decline by at least 50% between 2010 and 2079. Causes for the decline: Overexploitation. Longer life cycle i.e. slows to reach reproductive maturity. Poor capacity for seed dispersal. Due…
21 February, 2021
Flora
UNEP report on CO2 Emissions In its recent report, UNEP highlighted that CO2 emissions from the building sector are highest in 2019. The building sector emitted more than a third of global energy-related carbon dioxide. Of the total global emissions, building operations accounted for 28% & construction-related industries (cement, glass, etc) accounted for 10%. The use of fossil fuels for power generation & carbon-intensive electricity sector contributed to the increased CO2 emissions. Steps were taken by the Indian government for green buildings: The Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) was formed by the Confederation of Indian Industry in 2001. It is the first rating program…
21 February, 2021
Air Pollution
Appe Midi Varieties of Mango The Appe Midi variety of mangoes that nearly went extinct have been conserved by B.V. Subbarao in Shimoga district of Karnataka. They are mainly found in the Western Ghats. They are being presently conserved by the India Institute of Horticulture Sciences, Bengaluru.
11 February, 2021
Vegetation
National Mission on Biodiversity and Human Well-being The Government of India has recently launched the National Mission on Biodiversity and Human Well-being. The mission aims to explore the neglected links between biodiversity science and human well-being across the sectors of health, economic development, agricultural production and livelihood generation, in combination with efforts to mitigate climate change and related disasters. One of the components of the mission explicitly links biodiversity to human health through the OneHealth framework. The OneHealth programme aims to encourage team science by having networks of institutions collectively bid for grants to set up integrated OneHealth surveillance systems…
04 February, 2021
Biodiversity & Environment
Global Risks Report 2021 by World Economic Forum The World Economic Forum (WEF) has released the 16th edition of the Global Risk Report, 2021 based on the Global Risks Perception Survey (GRPS). The Report states that environmental risks continue to threaten the global economy. The top 5 risks it mentions are: extreme weather climate action failure human environmental damage infectious diseases Biodiversity loss where infectious diseases top the list in terms of impact.
04 February, 2021
Sustainable development
Biomethanation plants Prime Minister Narendra Modi, during his first Mann Ki Baat address for the year, made mention of the garbage-to-power plant being commissioned inside the Dr B.R. Ambedkar Agriculture Market in Bowenpally, Telangana. Vegetable and fruit waste is used to generate power to the extent of 500 units a day and 30 kilos of green manure at the plant. This is being done by making use of 10 tonnes of leftover market waste. The power generated is being used to light up the market and also run the canteen on the premises enabling the market committee to make substantial…
01 February, 2021
Environmental Pollution
How do butterflies fly with such small bodies and large wings? Unlike any other flying animal, butterflies have unusually short, broad and large wings relative to their body size. By studying the aerodynamics of butterflies in a wind tunnel, researchers have now answered this question which has confused lepidopterologists (who study moths and butterflies) for years. The results suggested that butterflies use a clap technique which helps them take off rapidly. “When the wings clap together, the air between the wings is pressed out, creating a jet, pushing the animal in the opposite direction,” explains the paper published on Wednesday…
24 January, 2021
Wildlife & Fauna
Romulus’ Krait: New Species of Snake A study of snakes in southern and western India has identified a new species of snake. Named the Romulus’ krait (Bungarus romulusi) after the ‘snake man of India’, Romulus Whittaker, the species has so far remained undetected because of its similarity in appearance to the common krait (B. caeruleus) and only a careful genetic analysis revealed that the two were distinct species. The study also showed that some kraits in Maharashtra that were misidentified as the Wall’s Sind krait were actually the same as the Sind krait which is also found in parts of Pakistan…
24 January, 2021
Wildlife & Fauna
Sunderbans is home to 428 species of birds, says ZSI The Indian Sunderbans, which is part of the largest mangrove forest in the world, is home to 428 species of birds, a recent publication of the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) states. The publication, Birds of the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve, released earlier this month by the ZSI, not only documents the avifauna of the Sunderbans, but also serves as a comprehensive photographic field guide, with detailed distribution and locality data for all the species from the region. Authors of the publication said the book, with photographs of the males and…
24 January, 2021
Ecosystem
India’s new draft “Arctic policy” India has unveiled a new draft ‘Arctic’ policy that, among other things, commits to expanding scientific research, “sustainable tourism” and mineral oil and gas exploration in the Arctic region. India expects the Goa-based National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research to lead scientific research and act as a nodal body to coordinate among various scientific bodies to promote domestic scientific research capacities by expanding “earth sciences, biological sciences, geosciences, climate change and space related programmes, dove-tailed with Arctic imperatives in Indian universities.” #joinourtelegram# NCPOR (National Center for Polar and Ocean Research), Goa It was earlier…
23 January, 2021
Climate Change
Do plants share genetic material with each other? The genetic material of plants and animals is well protected in the nucleus of each cell and stores all the information that forms an organism. In addition, cells contain small organelles that contain their own genetic material. These include chloroplasts in plants, which play a key role in photosynthesis, and mitochondria, which are found in all living organisms and represent the power plants of every cell. Scientists at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology in Potsdam have shown, through experimental approaches, (Science Advances) how the genetic material is not actually…
17 January, 2021
Vegetation
Migratory birds in Harike wetland, Punjab Winter migratory water birds using the central Asian flyway have started making a beeline to Punjab’s Harike wetland, offering a delight for bird lovers. Birds such as the Eurasian coot, greylag goose, bar-headed goose, gadwall and the northern shoveler are the prominent ones that could be sighted at Harike. Among other species, common pochard, spot-billed duck, little cormorant, pied avocet, great cormorant, ferruginous pochard and common teal have been spotted. “On average, the number has been anywhere between 92,000 and 94,000 over the years. The average number has been stable,” Geetanjali Kanwar, Coordinator -…
17 January, 2021
Biodiversity & Environment
Gujarat River Pollution The unchecked flow of untreated industrial effluent into rivers in Gujarat has led to increasing pollution in the Sabarmati, Mahisagar, Narmada, Vishwamitri and Bhadra. According to data from the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF), the Sabarmati is among the most polluted rivers in the country. Gujarat ranks fourth among the top five States with highly polluted rivers, with as many as 20 rivers in the critically polluted category. Recently, a thick froth on the Mahisagar, along a stretch of several kilometres, raised serious concern, prompting the Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB) to constitute a high-level committee…
17 January, 2021
Environmental Pollution
Water Pollution: Yamuna Project The Centre accused Delhi of being a “habitual offender” in polluting the waters of the Yamuna due to which Water Pollution is on rising. The State of Haryana, on the other hand, objected to Delhi’s accusations about it releasing untreated effluents into the river due to faulty treatment plants, saying the “problem is not with Haryana, but within Delhi”. A three-judge Bench led by Chief Justice Sharad A. Bobde gave Haryana a week’s time to file its affidavit. The Centre has also been asked to place on record its views. The Bench was hearing an urgent…
30 November, 2021
Environmental Pollution
Dragonfruit renamed as 'Kamalam' The Gujarat government has decided to rename the dragon fruit as ‘kamalam’, and comments have flooded the Internet and social media platforms. According to Chief Minister Vijay Rupani, the fruit’s outer shape resembles a lotus, which is also the election symbol of the BJP. “We have applied for a patent of the dragon fruit to be called ‘kamalam’, Mr Rupani said at the launch of the Chief Minister Horticulture Development Mission, a scheme to promote horticulture in unproductive land parcels. Farmers in Kutch, Navsari and other parts were growing the fruit and it should, therefore,…
21 January, 2021
Flora
Dolphin killed by a group in UP A video of a group of men and boys in Uttar Pradesh’s Pratapgarh district beating to death a Gangetic river dolphin surfaced on social media on Friday. An endangered species, the Gangetic River Dolphin is recognised as the National Aquatic Animal. The Pratapgarh police said they had arrested three persons and sent them to jail. Further legal action was being taken. Killing the Gangetic River Dolphin is a punishable offence under Section 9/51 of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, the FIR said. The motive behind the crime is not yet known. In August,…
09 January, 2021
Animals
Pangolin and Porcupine Pangolin Out of the 8 species of Pangolin in the World, Indian and Chinese Pangolin are found in India. Indian Pangolin The Indian pangolin is an endangered animal that is rarely sighted in forests. The Indian Pangolin is the only scaly mammal hunted for meat and used in traditional Chinese medicine. They are nocturnal. Indian Pangolins are among the most trafficked wildlife species in the World. The projected population declines range from 50% to 80% across the genus. Scientists radio-tag Indian pangolin for the 1st time. It is under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.…
05 January, 2021
Animals
Indian Rhino/ Great One Horned Rhino It is the largest Rhino species found in Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan and India. It is Vulnerable and in Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act. 22 September is Rhino Day. India is home to 2,200 rhinos, or over 85 % population. In India, it is found in UP, West Bengal and Assam. According to WWF data from 2012, Assam has 91 % of the total Rhino in India which is mainly concentrated in Kaziranga National Park (Largest absolute population), and Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary (largest density in the World). Others are Manas Tiger Reserve, Orang Tiger…
23 September, 2021
Animals
Ramsar sites in India Ramsar Convention or Convention on Wetlands of International Importance It is an intergovernmental treaty for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. It was adopted on 2 Feb 1971 (Thus World Wetlands Day) in the Iranian city of Ramsar (Caspian Sea) and came into force in 1975. It is the only global environmental system treaty that deals with a particular ecosystem. #joinourtelegram# Criteria for Wetlands of International Importance If it has a unique, rare example of natural wetland type. If it supports vulnerable, endangered or critically endangered species or threatened ecological communities. If it supports plant or animal species important for maintaining the biodiversity of a…
03 January, 2021
International Envt Treaties
How do conifers keep their green needles over the boreal winter? During boreal winter most trees shed their leaves. However, conifers such as Christmas trees keep their green needles intact. Scientists believe that a phenomenon called sustained quenching offers photoprotection and enables their survival, but its precise molecular and physiological mechanisms are not understood. Researchers have now found that the photosynthetic apparatus is wired in a special way which allows pine needles to stay green all year long. In winter, green chlorophyll molecules harness light energy, but that energy cannot be used in the photosynthetic machinery as very low-temperature halts…
27 December, 2020
Vegetation
New species of the sun rose found in the Eastern Ghats Botanists have discovered a new species of the wild sun rose from the Eastern Ghats in India. The new species, named Portulaca laljii, discovered in the Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh has unique features such as a tuberous root, no hair in its leaf axils, a reddish pink flower, prolateshaped fruits, and copper brown seeds without lustre. These morphological features distinguish the species from other species of genus Portulaca.
27 December, 2020
Flora
The Status of Leopards in India 2018 Report Context: Leopard is an important topic for UPSC Prelims Examination 2021. It is one of the most repeated questions in the UPSC Prelims Examination. It revealed that the Western Ghats was home to close to 3,387 leopards. The population of leopards in India has gone up by 60 %, as per the ‘Status of Leopard in India 2018’ report. India now has 12,852 leopards, witnessing a substantial increase in comparison to the 2014 data. Camera traps were used to obtain leopards’ photographs in the Western Ghats. About Leopards: The leopard population was…
23 December, 2020
Animals
Context: Climate Change is one of the most important topics for UPSC Prelims 2021 and it is also important for Mains Answer Writing for IAS Mains 2021. Hence, AspireIAS has come up with a comprehensive document for Climate Change. What is Climate? Weather is what conditions of the atmosphere are over a short period of time, and climate is how the atmosphere "behaves" over relatively long periods of time (like 100 years). Climate change is a complex problem, although Environmental in nature, has consequences for all spheres. It impacts poverty, economic development, population growth, sustainable development and resource…
31 October, 2021
Climate Change
Great India Bustard (GIB) or Godawan Context: Great Indian Bustard is an important topic for UPSC Prelims Examination 2021. It is one of the most repeated questions in the UPSC Prelims Examination. It is one of the heaviest Flight birds. They have weak eyesight. Habitat is grassland (not covered under Forest Conservation Act, 1980). It is endemic to the Indian subcontinent found in Central India, west India and eastern Pakistan. Bustard species found in India: Great Indian Bustard, Lesser Florican and Bengal Florican; Houbara Bustard in Pakistan. It is considered as the flagship/ indicator grassland species, representing the health of…
23 December, 2020
Animals
Great Indian Bustard The Wildlife Institute of India proposed to put all power transmission lines passing through Great Indian Bustard (GIB) habitat underground. GIB, a bird native to India and Pakistan, is the State Bird of Rajasthan. The largest population is found in Rajasthan. Quick FACTS The GIB is one of the heaviest flying bird endemics to the Indian subcontinent. They are primarily terrestrial birds. The GIB lays one egg every 1-2 years and the success rate of these eggs is 60-70 per cent. However, this rate has been reduced to 40-50 % due to predators like foxes and dogs. Today less…
21 December, 2020
Animals
Young Champions of the Earth An Indian entrepreneur is among the seven winners of the UN Environment Programme’s (UNEP) “Young Champions of the Earth” 2020 prize. This award is given to spot global change-makers between the ages of 18 and 30 and support their ideas to save the environment. Seven champions are selected from each global region: Africa, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, North America, West Asia and two from Asia and the Pacific. This prize, launched by UNEP in 2017, is in similar lines to UNEP’s Champions of the Earth prize. Past News:2018 for UPSC The annual Champions of…
21 December, 2020
Conservation
TROPICAL MONTANE GRASSLANDS (TMG) Tropical montane grasslands (TMG) in the Shola Sky Islands of the Western Ghats have suffered big reductions due to invasions by exotic trees. But researchers have now identified areas suitable for grassland restoration and conservation to reverse the decline. TMG are high elevation grasslands forming only 2% of all grasslands in the world. Among their functions is regulating the global carbon cycle and serving as a source of water to downstream communities. In India, TMG have even been classified as wastelands in forest management plans since they are unlikely to generate revenue, contrary to the timber…
21 December, 2020
Vegetation
Peacock soft-shelled turtle Peacock soft-shelled turtle - vulnerable species have been rescued from a fish market in Assam’s Silchar. Scientific Name: Nilssonia hurum. Features: They have a large head, downturned snout with a low and oval carapace of dark olive green to nearly black, sometimes with a yellow rim. The head and limbs are olive-green; the forehead has dark reticulations and large yellow or orange patches or spots, especially behind the eyes and across the snout. Males possess relatively longer and thicker tails than females. Habitat: India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. In India, it is widespread in the northern and central parts of the Indian subcontinent. These are found in rivers, streams, lakes and ponds with mud…
01 December, 2020
Animals
Arunachal Kiwi Arunachal Kiwi got organic certification for Kiwi under Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North East Region (MOVCD-NER). [MOVCD-NER is a scheme for the north-eastern states by the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare under the Central government.] Arunachal Pradesh is the first in the country to get this certification for Kiwis. These kiwis have grown Ziro Valley located in the Lower Subansiri district in Arunachal. An agricultural practice/product is considered organic when there are no chemical fertilisers or pesticides involved in its cultivation process. Such certifications can be obtained after a scientific assessment done by the Agricultural and…
01 December, 2020
Biodiversity & Environment
Himalayan serow A Himalayan serow has been sighted for the first time in the Himalayan cold desert region-Spiti, Himachal Pradesh. Himalayan serow resembles a cross between a goat, a donkey, a cow, and a pig. There are several species of serows, and all of them are found in Asia. The Himalayan serow, or Capricornis sumatraensis thar, is restricted to the Himalayan region. Taxonomically, it is a subspecies of the mainland serow (Capricornis sumatraensis). Habitat: They are typically found at altitudes between 2,000 metres and 4,000 metres. They are known to be found in eastern, central, and western Himalayas, but not in the Trans Himalayan region. The Trans-Himalayas Mountain Region…
17 December, 2020
Biodiversity & Environment
Himalayan Griffon Vulture It is a migratory bird species native to the Himalayas, has been spotted in Point Calimere wildlife sanctuary in Tamil Nadu. It is usually found in high-altitude regions. They originate from the Himalayan Chain and Plateau of Tibet. The IUCN status of the bird is Near-threatened. It is listed in Appendix II of the CITES.
17 December, 2020
Animals
Pink Phenomenon In Avalapandi, a village in Kerala, an aquatic plant forked fanwort has painted the water bodies pink, which led to the ‘pink phenomenon’. This plant comes from the family of Red Cabomba (Cabomba furcata). Cabomba is a submerged perennial aquatic plant that grows in stagnant to slow-flowing freshwater. It is an invasive species that belongs to Central and South America. It requires a huge amount of oxygen to grow and that could badly affect freshwater biodiversity. It has a high natural dispersal potential due to its ability to readily fragment and spread. Invasive Species: Invasive alien species are…
17 December, 2020
Environmental Pollution
Indian Bison An Indian Bison, or Gaur, in Pune’s urban landscape, died due to human-animal conflict. It is mainly found in South and Southeast Asia. Location: Native to South and Southeast Asia in India, they are found in Nagarhole, Bandipur, Masinagudi National Parks and BR Hills. Conservation Status: Vulnerable in IUCN Red List. Included in the Schedule I of the Wild Life Protection Act, 1972. Important Facts: It is the tallest species of wild cattle found in India and the largest extant bovine. Recently, the first population estimation exercise of the Indian Gaur (Bison) was carried out in the Nilgiris Forest Division, Tamil Nadu. Recently, the conservation breeding of Gaur was started at…
17 December, 2020
Animals
Maharashtra sets up Desalination Plants in Mumbai It is now the fourth state in India to experiment with the idea. Features A desalination plant turns salt water into water that is fit to drink. The most commonly used technique used for the process is reverse osmosis where external pressure is applied to push solvents from an area of high-solute concentration to an area of low-solute concentration through a membrane. The microscopic pores in the membranes allow water molecules through but leave salt and most other impurities behind, releasing clean water from the other side. Desalination is an expensive way of…
26 November, 2020
Biodiversity & Environment
Trends in Air Pollution: CPCB According to a recent study commissioned by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), the rate of increase in pollution levels in southern and eastern India is far greater than in the Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP). It has also been found that air pollution in rural areas has increased at par with urban India. About the Study: It was jointly carried out by IIT-Delhi and CPCB and analysed data from 2000 to 2019. The study, conducted on the basis of satellite data, is the first of its kind to look at air pollution spatially. Spatial mapping of…
27 November, 2020
Air Pollution
Pilibhit tiger reserve gets the first TX2 award: Pilibhit Tiger Reserve (PTR) in Uttar Pradesh has bagged the first international award, TX2, among the 13 tiger-ranging countries for having doubled the number of tigers in less than the stipulated time. In 2014, All India Tiger Estimation estimated 25 tigers in Pilibhit and the 2018 estimation showed an increase by projecting 65 tigers. Conservation Excellence Award for 2020: Transboundary Manas Conservation Area straddling the India-Bhutan border has received the TX2 Conservation Excellence Award for 2020. Transboundary Manas Conservation Area or TraMCA comprises 500 sq. km. Manas National Park in Assam and…
28 November, 2020
Biodiversity & Environment
Climate Change Knowledge Portal Recently, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has launched the ‘India Climate Change Knowledge Portal. Objective: The Portal will help in disseminating knowledge among citizens about all the major steps the Government is taking at both national and international levels to address climate change issues. Benefit: It will be a single point Information resource which provides information on the different climate initiatives taken by various Line Ministries enabling users to access updated status on these initiatives. Components: The eight major components included in the knowledge portal are: 1. India’s Climate Profile: The northern part…
28 November, 2020
Biodiversity & Environment
CSIR-CMERI’s Municipal Solid Waste Processing Facility Recently, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research’s Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-CMERI) has developed a Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Processing Facility (Decentralised Solid Waste Management Plant) to solve the problem of waste management in India. MSW Processing Facility: It is developed following the Solid Waste Management (SWM) Rules 2016 prescribed by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change. It has been developed with the potential to scientifically manage solid waste including Covid-19 wastes. The facility is equipped with special disinfection capabilities to help break the Covid-19 chain through UV-C lights and…
26 October, 2020
Biodiversity & Environment
2 New Ramsar Wetlands added: Now the total is 39 Ramsar Convention or Convention on Wetlands of International Importance It is an intergovernmental treaty for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. It was adopted on 2 Feb 1971 (Thus World Wetlands Day) in the Iranian city of Ramsar (Caspian Sea) and came into force in 1975. (WNBSR also in 1971) It is the only global environmental system treaty that deals with a particular ecosystem. Criteria for Wetlands of International Importance If it has a unique, rare example of natural wetland type. If it supports vulnerable, endangered…
26 October, 2020
Biodiversity & Environment
India State of Forest Report 2019 What is the India State of Forest Report 2019? India State of Forest Report 2019 is the 16th biennial assessment of India’s forests by the Forest Survey of India, an organisation under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). FSI undertakes the National Forest Inventory to assess the growing stock in forests and TOF (Tree Outside Forest), bamboo resources, and carbon stock and to assess the dependence of the people living in Forest Fringe Villages for fuelwood, fodder, small timber and bamboo. In the current India State of Forest Report, a new chapter ‘Forest Types and Biodiversity’ has been…
13 January, 2022
Forest
Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering & Technology (CIPET) About CIPET Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology (CIPET) was established in 1968 by the Government of India with the assistance of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Chennai. The main objective of setting up this specialized institute was to develop manpower in different disciplines of Plastics Engineering & Technology as no similar institute was in existence in the country. International Labour Organization (ILO) served as the executing agency. During the initial project period between 1968 and 1973, the institute achieved the targets envisaged and was rated as one of…
29 May, 2020
Plastic Pollution
Invasive mussel spreads in backwaters An invasive mussel native to the South and Central American coasts is spreading quickly in the backwaters of Kerala, elbowing out other mussel and clam species and threatening the livelihoods of fishermen engaged in molluscan fisheries. The rapid spread of the Charu mussel (Mytella strigata) may have been triggered by Cyclone Ockhi which struck the region in 2017, according to a paper published in the Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries. Worst-hit Surveys show the presence of the Charu mussel in the Kadinamkulam, Paravur, Edava-Nadayara, Ashtamudi, Kayamkulam, Vembanad, Chettuva and Ponnani estuaries/backwaters. Ashtamudi Lake, a…
28 May, 2020
Biodiversity & Environment
Ecologically Sensitive Area of Western Ghats. States express desire to expedite early notification of Ecologically Sensitive Area of Western Ghats. Context: Union Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Shri Prakash Javadekar today interacted with Chief Ministers, Cabinet Ministers & State Government Officers of six states viz, Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu through Video Conference to discuss issues relating to notification of Ecologically Sensitive Area (ESA) pertaining to the Western Ghats. To conserve and protect the biodiversity of Western Ghats while allowing for sustainable and inclusive development of the region, the Government of India constituted a High-Level…
22 May, 2020
Biodiversity & Environment
Wayanad's giant jackfruit enters the Guinness record A massive jackfruit, weighing over 52 kg and 117 cm long, is eyeing to enter the Guinness record book. The fruit was found in a private plantation at Kappattumula in nearby Mananthavady and is likely to replace the existing Guinness record of the heaviest jackfruit globally. Another giant jackfruit, weighing 51.500 kg, from Kollam, is also vying for the record books. To date, the world's heaviest jackfruit according to Guinness came from India, the fruit weighed 42.72 kg and was 57.15-cm long with a circumference of 132.08 cm.
19 May, 2020
Biodiversity & Environment
Lockdown air: less NO2, same PM2.5 and more urban ozone Introduction While traffic pollution has been falling, the lockdown may be leading to the generation of a dangerous pollutant, urban ozone, which can cause airway inflammation in humans. The research is specific to the UK. It has been conducted by experts from The University of Manchester. Nitrogen oxides Levels of nitrogen oxides were found reduced in most locations in the UK during mid-March and April. The level of decline ranges from 20% to 80 %. Levels of nitrogen oxides fall less in rural areas than in urban areas, and they are…
09 May, 2020
Biodiversity & Environment
National Mission for Clean Ganga organised IDEAthon Context: The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) under the Ministry of Jal Shakti and the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) organized an IDEAthon on “The future of River Management’ to explore how the COVID-19 crisis can shape River Management strategies for the future. Dealing with the COVID-19 crisis has been a challenge for most countries across the globe which have witnessed some sort of lockdown in most the places. While the general narrative around this crisis has been that of anxiety and concern, the crisis has also thrown up some positive…
03 May, 2020
Biodiversity & Environment
Air Pollution in Delhi Background An AQI between 0-50 is considered ‘good’, 51-100 ‘satisfactory’, 101-200 ‘moderate’, 201-300 ‘poor’, 301-400 ‘very poor’ and 401-500 ‘severe’. Above 500 falls in the ‘severe-plus emergency’ category. Measures announced under GRAP- Severe+ or Emergency- (PM 2.5 over 300 µg/cubic metre or PM10 over 500 µg/cu. m. for 48+ hours): Stop entry of trucks into Delhi (except essential commodities). Stop construction work. Introduce odd/even scheme for private vehicles and minimise exemptions. Task Force to decide any additional steps including shutting of schools. Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP): Approved by the Supreme Court in 2016. It works only as an emergency…
24 August, 2021
Air Pollution
Biodiversity in the time of the flood GS-III: Biodiversity in the time of deluge Context Floods impact the poorest strata of society the most, causing a loss of lives, livelihood options, and assets. There is a need for the assessment of floods from a ‘sustainable development perspective. Causes for floods The root cause of such floods is the high precipitation levels. Anthropogenic factors like unscientific development and over-exploitation of nature aggravate the damages. The global climate has been changing in an unpredictable manner. As per an IPCC report, the Global Green House Gases emissions grew by 70% between 1970 and…
17 December, 2021
Biodiversity & Environment
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