Everything about: Elephants

Asiatic Elephant

• Asiatic Elephant is Endangered in IUCN; Schedule I of Wildlife Protection Act and Appendix I of CITES.
• Elephants are National Heritage animals. 
• World Elephant Day = 12 Aug, 2017.
• Elephant Reserves (ER are declared by Center)
  1. Singhbhum ER in JH is the 1st ER of India.
  2. Karnataka has the highest Elephants followed by Assam & Kerala.
  3. Singphan ER = Nagaland. (Other Protected Areas in NG = Itangki NP, Fakim WS, Pulibadze WS, Rangapahar WS).
  4. Manas NP is also an Elephant reserve.
• Elephant Corridors
  1. Elephant Corridors are narrow strips of land that connect 2 large habitats of Elephants.
  2. Elephant corridors are crucial to reducing animal fatalities due to accidents and other reasons.
  3. Odisha, Jharkhand and Chattisgarh are mineral-rich states, but also have the highest number of Elephant corridors.
  4. Asian Elephant Alliance,
     1. It is an umbrella initiative by 5 NGOs, that has come together to secure 96 out of the 101 existing corridors in the next 10 years used by elephants across 12 States in India.
     2. NGOs Elephant Family, International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), IUCN Netherlands and World Land  Trust have teamed up with Wildlife Trust of India (WTI) in the alliance.
• Project Elephant, 1992
  1. It was launched by India in the year 1992 as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme with the following objectives:1
     1. To protect elephants, their habitat & corridors
     2. To address issues of man-animal conflict
     3. Welfare of captive elephants
  2. It is implemented in 16 States and MoEF provides financial and technical support.
• MoEF + WTI launched Gaj Yatra from Tura in Garo Hills, Meghalaya
  1. Gaj Yatra is a mega campaign launched on World Elephants Day (12 Aug) by NGOs WTI + IFAW (both NGOs) (International Fund for Animal Welfare). The campaign is planned to cover 12 Elephant range states. 100 Elephant corridors. Awareness.
  2. Recognize people's Initiative of Community forests for Human - Elephant Harmony & conservation of animals like Hoolock Gibbon.
• MoEF + WTI launched Haathi mere Saathi campaign
  1. Launched at E-8 meetin un 2011. For awareness.
  2. E-8 members include India, Srilanka, Thailand, Indonesia; Botswana, DRC, Kenya, Tanzania.
• MIKE: Monitoring of Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE) programme
  1. MIKE is established by the UN CITES. At the core of the MIKE Programme is the site- based monitoring of elephant mortality.
  2. MIKE aims to help Elephant range States improve their ability to monitor elephant populations, detect illegal killings, and use this information to provide more effective law enforcement and strengthen any regulatory measures required to support such enforcement.
• Elephant Trade Information System (ETIS):
  1. ETIS is a comprehensive information system to track illegal trade in ivory and other  elephant products.
  2. It shares the same objectives as those set out for MIKE, with the difference that its aim is to record and analyse levels and trends in illegal trade, rather than the illegal killing of elephants.
• Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpes virus (EEHV)
  1. EEHV is as a type of herpes virus that can cause a highly fatal hemorrhagic disease in young Asian elephants.
  2. It is a rare disease that has affected 5 elephants in Odisha.
• Elephant Conflict
  1. Bengal, Odisha and Assam account for half the fatalities in the man-elephant conflict.
  2. Reasons: Electrocution > Train Accidents > Poaching > Poisoning.
• Wayanad WS: is a part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. It has the World's largest recorded population of Asiatic Elephant. It is drained by the Kabini river which is a tributary of the Cauvery river.
• MP gets its 1st Elephant colony in Bandhavgarh forests (Elephants came from Chattisgarh).
• India’s first elephant rehabilitation centre is to be set up in Kottoor, Kerala. It is being planned on the lines of the Pinnawala Elephant Orphanage in Sri Lanka. India has also opened its first water clinic for elephants suffering from arthritis, joint pain and foot ailments at a wildlife SOS Elephant Hospital, Mathura, UP.

Difference between Asiatic Elephants and African Elephants

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What is the news?

• As human-elephant conflicts increase with time and expand human range, understanding social behaviour becomes crucial to the conservation and management of the highly social and endangered Asian elephant.
• The Asian elephant is a charismatic species with a long history of co-existence with humans. Yet works on male societies of wild elephants based on long-term observations are rare.
• To fill this gap, researchers from Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), an autonomous Institute of the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, studied associations of male Asian elephants by collecting and analysing data on the behaviour of identified nonmusth wild Asian elephants of Nagarahole and Bandipur National Parks.
• They found that the time spent by male Asian elephants in all-male and mixed-sex groups depended on the age of the male.
• Adult Asian male elephants preferred to spend their time alone than in mixed-sex or in all-male groups. Besides, old males were found mostly in the company of their age peers and less frequently with young males (15 to 30 years of age). Also, young males did not disproportionately initiate associations with old males.
• Adult male Asian elephants are less social than females. They enter musth -- a mate-searching strategy for old (above 30 years of age) males, annually. The researchers hypothesised that when the adult males enter musth, dominance relationships may affect the number of mating opportunities they procure. Hence, it might be more crucial for old males than for young males to test strength with each other and settle dominant relationships during their non-musty time.
• On the other hand, since young males associated less with females during musth than non-musth time, they might also be using their non-musth time to search for mating opportunities.
• The team observed male elephants and identified them using features of their ears, tails, and tusks and recorded whether males associated with each other in the presence or absence of females.
• They used six years of field data on 83 identified males for this study, which was published in the open-access journal ‘Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution’. They considered two possible reasons for male associations --non-musth males may use their time to fight with males of the same age class, who would be of similar sizes, to decide their dominance relationships, and young males might also use their associations to learn from older males about food resources and/or reproductive behaviour.
• Their results showed that all-male groups (in the absence of females) were rare and small. According to the team, social learning from older males did not seem to play a big role in male associations. In contrast, African savannah elephants have been found to spend more time in all-male groups and to form larger groups, and young males preferred to associate with older males.
• The researchers said that this could be due to the difference in the dispersion of food resources in the habitats occupied by the two species.
• This study is one of the few that examines male associations in species in which males rove between social groups. It provides an example of how ecological differences could possibly drive differences in male societies in related species with similar male reproductive strategies.

Indian scientists discover materials that self-repair mechanical damages

• New materials may soon make it possible for damaged electronic components, such as in space crafts, to mend themselves. The materials recently developed by scientists can repair their own mechanical damages with the electrical charges generated by the mechanical impact on them.
• Devices that we use daily often break down due to mechanical damage, forcing us either to repair or replace them. This decreases the life of the equipment and increases maintenance costs. In many cases, like in space crafts, human intervention for restoration is not possible.
• Keeping such necessities in mind, researchers from the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, teaming up with IIT Kharagpur, have developed piezoelectric molecular crystals that repair themselves from mechanical damages without the need for any external intervention. Piezoelectric crystals are a class of materials that generate electricity when it undergoes a mechanical impact.
• The piezoelectric molecules developed by the scientists called bipyrazole organic crystals recombine following mechanical fracture without any external intervention, autonomously self-healing in milliseconds with crystallographic precision.
• In these molecular solids, due to the unique property of generating electrical charges on mechanical impact, the broken pieces acquire electrical charges at the crack junction, leading to attraction by damaged parts and precise autonomous repair. This research supported by the Department of Science and Technology, GoI via Swarnajayanti Fellowship to CM Reddy and Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) research grants has been published in the journal ‘Science’ recently.
• This methodology was initially developed by the IISER Kolkata team led by Prof. C Malla Reddy, a recipient of the Swarnajayanti fellowship (2015) given by the Department of Science & Technology, GoI. Prof. Nirmalya Ghosh of IISER Kolkata, a laureate of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) G.G. Stokes Award in Optical polarization 2021, used a custom-designed state-of-the-art polarization microscopic system to probe and quantify the perfection of the piezoelectric organic crystals. These materials with the perfect internal arrangement of molecules or ions are called ‘crystals’, which are abundant in nature.
• The IIT Kharagpur’s team, Prof. Bhanu Bhusan Khatua and Dr Sumanta Karan studied the performance of the new materials for fabricating mechanical energy harvesting devices. The material may find application in high-end micro-chips, high-precision mechanical sensors, actuators, micro-robotics, and so on. Further research into such materials may eventually lead to the development of smart gadgets that self-repair cracks or scratches.