Interlinking of Rivers

About Interlinking of Rivers

• The project of inter-linking of rivers was first proposed in the 1970s.
• The National Perspective Plan (NPP) was prepared by the then Ministry of Irrigation (now Ministry of Jal Shakti) in August 1980 for water resources development through inter basin transfer of water, for transferring water from water surplus basins to water-deficit basins.
• Under the NPP, the National Water Development Agency (NWDA) has identified 30 links (16 under the Peninsular Component and 14 under the Himalayan Component) for the preparation of Feasibility Reports (FRs).
• The concept has been envisaged on the fact that Indo-Gangetic rivers are perennial and are fed from rain waters and other glacial sources of southwest monsoon.
• On the other hand, peninsular rivers are rain fed and are heavily dependent on the southwest monsoon.
• Hence, Indo-Gangetic plains witness devastating floods whereas peninsular states suffer from severe droughts.
• If this excess water is transported to the peninsular rivers, the issues of floods and droughts can be resolved.
• Therefore the interlinking of rivers will provide for equitable distribution of river waters.

What is the National River Linking Project?

• The project proposes to transfer water from the ‘water surplus’ basin to the ‘water deficit’ basin by interlinking 37 rivers across the country through a network of nearly 3000 storage dams to form a gigantic South Asian Water Grid.
• National Water Development Agency (NWDA) is responsible for the formulation of proposals of the linking of rivers.
• The project has two components – 1) Himalayan Component & 2) Peninsular Component.

Himalayan Component:

• Under this, 14 projects have been identified to link different rivers of the Himalayan Region.
• It involves the construction of storage reservoirs on the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers as well as their tributaries.
• In addition, the interlinking of Ganga and Yamuna has also been proposed.
• It is expected to benefit the drought-prone areas of Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, etc.
• Further, it will moderate floods in the Ganga Brahmaputra river system.
• It has 2 sub-component linkages:

1. Ganga and Brahmaputra basins to Mahanadi basin.
2. Eastern Ganga tributaries and Chambal and Sabarmati river basins.

Below is the diagram of the proposed & completed links under the Himalayan component:

Peninsular Component:

• Under this, 16 projects have been proposed to link the rivers of South India.
• Surplus waters of Mahanadi and Godavari will be transferred to Krishna, Pennar, Cauvery, and Vaigai.
• It has 4 sub-component linkages
• Mahanadi and Godavari basins to Krishna, Cauvery, and Vaigai rivers
• West-flowing rivers south of Tapi to the north of Bombay
• Ken River to Betwa River and Parbati, Kalisindh rivers to Chambal rivers
• Some West flowing rivers to the East flowing rivers.

Below is the diagram of the proposed & completed links under the Peninsular component:

What are the significances of rivers interlinking?

• Control floods and droughts: India receives the majority of its rainfall in only 3 months of a year i.e., from June to September. Most of such rainfall occurs in northern and eastern India whereas southern India remains in water deficit. Thus linking will provide a two-way advantage, that is, controlling floods as well as droughts.
• Solve the water crisis: The project envisages the supply of clean drinking water and water for industrial use amounting to 90 and 64.8 billion cu.m respectively with a view to satisfying the demand by 2050.
• Hydropower generation: The building of dams and reservoirs are key components of the interlinking project = About 34,000 MW of total power could be generated if the whole project is implemented. Thus river interlinking has the potential to resolve the electricity issues of the industrial, agricultural as well as rural households.
• Dry Weather Flow Augmentation: Transfer of surplus water stored in reservoirs during monsoon and releasing it during the dry season will facilitate a minimum amount of dry weather flow in the rivers. This would help in pollution control, navigation, fisheries, growth of forests, protection of wildlife, etc.
• Irrigation benefits: Indian agriculture is primarily dependent on monsoons which is not reliable = failure of crops due to water scarcity as we have witnessed in the Vidharba region of Maharashtra. The project claims to provide additional irrigation facilities for about 35 million hectares in the water deficit western and peninsular regions.
• Commercial benefits: In the long run, the interlinking of rivers will have commercial benefits. Canals can be utilised as inland waterways which will help in faster movement of goods from one place to another. Moreover, rural areas will develop with diverse income sources such as fish farming, etc.
• Defence: The Project is expected to strengthen the security of the country with an additional waterline of defence.

What are the concerns with the implementation of the project?

Feasibility of the project:

• The total cost of the project is expected to be around 5,60,000 crore at the 2002 price level.
• Besides, the total cost with respect to the usage is expected to be 1,35,000 crore for power generation and 4,25,000 crore for irrigation and water supply.
• In addition to the huge costs involved, the project would require huge engineering structures which also need constant monitoring.
• Furthermore, the Interlinking of rivers will require more power to lift the water than what it is likely to produce (hydropower).

Environmental impacts:

• The project will alter the entire ecosystem of the rivers = and affect fisheries, flora and fauna, wetlands and other ecosystems.
• In addition to this, forest reserves and national parks will also be affected due to the construction of various links. For example, the Ket-Betwa link is expected to put in danger 4000 hectares of the Panna National park which is also an important tiger reserve.
• Seismic implications on the Himalayas due to the weight of millions of litres of water.
• The concerns about sediment management, particularly on the Himalayan system have been rising.
• When the idea is to transfer water from the ‘surplus’ Himalayan river systems to ‘deficit’ basins of the southern part of India, the differential sediment regime defining the flow regimes needs to be considered.
• This will lead to changes in ecosystem structures in both parts.
• More importantly, the project will lead to a decrease in the flow of freshwater into the sea = affecting marine life.

Societal impacts:

• The building of dams and reservoirs will result in a displacement of a lot of people which cannot even be estimated currently.
• For example, Tehri Dam in Uttarakhand resulted in the submergence of more than 40 villages along with the partial submergence of 72 villages = causing the displacement of around 1 lakh people.
• Moreover, there is also a question arises – Where could we rehabilitate these displaced people when there is increased pressure on land due to the rising population?

Inter-state disputes

• Water is a state subject in the Indian constitution.
• Many states including Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, and Sikkim have already opposed ILR projects.
• There has been a dispute between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu over the sharing of water from the river Cauvery.

International disputes:

• Interlinking of rivers will likely increase the number of conflicts not only at the state level but also at the international level.
• Some of the inter-linking of rivers schemes have international implications, with a possible impact on countries such as Bhutan, Nepal, and Bangladesh
• Bangladesh strongly opposes the move to transfer the Brahmaputra water to the Ganga.
• Therefore, Water transfer in the Himalayan component needs to consider the effects on the neighbouring countries.

Cannot control floods:

• It is doubtful whether interlinking projects can provide floodproofing. Theoretically, a large reservoir can help moderate floods in the downstream areas. However, in the case of India experiences have been different.
• Big dams such as the Ranganadi dam, the Damodar dams, the Farakka and Bansagar dams, and the Hirakud dam have brought avoidable flood disasters to Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha, respectively.

National Interlinking of Rivers Authority (NIRA)

The Central government is working on the establishment of an exclusive body to implement projects for linking rivers.

Background

• The proposal for an apex body on river linking has been under discussion for the past 2 years.
• As of now, no specific timeline has been determined for the constitution of the Authority. Also, the earlier idea of framing a Bill, envisaging the creation of the NIRA, is not being pursued now.

About the NIRA

• To be called the National Interlinking of Rivers Authority (NIRA), the proposed body is expected to take up both inter-State and intra-State projects.
• It will also make arrangements for generating funds, internally and externally.
• The subject of the establishment of the Authority was discussed at the last meeting of the Special Committee on Inter-Linking of Rivers (ILR) in New Delhi. Headed by the Union Minister of Jal Shakti, the panel includes Irrigation or Water Resources Ministers and Secretaries of States. Since its formation, the Committee has held 17 meetings.
• It is being assisted by a Task Force for ILR, which is a committee of experts essentially drawn from the Jal Shakti Ministry, Central Water Commission and the National Water Development Agency (NWDA).

Way Forward

• Local solutions (like better irrigation practice) and watershed management, should be focused on.
• The government should alternatively consider the National Waterways Project (NWP) which “eliminates” friction between states over the sharing of river waters since it uses only the excess flood water that goes into the sea unutilized
• The necessity and feasibility of river interlinking should be seen on case to case basis, with adequate emphasis on easing out federal issues.

Schemes for Judiciary

• Cabinet has approved the continuation of the Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) for Development of Infrastructure Facilities for Judiciary for a further five years from 01.04.2021 to 31.03.2026 at a total cost of Rs.9000 crore, out of which Central share will be Rs.5357 crore including Rs. 50 crore for the Gram Nyayalayas Scheme and their implementation in a Mission Mode through National Mission for Justice Delivery and Legal Reforms.
• Need for the scheme:

1. Several courts are still functioning in rented premises with insufficient space and some in dilapidated condition without basic amenities. 
2. Lack of residential accommodation to all the judicial officers also adversely affects their working and performance.
3. Adequacy of judicial infrastructure is critical for the reduction of pendency and backlog of cases in Courts.

• This proposal will help in construction of 3800 court halls and 4000 residential units (both new and ongoing projects) for judicial officers of District and Subordinate Courts, 1450 lawyer halls, 1450 toilets complexes and 3800 digital computer rooms.
• The Cabinet also approved the decision to support the Gram Nyayalayas by proving recurring and non-recurring grants for a period of 5 years with a total outlay of Rs 50 crores.
• However, funds will be released to the states only after the notified Gram Nyayalayas are operationalised and Nyayadhikaris have been appointed and reported on the Gram Nyayalaya portal of Department of Justice.

Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) for Development of Infrastructure Facilities for Judiciary:

• A Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) for Development of Infrastructure Facilities for Judiciary has been in operation since 1993-94. 
• Adequacy of judicial infrastructure is critical for reduction of pendency and backlog of cases in Courts.
• Though the primary responsibility of infrastructure development for the subordinate judiciary rests with the State Governments, the Central Government through this CSS augments the resources of the State Governments for construction of court buildings and residential quarters for Judicial Officers (JO) in all the States / UTs. The present proposal provides for additional activities like construction of lawyer halls, toilets complexes and digital computer rooms.
• This will add to the convenience of lawyers and litigants besides reducing digital divide.
• Since the inception of the scheme till 2014, the Central Government over 20 years provided only Rs. 3444 crore to the State Governments/Union Territories. In sharp contrast, the present Government during last seven years has sanctioned Rs 5200 crore till date accounting for nearly 60% of the sanction made so far.

Implementation of the Scheme from 2021 to 2026

• Implementation of the following activities for five years from 01.04.2021 to 31.03.2026 at a total cost of Rs.9000 crore, out of which Central share with an approved outlay of Rs.5357 crore including Rs.50 crore allocated for the Gram Nyayalayas Scheme.
• Construction of 3800 court halls and 4000 residential units for Judicial Officers (JO) in all the District and Subordinate Courtsin all the District and Subordinate Courts with an expenditure of Rs.4500 crores.
• Construction of 1450 Lawyers’ Halls in all the District and Subordinate Courts with an expenditure of Rs.700 crore.
• Construction of 1450 toilet complex in all the District and Subordinate Courts with an expenditure of Rs.47 crore.
• Construction of 3800 Digital Computer Rooms in the District and Subordinate Courts with an expenditure of Rs.60 crore.
• Operationalisation of Gram Nyayalayas in implementing states with an expenditure of Rs.50 crore.

Monitoring of the Scheme

• An on-line monitoring system has been set up by the Department of Justice enabling data collection on progress, completion of court halls and residential units under construction as well as better asset management.
• Department of Justice has developed an online monitoring system with technical assistance from ISRO.
• The upgraded “Nyaya Vikas-2.0” web portal and mobile application is used for monitoring physical and financial progress of CSS judicial infrastructure projects by geo-tagging completed and ongoing projects.
• Quarterly review meetings are held with the representatives of all States/UTs and High Courts to review the status of implementation of projects.
• The Gram Nyayalaya Portal helps online monitoring of working of the Gram Nyayalayas by the implementing states.

 Benefits from the Scheme

• The CSS Scheme will increase the availability of well-equipped Court Halls and Residential Accommodations for Judges / Judicial Officers of District and Subordinate Courts all over the country.
• The courts are also being provided with better amenities enabling win-win situation for both the judiciary and the lawyers and also to ease of living of common man. Setting up of digital computer rooms will also improve digital capabilities and give impetus to the digitization initiation being pursued as a part of India’s Digital India vision.
• This will help in improving the overall functioning and performance of the Judiciary.
• Continued assistance to the Gram Nyayalayas will also give impetus to providing speedy, substantial and affordable justice to the common man at his door step.

Continuation of National AYUSH Mission

• India possesses an unmatched heritage represented by its traditional systems of medicine like Ayurveda, Siddha, Sowa Rigpa, Unani and also Homeopathy (ASU&H) which are a treasure house of knowledge for preventive, promotive and curative healthcare.
• The positive features of the Indian systems of medicine namely their diversity and flexibility; accessibility; affordability, broad acceptance by a large section of the general public; comparatively lesser cost and growing economic value, have great potential to make them providers of healthcare that the large sections of our people need.
• The government of India is implementing a Centrally Sponsored Scheme of the National AYUSH Mission (NAM) through States/UTs for development and promotion of AYUSH system of medicine including Homoeopathy.
• Under NAM, Grant-in-aid is being provided to State/UT Governments for the development and promotion of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) as per their proposed State Annual Action Plans (SAAPs).
• A specific resource pool with respect to NAM for each State/UT Government is allocated and communicated by the Central Government.
• Accordingly, the State/UT Governments submit their State Annual Action Plans (SAAPs) to the Ministry as per their felt need in accordance with NAM guidelines.
• Since NAM is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme and implementation of the programme comes under the purview of respective States/UT governments, no specific targets have been fixed by the Government of India in the States/UTs.
• As Public Health is a State subject, setting up of AYUSH Hospitals and Dispensaries comes under the purview of respective State/UT Governments.
• However, under the Centrally Sponsored Scheme of the National AYUSH Mission (NAM), there is the provision of financial assistance for upgradation of Government/ Panchayat/ Government aided AYUSH Hospitals and Dispensaries for undertaking addition/ alteration of existing premises, furniture, fixtures, equipments etc. State/UT Governments are eligible for seeking grant-in-aid under this activity as per NAM guidelines.

The objectives of the National AYUSH Mission (NAM) are as follows:

1. To provide cost-effective AYUSH Services, with universal access through upgrading AYUSH Hospitals and Dispensaries, co-location of AYUSH facilities at Primary Health Centres (PHCs), Community Health Centres (CHCs) and District Hospitals (DHs).
2. To strengthen institutional capacity at the state level through upgrading AYUSH educational institutions, State Government Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Homoeopathy (ASU&H) Pharmacies, ASU & H Drug Testing Laboratories and enforcement mechanism.
3. Support cultivation of medicinal plants by adopting Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) so as to provide a sustained supply of quality raw materials and support certification mechanism for quality standards, Good Agricultural/Collection/Storage Practices.
4. (iv)Support setting up of clusters through a convergence of cultivation, warehousing, value addition, marketing and development of infrastructure for entrepreneurs.

Salient features of the National AYUSH Mission (NAM)

1. Co-location of AYUSH facilities at Primary Health Centers (PHCs), Community Health Centers (CHCs) and District Hospitals (DHs).
2. Supply of essential drugs to AYUSH Hospitals and Dispensaries.
3. Up gradation of exclusive State Government AYUSH Hospitals and Dispensaries.
4. Setting up of up to 50 bedded integrated AYUSH Hospital.
5. Upgradation of State Government Educational Institutions.
6. Setting up of new State Government AYUSH Educational Institutions including Yoga and Naturopathy in the State where it is not available.
7. Strengthening of State Government/ Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Homoeopathy (ASU&H) Pharmacies and Drug Testing Laboratories (DTL).
8. Cultivation and Promotion of Medicinal Plants.
9. Upgradation of Health facilities (AYUSH Dispensaries and Health sub-centres) into AYUSH Health and Wellness Centre. 
10. Flexible components with provision for the following activities:

• AYUSH Wellness Centres including Yoga & Naturopathy
• Tele-medicine
• Sports Medicine through AYUSH
• Innovations in AYUSH including Public Private Partnership
• Reimbursement of Testing charges
• IEC activities
• Research & Development in areas related to Medicinal Plants
• Voluntary certification scheme: Project-based.
• Market Promotion, Market intelligence & buyback interventions
• Crop Insurance for Medicinal Plants

What is the news?

• The Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi has approved the continuation of the National AYUSH Mission (NAM) as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme from 01-04-2021 to 31-03-2026 with financial implication of Rs. 4607.30 crores (Rs 3,000 crore as Central Share and Rs. 1607.30 crores as State Share). The Mission was launched on 15-09-2014.
• Centrally Sponsored Scheme of National AYUSH Mission is being implemented by Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India with the objectives of providing cost-effective AYUSH Services, with universal access through upgrading AYUSH Hospitals and Dispensaries, co-location of AYUSH facilities at Primary Health Centers (PHCs), Community Health Centers (CHCs) and District Hospitals (DHs), strengthening institutional capacity at the State level through upgrading AYUSH educational institutions, setting up of new up to 50 bedded integrated AYUSH Hospital, AYUSH Public Health programmes and operationalization of 12,500 AYUSH Health and Wellness Centres to provide services of a holistic wellness model based on AYUSH principles and practices so as to empower masses for "self-care" to reduce the disease burden, and out of the pocket expenditure.
• The Mission is to address the gaps in health services by supporting the efforts of State/UT Governments for providing AYUSH health services/education in the country, particularly in vulnerable and far-flung areas. Under NAM special focus is given for specific needs of such areas and for allocation of higher resources in their Annual Plans.

The expected outcomes of the mission are as follows:

• Better access to AYUSH healthcare services through increased healthcare facilities offering AYUSH services and better availability of medicines and trained manpower,
• Improvement in AYUSH education through a well-equipped enhanced number of AYUSH Educational institutions,

• To focus on reducing communicable/non-communicable diseases through targeted public health programmes using AYUSH systems of Healthcare.