The shifting trajectory of India’s foreign policy

The shifting trajectory of India’s foreign policy

M.K. Narayanan is a former National Security Adviser and a former Governor of West Bengal

Context

• The Third India-U.S. 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue between the Foreign and Defence Ministers of India and the U.S. Secretaries of State and Defence took place in Delhi, with the U.S. Defence Secretary, Mark Esper, stating that “India will be the most consequential partner for the US in the Indo-Pacific this Century”.

The strategic focus

• Mike Pompeo, making an all-out attack on China and the threat it posed to democratic nations.
• The centrepiece of the dialogue was the signing of the Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA) for Geo-Spatial Cooperation, which marked India’s entry as a full member into the select category of nations entitled to receive highly classified U.S. defence and intelligence information.
• The two-day meeting also discussed steps to take existing bilateral cooperation, including ‘military to military cooperation, secure communication systems and information sharing, defence trade and industrial issues’, to a new level.

Foundational military agreements.

• With the signing of BECA, India is now a signatory to all U.S.-related foundational military agreements.
• India had signed the:
  • Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA), in 2016, and the
  • Communications, Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA), in 2018.
• By appending its signature to BECA, India is in a position to specifically receive sensitive geo-spatial intelligence.
• Welded together, the foundational military pacts effectively tie India to the wider U.S. strategic architecture in the region.

An advantage, but at a price

• Indisputably, access to this kind of highly classified information is an advantage.
• At the same time, it must be recognised that the information comes with a ‘price tag’ which would not be inconsiderable.
• Built into the agreements are provisions for a two-way exchange of information and, while India prides itself on maintaining strategic autonomy, it would be evident with the signing of these agreements, that India’s claims of maintaining strategic autonomy will increasingly sound hollow.
• India has signed on to becoming part of the wider anti-China ‘coalition of the willing’.
• It is a point worth considering whether by signing on to BECA at this juncture, India has effectively jettisoned its previous policy of neutrality, and of maintaining its equi-distance from power blocs.
• It may be argued that the new policy is essentially a pragmatic one, in keeping with the current state of global disorder.

Impact on China, regional ties

• Having distanced itself from the Quad for years, on account of its security and military connotations and anti-China bias, India has more recently waived its objections, even as the Quad has become more anti-China in its orientation.
• The invitation to Australia to participate in the Malabar Naval Exercises this year, to which the other two Quad members had already been invited, further confirms this impression.
• Since 1988, India has pursued, despite occasional problems, a policy which put a premium on an avoidance of conflicts with China.
• Even after Doklam in 2017, India saw virtue in the Wuhan and Mamallapuram discourses, to maintain better relations.
• This will now become increasingly problematic as India gravitates towards the U.S. sphere of influence.
• Even as the U.S. makes no secret of its intentions to contain and check Chinese ambitions, India’s willingness to sign foundational military agreements with the U.S., to obtain high grade intelligence and other sensitive information, would suggest that India has made its choice, which can only exacerbate already deteriorating China-India relations.
• It may pay India better dividends if policy planners were to pay greater attention at this time to offset its loss of influence and momentum in its immediate neighbourhood (in South Asia), and in its extended neighbourhood (in West Asia).
• Several of India’s neighbours (Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bangladesh), normally perceived to be within India’s sphere of influence, currently seem to be out of step with India’s approach on many issues.
• China and the U.S. separately, seem to be making inroads and enlarging their influence here.
• The Maldives, for instance, has chosen to enter into a military pact with the U.S. to counter Chinese expansionism in the Indian Ocean region.
• India needs to ensure, that the latest UAE-Israel linkage does not adversely impact India’s interests in the region.
• India must also not rest content with the kind of relations it has with Israel, as Tel Aviv has its own distinct agenda in West Asia.
• Furthermore, India needs to devote greater attention to try and restore India-Iran ties which have definitely frayed in recent years.

Afghanistan and also NAM

• Meantime, India must decide on how best to try and play a role in Afghanistan without getting sucked into the Afghan quagmire.
• India had subscribed to an anti-Taliban policy and was supportive of the Northern Alliance (prior to 2001).
• India must decide how a shift in policy at this time would serve India’s objectives in Afghanistan, considering the tremendous investment it has made in recent decades to shore up democracy in that country.
• India, again, will need to try and square the circle when it comes to its membership of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), considering its new relationship with the U.S.
• Reconciling its present fondness for the U.S., with its full membership of the SCO, which has China and Russia as its main protagonists — and was conceived as an anti-NATO entity — will test India’s diplomatic skills.
• Likewise, even though India currently has a detached outlook, vis-à-vis the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), and has increasingly distanced itself from the African and Latin American group in terms of policy prescriptions, matters could get aggravated, following India’s new alliance patterns.
• It would be a rude awakening for India, if it is seen as no longer a stellar member of NAM.

The Russian link

• Finally, the impact of India signing on to U.S.-related foundational military agreements, cannot but impact India-Russia relations, which has been a staple of India’s foreign policy for more than half a century.
• This, at a time, when Russia-China relations have vastly expanded and a strategic congruence exists between the two countries.
• This is one relationship which India will need to handle with skill and dexterity, as it would be a tragedy if India-Russia relations were to deteriorate at a time when the world is in a state of disorder.