• The Bandipur Tiger Reserve is situated in Karnataka which holds the 2^nd highest Tiger population in India.
• It was established in the year 1974 as a forest tiger reserve under the Project Tiger.
• It is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.

3 rivers flow through the main area of the Bandipur Tiger Reserve - Nugu River, Moyar River and Kabini River.

Bandipur Tiger Reserve

• On April 1, 2023, the Karnataka-based Bandipur Tiger Reserve will have served as a Project Tiger Reserve for 50 years. To arrest the population decrease of tigers, the reserve was established in 1973 by the then-prime minister, Indira Gandhi.
• When Project Tiger was started, there were 12 tigers in Bandipur at first; today, 173 tigers are utilising the region as a result of conservation efforts.

About bandipur tiger reserve

• Bandipur was one of the first nine reserves included in Project Tiger's flagship initiative, and it contained the majority of territories that were already protected by Venugopal Wildlife Park

• It is located in the tri-junction of the states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala in two adjacent districts of Karnataka (Mysore and Chamarajanagar).

• Bandipur Tiger Reserve is located in one of the most biodiverse regions of our nation, the "Western Ghats Mountains Biogeography Zone," and is bordered by the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve in Tamil Nadu to the south, the Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala to the southwest, and the Kabini Reservoir in Kerala to the north-west.

• The Bandipur Tiger Reserve is a crucial part of the nation's first biosphere reserve, the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, and the Bandipur, Nagarahole, Mudumalai, and Wayanad complex landscape is home to the highest population of Asian elephants in addition to the nation's many tigers.

• Project Tiger allowed for its establishment in 1973. In 1985, it was expanded and given the name Bandipur National Park by incorporating surrounding sections of Venugopala Wildlife Park.

• The Bandipur Tiger Reserve is a crucial section of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, the nation's first biosphere reserve, which is a part of the Mysore Elephant Reserve.

• In addition to having the most tigers in the nation—roughly 724—the region that includes Bandipur, Nagarahole, Mudumalai, and Wayanad complex also has the largest population of Asian elephants.

About project tiger

• For the conservation and preservation of various flora and fauna species, the government approved the Wildlife Protection Act in 1972.

• The ambitious goal of Project Tiger, which was started by the Indira Gandhi administration in 1973 from the Jim Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand, was to increase the number of tigers in the nation.

• Jim Corbett, Manas, Ranthambore, Simlipal, Bandipur, Palamau, Sundarbans, Melghta, and Kanha national parks were the first reserves to be included in Project Tiger.

Tiger reserves:

• Project Tiger now covers 54 tiger reserves, distributed throughout 18 of the states where tigers are found, up from 9 in its early years.

Project Tiger's objectives

• To protect India's tiger population in order to advance science, industry, culture, and aesthetics.

• to determine the causes of tiger habitat decline and, via proper management practises, to minimise those causes.

• to protect biologically significant regions as a national treasure for the people's ongoing enjoyment and education.

• protecting threatened and endangered species.

• to protect the rights of locals and tribal members who reside close to tiger reserves.

Challanges

• Making Project Tiger a successful undertaking required the commitment and dedication of numerous government personnel. Taking hunting lands off the market was challenging. Many individuals complained to it and expressed their displeasure with it. The project nonetheless went forward
• Poaching was yet another serious problem. In the past, many individuals sold tiger skin and bones to overseas markets. For them, this was an important source of income.
• Large-scale development initiatives including dams, factories, mines, railway lines, and other structures put stress on, fragment, and destroy habitats.
• Native producers are being wiped out by invasive species. This has an adverse effect on the food chain. Because they are at the bottom of the food chain, tigers suffer the most.

Conclusion

• India has already a success with protected areas, but we still need to do more to conserve our ecosystems. India needs to focus on creating tiger corridors and connecting different ecosystems going forward.