A plan to revive a broken economy

By, Prabhat Patnaik is Professor Emeritus, Centre for Economic Studies and Planning, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi. Jayati Ghosh is a professor of economics at JNU. Harsh Mander is a human rights worker, writer and teacher

Introduction

Despite some announcements of some fiscal packages, vast numbers of working people will remain without their regular incomes. He also announced a package of 20 lakh crore, but this includes already allocated money of 6-lakh crore and monetary policy directives to banks and non-banking financial companies.

The announcements by the Finance Minister thus far involve no additional public spending, even though this is urgently required to revive the economy and prevent further contraction.

These are the following methods that government should do immediately in fiscal terms for reviving the economy and supporting livelihoods.

Food and cash transfers first

The immediate need is to provide free food and cash transfers to those rendered incomeless.

Providing every household with ? 7,000 per month for a period of three months and every individual with 10 kg of free foodgrains per month for a period of six months is likely to cost around 3% of our GDP (assuming 20% voluntary dropout).

This could be financed immediately through larger borrowing by the Centre from the Reserve Bank of India.

The required cash and food have to be handed over to State governments to make the actual transfers, along with outstanding Goods and Services Tax compensation.

Is the above-mentioned step possible?

1. First, foodgrains are plentiful, as the Food Corporation of India had 77 million tonnes, and rabi procurement could add 40 million tonnes.

2. Second, because of the lockdown restrictions, the multiplier rounds of such expenditure are heavily truncated at present and would not generate as much demand as in normal times.

3. Third, cash transfers in many spheres will only enable current demand to continue (such as payment of house rent to continue occupancy) and not create any fresh demand.

4. Fourth, when greater normalcy finally allows pent-up demand to the surface, output could also expand because of resumed economic activity.

5. Finally, putting money in the hands of the poor is the best stimulus to an economic revival, as it creates effective demand in local markets.

Hence, an immediate programme of food and cash transfers must command the highest priority.

Revamp MGNREGA work

• Millions of migrant workers have endured immense hardships to trudge back home, and are unlikely to return to towns in the foreseeable future.
• Employment has to be provided to them where they are, for which the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) must be expanded greatly and revamped with wage arrears paid immediately.
• The 100-day limit per household has to go; work has to be provided on demand without any limit to all adults. And permissible work must include not just agricultural and construction work, but work in rural enterprises and in care activities too.
• The revamped MGNREGS could cover wage bills of rural enterprises started by panchayats, along with those of existing rural enterprises, until they can stand on their own feet.
• This can be an alternative strategy of development, recalling the successful experience of China’s Township and Village Enterprises (TVEs). Public banks could provide credit to such panchayat-owned enterprises.

Self Reliance through MGNREGS

• The growth in India in the coming days will have to be sustained by the home market. Since the most important determinant of growth of the home market is agricultural growth, this must be urgently boosted.
• The MGNREGS can be used for this, paying wages for land development and farm work for small and medium farmers; apart from government support through remunerative procurement prices, subsidised institutional credit, other input subsidies, and redistribution of unused land with plantations.
• Agricultural growth in turn can promote rural enterprises, both by creating a demand for their products and by providing inputs for them to process; and both these activities would generate substantial rural employment.

The urban focus

In urban areas, it is absolutely essential to revive the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs).

Introduce an Urban Employment Guarantee Programme, to serve diverse groups of the urban unemployed, including the educated unemployed.

Urban local bodies must take charge of this programme and would need to be revamped for this purpose.

“Permissible” work under this programme should include, for the present, work in the MSMEs. This would ensure labour supply for the MSMEs and also cover their wage bills at the central government’s expense until they re-acquire robustness.

It should imaginatively also include care work, including for old, disabled and ailing persons, educational activities, and ensuring public services in slums.

The ‘care’ economy

The pandemic has underscored the extreme importance of a public healthcare system.

The post-pandemic period must see significant increases in public expenditure on education and health, especially primary and secondary health including for the urban and rural poor.

The “care economy” provides immense scope for increasing employment.

Vacancies in public employment, especially in such activities, must be immediately filled.

Improvement in the status of Anganwadi and Accredited Social Health Activists/workers who provide essential services to the population. Treat them as regular government employees and give them proper remuneration and associated benefits, and greatly expand their coverage in settlements of the urban poor.

These could easily come within the total package announced by the Prime Minister, which could be financed by printing money.

Measures to raise public revenues in the medium term

A combination of wealth and inheritance taxation and getting multinational companies to pay the same effective rate as local companies through a system of unitary taxation will garner substantial public revenue.

They will also reduce wealth and income inequalities which have become horrendous.

A 2% wealth tax on the top 1% of the population, together with a 33% inheritance tax on the wealth they bequeath every year to their progeny, could finance an increase in government expenditure to the tune of 10% of GDP.

It would be argued that this might cause large financial outflows, which the country can ill-afford.

Contrarily, foreign capital is more likely to be attracted to a growing economy than to one in sharp decline because of a lack of stimulus.

Also, a fresh issue of special drawing rights by the International Monetary Fund (which India has surprisingly opposed along with the United States) would provide additional external resources.

Way Ahead

The broken economy must be rebuilt in ways to ensure a life of dignity for the most disadvantaged citizen.