Social Security Number for Migrants

GS-Paper-3 Economic development (Mains)

The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Labour has recommended that the government introduce a social security number for migrant workers, especially those working in the unorganised sectors which are beyond the purview of the labour laws.

Background: The Ministry of Labour and Employment was unable to give any concrete figures on the number of migrant workers. However, the officials quoted data from the Railway Ministry. About 1.08 crore migrant workers had travelled on Special Shramik express trains initiated by the government to ferry migrant workers.

It was pointed out that students and family members of the workers too used these trains and thus this figure doesn’t accurately record the number of migrant workers.

Social Security Number: Instead of making Aadhar the basis for providing government benefits to migrants, they should be given a social security number which is a more effective way of covering them for insurance, health and other welfare programmes.

A social security number is essential to avert situations like the one during the extended lockdown when several lakh workers had to walk back to their homes as they were shut out of employment overnight. The number will not only help in mapping the number of migrant workers but also their migration patterns.

Suggestions:

Both the State of origin and State where the worker has migrated to should have a record. The migrant workers may or may not have access to the Internet, therefore the smallest arm of administration — the gram sabhas — should be roped in. The same work can be done by municipality workers in the urban areas.

Concerns

It flagged issues related to the social security fund stated under the Social Security Code Bill 2019. There are no specific details in the legislation as to who will contribute to the fund and how it will be utilised.

It also discussed changes in labour laws by some states in the wake of pandemic and impact on workers.

Most of the beneficiaries under the PM Garib Kalyan Yojana were local workers and not migrants.

Social Security Code Bill, 2019

• The central government has been working to concise 44 central labour laws into four broad codes on wages, industrial relations, social security and occupational health & safety.
• The Social Security Code Bill seeks to amend and consolidate nine laws related to social security, including the Employees’ Provident Fund Act, 1952, the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961, and the Unorganised Workers’ Social Security Act, 2008. Social security refers to measures to ensure access to health care and provision of income security to workers.
• It proposes setting up a social security fund. This fund will provide welfare benefits such as pension, medical cover, and death and disablement benefits to all workers, including gig workers. ***Gig workers refer to workers outside of the traditional employer-employee relationship (e.g., freelancers).
• The Code provides for the establishment of several bodies to administer the social security schemes notified by the government.
• It provides that every woman shall be entitled to, and her employer shall be liable for, the payment of maternity benefit at the rate of the average daily wage for the period of her actual absence, i.e. the period immediately preceding the day of her delivery, and any period immediately following that day.
• The Code specifies penalties for various offences, such as falsification of reports, punishable with imprisonment of up to six months.

New FDI rules, 2020

• The Government of India has made its approval for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) by neighbouring countries mandatory.
• This revised FDI policy aims to curb opportunistic takeovers/acquisitions of Indian companies due to the current Covid-19 pandemic.

Important points:

• FDI is allowed under two modes - either through the automatic route, for which companies don't need government approval, or through the government route, for which companies need a go-ahead from the centre.

New FDI policy:

• An entity of a country, which shares a land border with India or where the beneficial owner of an investment into India is situated in or is a citizen of any such country, can invest only under the Government route.
• A transfer of ownership in an FDI deal that benefits any country that shares a border with India will also need government approval.
• India shares land borders with Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Myanmar.
• Investors from countries not covered by the new policy only have to inform the RBI after a transaction rather than asking for prior permission from the relevant government department.

Impacts:

• The earlier FDI policy was limited to allowing only Bangladesh and Pakistan via the government route in all sectors. The revised rule has now brought companies from China under the government route filter.
• China's footprint in the Indian business space has been expanding rapidly, especially since 2014.

Chinese investment in India:

• The net Chinese investment in India, which was $1.6 billion in 2014, shot up five-folds to at least $8 billion (Rs 60,800 crore) in the next three years — with a noticeable shift from state-driven to market-driven investment from the Chinese private sector.
• Official figures underestimate the amount of investment: They neither account for all Chinese companies’ acquisitions of stakes in the technology sector nor investments from China routed through third-party countries, such as Singapore.
• For instance, a $ 504-million investment from the Singapore arm of the mobile firm Xiaomi would not figure in official statistics because of how investments are measured.
• It has been seen that the Chinese firms have escaped the kind of scrutiny in India that their investments have attracted in the West despite several high-profile investments and acquisitions.
• Another concern is that there is no clear separation between the Chinese state and private business. They work closely in pursuing many goals.

Foreign Direct Investment definition:

• FDI is an investment from a party in one country into a business or corporation in another country with the intention of establishing a lasting interest.
• Lasting interest differentiates FDI from foreign portfolio investments, where investors passively hold securities from a foreign country.
• Foreign direct investment can be made by expanding one’s business into a foreign country or by becoming the owner of a company in another country.

Kakrapar Atomic Power Plant-NUCLEAR ENERGY

GS-Paper-3 Nuclear energy (S&T) (PT-MAINS)

Kakrapar Atomic Power Plant is the country’s first 700 MWe (megawatt electric) unit, located in Gujarat. It is the biggest indigenously developed variant of the Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR). The operationalization of India’s first 700MWe reactor marks a significant scale-up in technology. It has recently achieved its criticality, which is a landmark event in India’s domestic civilian nuclear programme.

It is significant in terms of optimization of its PHWR design. It addresses the issue of excess thermal margins and an improvement in the economies of scale, without significant changes to the design of the 540 MWe reactor.

'Thermal margin' refers to the extent to which the operating temperature of the reactor is below its maximum operating temperature. The 700MWe capacity would constitute the biggest component of the expansion plan of India to ramp up its existing nuclear power capacity of 6,780 MWe to 22,480 MWe by 2031.

Criticality means: The normal operating condition of a reactor, in which nuclear fuel sustains a fission chain reaction. A reactor achieves criticality when each fission event releases a sufficient number of neutrons to sustain an ongoing series of reactions.

What is Nuclear Energy?

Nuclear Energy is the energy in the nucleus or core of an atom. Tiny units that make up all matter in the universe are called atoms.

How is Nuclear Energy produced?

Nuclear energy is released by splitting the atom, using the process called Nuclear fission.

How is electricity produced using Nuclear Energy?

A nuclear reactor is a power plant that can control nuclear fission to produce electricity. In the nuclear reactor, uranium is used as fuel. Atoms of uranium are split, which creates fission products which cause other uranium atoms to split, thus creating a chain reaction. The energy from this chain reaction is released in the form of heat. This heat is used to warm the nuclear reactors cooling agent, which results in the formation of steam. This steam turns the turbines, which drive the engines or generators to produce electricity.

Where was the first nuclear reactor located, that produced electricity?

Argonne National Laboratory was the first nuclear reactor to produce electricity was located in Idaho, USA. It was in the year 1951.

Where was the first nuclear power plant designed to provide electricity to a community?

It was set up in Obninsk, Russia in 1954.

What are the advantages of electricity produced using Nuclear Energy?

• It is a source of clean energy.
• It helps in the development of a country’s economy without adversely contributing to climate change.
• It does not emit any greenhouse gases.
• It can be built in urban or rural areas.
• Nuclear Energy – Electricity production across the Globe
• Approximately 10% of the world’s electricity is produced using nuclear energy.
• Worldwide, nuclear power plants are operational in around 30 countries.
• In France, approximately 75% of the electricity is produced by Nuclear energy.
• A total of around 450 nuclear reactors are operating worldwide for generating electricity.

Uses

• Provides electricity to a nation without polluting its environment unlike electricity produced from thermal sources like coal.
• Source of huge employment for a nation.
• It helps in boosting the economy of a nation and helps in achieving Sustainable Development Goals.
• Nuclear power is used for space explorations.
• Used for providing potable water through desalination
• Used in cancer treatment
• Used for sterilizing medical equipment.
• A country’s security needs are addressed by using nuclear-powered submarines and nuclear powered
• Nuclear radiation is used in the treatment of food by killing bacteria, insects and parasites that cause illness.
• Nuclear energy could play a major role in transportation by acting as a substitute for fossil fuels.

Nuclear Energy Facts – India

• Till 2009, India was excluded from global nuclear trade as it was non-signatory of the Nuclear Non-proliferation treaty due to its nuclear weapons program. This was a hindrance in the development of India’s Civil Nuclear energy program.
• Approximately 2.5% of India’s energy requirements are met through nuclear energy.

Locations of Nuclear Power Plants – Planned in India

• Gorakhpur
• Chutka – Madhya Pradesh
• Mahi Banswara – Rajasthan

Locations of Nuclear Power Plants – Proposed

• Haripur – West Bengal
• Rajouli, Nawada – Bihar
• Bhimpur – Madhya Pradesh
• Jaitapur (Ratnagiri District) – Maharashtra
• Kovvada (Srikakulam District) – Andhra Pradesh
• Nizampatnam (Guntur District) – Andhra Pradesh
• Pulivendula (Kadapa District) – Andhra Pradesh
• Chhaya – Mithi (Bhavnagar District) – Gujarat

Locations of Uranium Resources

• Tummalapalle (Kadapa District) – Andhra Pradesh
• Nalgonda District – Telangana
• East Singhbhum District – Jharkhand
• West Khasi Hills District – Meghalaya
• Udaipur District – Rajasthan
• Yadgir District – Karnataka
• Rajnandgaon (District) – Chhattisgarh
• Sonbhadra District – Uttar Pradesh
• Rudraprayag District – Uttarakhand
• Una District – Himachal Pradesh
• Gondia District – Maharashtra

The Indian nuclear programme was conceived based on, unique sequential three-stages and associated technologies essentially to aim at optimum utilization of the indigenous nuclear resource profile of modest Uranium and abundant Thorium resources. This sequential three-stage program is based on a closed fuel cycle, where the spent fuel of one stage is reprocessed to produce fuel for the next stage.

The commercial nuclear power program of the first stage (comprising of PHWRs and imported LWRs) is being implemented by Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL), and the second stage (comprising of Fast Breeder Reactors) by Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Limited (BHAVINI), both companies owned fully by the union government in accordance with the provisions of the act.

STAGE 1: Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor using

• Natural UO2 as fuel matrix.
• Heavy water as moderator and coolant.

STAGE 2: Fast Breeder Reactor

• India's second stage of nuclear power generation envisages the use of Pu-239 obtained from the first stage reactor operation, as the fuel core in fast breeder reactors (FBR).

STAGE 3: Breeder Reactor

The third phase of India's Nuclear Power Generation programme is, breeder reactors using U-233 fuel. India's vast thorium deposits permit design and operation of U-233 fuelled breeder reactors.

Research Reactors:

• DHRUVA Reactor at BARC was designed, constructed and commissioned by Indian Engineers and scientists. Natural U is the fuel used and heavy water as moderator and coolant, Dhruva enabled India to attain self sufficiency in the production of radioisotopes
• Kamini, a 30 kWt reactor at the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research at Kalpakkam, achieved criticality in October 1996 for providing neutron radiography facilities and is a small but significant step towards utilization of our vast thorium reserves. It is the only operating reactor in the world using U-233 fuel.

Institutions involved in Nuclear energy Development

India's Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was established in August 1948 within the Department of Scientific Research, which was set up in June 1948. The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) came into existence in August 1954 through a Presidential Order. Thereafter, a Government Resolution in 1958 transferred the DAE within the AEC. The Secretary to the Government of India in the DAE is the ex-officio Chairman of the AEC. The other Members of the AEC are appointed on the recommendation of the Chairman of the AEC

DAE's own Research & Development wings include:

1) Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Trombay: A series of 'research' reactors and critical facilities was built here. Reprocessing of used fuel was first undertaken at Trombay in 1964. BARC is also responsible for the transition to thorium-based systems. BARC is responsible for India's uranium enrichment projects, the pilot Rare Materials Plant (RMP) at Ratnahalli near Mysore

2) Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR): IGCAR at Kalpakkam was set up in 1971. Two civil research reactors here are preparing for stage two of the thorium cycle. BHAVINI is located here and draws upon the centre's expertise and that of NPCIL in establishing the fast reactor program, including the Fast Reactor Fuel Cycle Facility.

3) The Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT): Multi-purpose research reactor (MPRR) for radioisotope production, testing nuclear fuel and reactor materials, and basic research.

4) Atomic Minerals Directorate: The DAE's Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD) is focused on mineral exploration for uranium and thorium. It was set up in 1949, and is based in Hyderabad, with over 2700 staff.

5) Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre: Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre is a premier R & D unit of the Department of Atomic Energy. This Centre is dedicated to carry out frontier research and development in the fields of Accelerator Science & Technology, Nuclear Science (Theoretical and Experimental), Material Science, Computer Science & Technology and in other relevant areas.

6) Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership: It will be the DAE's sixth R & D facility. It is being built near Bahadurgarh in Haryana state and designed to strengthen India's collaboration internationally. It will house five schools to conduct research into advanced nuclear energy systems, nuclear security, radiological safety, as well as applications for radioisotopes and radiation technologies. Russia is to help set up four of the GCNEP schools.

Besides carrying out research at its own research centres, the DAE provides full support to seven aided institutions

1) Tata Institute of Fundamental Research(TIFR): The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research is a National Centre of the Government of India, under the umbrella of the Department of Atomic Energy, as well as a deemed University awarding degrees for master's and doctoral programs. TIFR, carry out basic research in physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, computer science and science education. Main campus is located in Mumbai, but additional campuses are in Pune, Bangalore and Hyderabad.

2) Tata Memorial Centre: The Tata Memorial Centre commissioned state of the art new operation theatres. For delivering hi-tech patient care, sophisticated facilities such as stereotactic radiosurgery and steriotactic and intensity modulated radiotherapy, were added.

3) Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics: The Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics is an institution of basic research and training in physical and biophysical sciences located in Bidhannagar, Kolkata, India. The institute is named after the famous Indian physicist Meghnad Saha.

4) Institute of Physics: Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar is an autonomous research institution of the (DAE), Government of India.

5) Institute for Plasma Research: Research and development in fusion technology continued at the Institute for Plasma Research.

6) Harish Chandra Research Institute: The Harish-Chandra Research Institute is an institution dedicated to research in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, located in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh in India.

7) Institute of Mathematical Sciences: The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), founded in 1962 and based in the verdant surroundings of the CIT campus in Chennai, is a national institution which promotes fundamental research in frontier disciplines of the mathematical and physical sciences.

AERB: The AERB reviews the safety and security of the country's Operating Nuclear Power Plants, Nuclear Power Projects, Fuel Cycle Facilities, and Other Nuclear/Radiation Facilities and Radiation Facilities. The regulatory authority of AERB is derived from the rules and notifications promulgated under the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 and the Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986. The headquarters is in Mumbai. The mission of the Board is to ensure that the use of Ionising Radiation and Nuclear Power in India does not cause undue risk to health and the Environment. Currently, the Board consists of a full-time Chairman, an ex officio Member, three part-time Members and a Secretary.

NPCIL: Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) is a Public Sector Enterprise under the administrative control of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE),Government of India. The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd (NPCIL) is responsible for design, construction, commissioning and operation of thermal nuclear power plants.

NPCIL is presently (June-2016) operating 21 nuclear power reactors with an installed capacity of 5780 MW. The reactor fleet comprises two Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) and 18 Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) including one 100 MW PHWR at Rajasthan which is owned by DAE, Government of India.

Yercaud lake affected by Water hyacinth

• Yercaud lake is located in Salem, Tamil Nadu.
• It is recently affected by the problem of water hyacinth.

About Water hyacinth:

• Water hyacinth is a free-floating and flowering invasive aquatic plant originating from Amazon Basin, South America.
• It has spread mainly to the tropics and subtropics since the 1800s. Water hyacinth has been considered an invasive aquatic plant in the United States since 1984, in Africa since the early 1900s, in Asia since 1902, and in Europe since the 1930s.
• The reproduction systems of water hyacinths are both sexual and asexual reproduction.
• The invasive plant doubles itself within 5–15 days.

Negative impacts of water hyacinth:

• It significantly affects the lake hydrology by increasing the evapotranspiration of lake water.
• It creates a favourable environment for the production of snails and mosquitoes that cause diseases like Bilharzia and malaria.
• The mat of water hyacinth affects recreation and tourism facilities in large water bodies, and impacts fishing and transportation, irrigation, and hydropower infrastructures in water bodies infested by the nuisance weed, water hyacinth.
• Water quality can be affected by the invasion of water hyacinths.

Methods to control:

• To eradicate or control water hyacinth, physical, chemical, and biological methods are widely applied throughout the world.
• The physical method is employed by directly harvesting, cutting, and removing the plant using machines or manual removing by hands and hand tools.
• Chemicals (herbicides and pesticides), either conventional or nonconventional can be applied directly or indirectly to infested areas to eradicate or reduce the growth of the weed.
• Biological methods involve applying arthropods and pathogens to infested areas.
• Arthropods feed the leaves of water hyacinth but pathogens make the plant infected by the disease and finally decompose by bacterial actions.
• The most common and effective arthropods are weevils, pathogens, bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
• Although the most advisable are preventive control methods, application of integrated control methods is advised.

Sero-surveillance

Recently, the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) conducted a sero-surveillance study for Covid-19 in New Delhi. NCDC is under the administrative control of the Directorate General of Health Services in the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

Sero-surveillance:

Detects Specific Antibodies: It seeks to assess the prevalence of disease in a population by detecting the presence of specific antibodies against the virus.

Immunity Check: It can also be conducted to check if a person has developed immunity to certain diseases.

Past Infections: It indicates past infections (and which triggered an immune response), and is not used to detect active infections.

Tested Immunoglobulin G Using ELISA: The Sera (a part of the blood) of samples were tested for IgG antibodies and Covid-19 infection using Covid Kavach ELISA kits approved by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).

• • • IgG (Immunoglobulin G) is a type of antibody which develops in most Covid-19 patients (infections) around two weeks after infection and remains in the blood even after recovery.
    • ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) is a test that detects and measures antibodies in blood.

'Manodarpan'

Recently, the Ministry of Human Resources Development (MHRD) launched the 'Manodarpan' initiative under Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan. It is aimed to provide psychosocial support to students, family members and teachers for their mental health and well-being during the times of Covid-19.

Description: The platform includes a national toll free helpline for students of schools, universities and colleges, which will be manned by a pool of experienced counsellors, psychologists and mental health professionals.

It also has a website, and a national database of counsellors which will host an interactive online chat platform, advisories and tips through webinars and other resources.

Significance: It would act as an element of strengthening human capital and increasing productivity for the education sector in the wake of covid-19. Covid 19 lockdown had led to the forced close down of schools and colleges. Therefore, it would help children as well as their parents in facing tense situations and their effects on academics.

Global Fund

Recently, ‘key populations affected by HIV/AIDS (or KPs)’ have protested for being ignored by governments and multilateral agencies (including United Nations) in Covid-19-related emergency relief efforts.

They have petitioned the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (or simply the Global Fund), demanding allocation to meet their basic survival needs of food, shelter, and emergency medical care. KPs include sex workers, trans people, gay and bisexual men, drug users, and people living with HIV/AIDS.

• The Global Fund is an international financing and partnership organization.
• It was created in 2000 and its secretariat is located in Geneva, Switzerland.
• The Global Fund aims to attract, leverage and invest additional resources to end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria to support the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals.
• It is designed to promote innovative solutions to global health challenges. It works in partnership with governments, civil society, technical agencies, and people affected by the diseases.
• India joined the Global Fund as a donor in 2006 and has contributed a total of USD 46.5 million to date.
• In 2019, the Government of India pledged USD 22 million to the Global Fund's Sixth Replenishment for 2020-22, demonstrating a shared commitment toward ending the epidemics of HIV, TB and malaria.