Indianisation of the Judiciary

• The Chief Justice of India (CJI) recently announced that the Supreme Court's decisions will henceforth be translated into four languages: Hindi, Tamil, Gujarati, and Odia, at the launch of online e-inspection software.
• It is a step toward the judicial system becoming more Indian.

What is the Indianisation of the Judiciary?

• The world's oldest judicial system is found in India. Our history as a legal and judicial system goes back 5,000 years. In actuality, no other legal system has a more illustrious and illustrious history than Bharat-Varsh.
• Courts must put the interests of litigants first, and the delivery of justice must be made as simple as possible. For the average person, our legal system frequently presents numerous obstacles. The way courts operate and are structured does not fit well with India's complexity.
• Due to their colonial roots, our systems, practices, and laws might not be the most appropriate for the requirements of the Indian community.
• Our judicial system has to be "Indianized" in order to become more "litigant-centric”, easy to understand, in simple language, and non- lengthy procedures and judgments.
• Indianization refers to the need to adapt the justice delivery system to the day-to-day operations of our society.

Need for the Indianisation:

Colonized System:

• It is not acceptable to allow judicial reasoning to be constrained by references to English law or, for that matter, any other foreign law.
• The decisions of the Supreme Court themselves demonstrate that the Indian legal system had consciously begun to do away with the "crutches" of colonial influence.
• India's legal system has developed through legislation and the Supreme Court's precedents, which are enforceable under Article 141 of the Constitution. The system of public interest litigation is uniquely Indian.

Assimilating with Indian heritage:

• The highest court has not engaged in "continued disdain" of the legal luminaries of ancient India. Since the 1980s, the writings of Manu and Kautilya have been mentioned in several decisions.
• Even in India's historic and sacred literature, a well-developed feeling of private is discernible, according to Justice (retired) S.A. Bobde in the privacy ruling. He mentions that the Kautilya Arthashastra forbids entering another person's home without that person's permission.

Judgments – acknowledging classical texts:

• The Manusmriti, Chapters 4.1346 and 8.3527, specify punishment for individuals who are addicted to having extramarital affairs by punishments which create horror, followed by exile, according to the court's Joseph Shine verdict decriminalising adultery.
• Menstruating women have been viewed as polluting the environment in these "old religious scriptures and rituals," the court notes in the Sabarimala case, citing the Manusmriti.
• Menstruating women's capacity to obtain the freedom of movement, the right to education, the right of admittance to places of worship, and, finally, their access to the public sphere are limited by practices that legitimize menstruation taboos because of ideas of "purity and contamination."

Huge pendency of the case:

• Pendency increased across all courts by 2.8% yearly between 2010 and 2020. Over 4.5 crore cases were still outstanding in India's courts as of September 15, 2021. Of these, 12.3% were pending in high courts and 87.6% were in lower courts.
• This suggests that if no new cases were submitted, it would take the courts 1.3 years for the Supreme Court and three years for the High Courts and subordinate courts, respectively, to resolve all the cases that are currently outstanding.

Related Recommendations:

• The Malimath Committee (2000) recommended that a Schedule Code be published in all regional languages so that the accused is aware of his or her rights, how to assert them, and who to contact if such rights are denied.
• Commission on Law, 1958: The 14th report of the Law Commission, published in 1958, made the initial recommendation for the All India Judicial Services (AIJS).
• According to a Law Commission assessment from 1987, India should have 50 judges per million people instead of 10.50 judges (then).

What steps have been taken to enhance the judicial system?

• Video Conferencing (VC): During the shutdown, video conferencing has been the staple.
• The Delhi High Court is the only court that has conducted the most VC hearings.
• SUPACE is an acronym for Supreme Court Portal for Assistance in Court's Efficiency, which was created using artificial intelligence (AI) in May 2020. Its goal is to help judges conduct legal research.
• Justice Delivery and Legal Reform National Mission:
• The Mission has been pursuing a coordinated strategy for the phased liquidation of backlogs and pendency in the administration of justice, which includes, among other things, improved court infrastructure, including computerization, a strengthening of the subordinate judiciary, policy and legislative measures.
• Since the start of the Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) for the Development of Infrastructure Facilities, Rs. 9291.79 crores have been given to improve the infrastructure for judicial officers of district and subordinate courts.
• The number of courthouses has likewise greatly expanded.
• Utilizing information and communication technology (ICT): To provide district and subordinate courts with information and communication technology, the government has been executing the e-Courts Mission Mode Project across the entire nation.
• There are currently 18,735 district and subordinate courts that are computerized.

Way Forward

Rule Localization and Simplicity:

• The executive must match these efforts by simplification of the associated rules.
• Most significantly, the executive and legislative branches should work together to implement the Constitution's goals.
• Only in this circumstance will the court be left with the only responsibility of applying and interpreting the laws rather than being forced to act as a lawmaker. The idea that it is the court's job to make the law needs to be refuted.

Enable People to Understand Justice System:

• It is necessary to improve the judicial infrastructure while also strengthening the legal outreach programs.
• The highest court has decided to start a nationwide legal education campaign in the upcoming week.
• The activities of legal services institutions are restricted by a lack of resources and infrastructure, which lowers the number of beneficiaries.

Alternative dispute resolution processes:

• Mediation and conciliation would significantly cut down on unnecessary litigation and save money.
• It is untrue that the average person prefers to have their conflicts resolved in posh courtrooms with black-robed judges and dressed-up attorneys. People who are experiencing troubles, like those who are experiencing pain, want respite, and they want it as soon as they can.

Overcoming Patriarchal Mindset:

• By allowing more women into the higher courts and making the judiciary more inclusive and gender-neutral.

Eklavya Model Residential Schools

• Tableau in the Republic Day Parade created by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs demonstrates how Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRs) promotes tribal wellbeing by providing high-quality education.

More about the news:

• The Ministry's focus on "Nari Shakti," a symbol of girl education that ensures equal enrollment of tribal boys and girls at EMRSs, was highlighted in the tableau's front section.
• Eklavya's bow and arrow-shaped archetypal pen, representing learning, depicts the one-eyed mission with which tribal students of EMRSs construct their future and achieve their ambitions.

About Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRs)

• The EMRS program creates model residential schools for Scheduled Tribes (ST) in India. It began in the years 1997 and 1998.

• The CBSE curriculum is used in the EMR School.
• To provide tribal students with a high-quality education, Eklavya Model Residential Schools are being built, with a focus on the holistic development of indigenous pupils as well as academic education.
• Currently, there are 384 operational schools located all over the nation that were built to the same standards as Navodaya Vidyalaya with a focus on unique, cutting-edge facilities for conserving regional art and culture in addition to offering instruction in sports and skill development.

Coverage:

• In accordance with the 2010 EMRS Guidelines, at least one EMRS must be installed in each Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA) or Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP) where there is a minimum of 50% ST population.
• According to the budget for 2018–19, an Eklavya Model Residential School will be present by the year 2022 in every block having more than 50% ST population and at least 20,000 tribal members.

What are the EMRS goals?

• Comprehensive growth of every student enrolled in every EMRS in terms of their physical, mental, and socially relevant skills.
• Enable children to make a difference starting in their school, then in their homes, then in their village, and then in a larger context.
• To meet their unique demands, place a differential emphasis on the educational support that should be made accessible to students in Standards XI and XII compared through those in Standards VI to X.
• Support the annual operating costs in a way that provides fair compensation for the workforce and maintenance of the facilities.
• Encourage the development of infrastructure that meets students' physical, environmental, and cultural demands.

Challenges faced by tribal students:

• Diverse Cultures & Languages: Each tribal community has its own cultures, traditions, values, customs, practises, beliefs, and lifestyles.
• They use natural resources to suit their wants and requirements and speak many languages.
• Poverty & lack of financial resources: The indigenous groups are experiencing serious financial issues.
• They use the barter system, live in situations of poverty, and lack access to financial resources.
• Tribals' Unwillingness: Because tribal groups are largely illiterate, they frequently show reluctance to send their kids to school.
• Teachers' mentality toward tribal kids: Teachers don't put much effort into raising the academic standards of tribal children.
• Lack of Proper Guidance: Due to their ignorance and backwardness, tribal communities do not provide their children with the proper guidance.

Way Forward

• To inform the tribal groups of the value of education, it is essential to establish a thorough awareness campaign.
• Recruiting Local Teachers and Female Teachers: It is advised that tribal communities hire more female teachers and teachers from the local tribes.
• Teachers in tribal areas should carefully evaluate the environmental, ethnic, cultural, and psychological features of the tribal children.