National Urban Digital Mission

• National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM) was launched by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) and the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
• NUDM will create a shared digital infrastructure for urban India by working across the three pillars of people, process, and platform to provide holistic support to cities and towns.
• It will institutionalise a citizen-centric, principles-based and ecosystem-driven approach to urban governance and service delivery in 2022 cities by 2022, and across all cities and towns in India by 2024.
• NUDM has articulated a set of governing principles, and inherits the technology design principles of the National Urban Innovation Stack (NUIS), whose strategy and approach were released by MoHUA in 2019.
• The principles give rise to standards, specifications, and certifications, across the three pillars of people, process, and platforms.

India Urban Data Exchange

• India Urban Data Exchange (IUDX) is an open-source software platform developed by the Smart Cities Mission and the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru.
• It facilitates the secure exchange of Smart City data amongst data platforms, 3^rd party authenticated and authorised applications and other sources.
• This Smart City data could be monetised in the future, similar to the UPI for bank accounts and digital payments.
• It serves as an interface for data providers and data users to share, request, and access datasets related to cities, urban governance, and urban service delivery.
• As the number of cities on IUDX expands, this will scale up to uniform sharing between data producers and data consumers across urban India.

Smart Code Platform

• It enables all ecosystem stakeholders to contribute to a repository of open-source code for various solutions and applications for urban governance.
• It addresses the challenges that Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) face in the development and deployment of digital applications to address urban challenges.
• The source code available on the platform will be free to use without any licensing or subscription fees, thus limiting costs to those involved with customising the code and developing a locally-relevant solution.

Central Employment Guarantee Council

• The Council was constituted under Section 10 of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), 2005.
• The Central Government has constituted this Council to discharge the functions and perform duties assigned to it by or under the provisions of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005.
• Chairperson - Minister of Rural Development, Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare.
• It advises the Central Government on all matters concerning the implementation of this Act.
• It reviews the monitoring and redressal mechanism and recommends improvements required.
• It prepares annual reports to be laid before Parliament by the Central Government on the implementation of this Act.

Bio-Restoration

• New technology for ecological restoration (Bio-restoration) was developed by Indian scientists.
• It is helping in the revival of mangroves degraded due to rising sea levels, climate change and human intrusion in the Sunderbans, West Bengal.
• The Sundarbans is a protected wetland under the Ramsar Convention and is also a UNESCO World Heritage site.
• Ecological restoration means reviving the native ecosystem in degraded areas while maintaining the diversity of original flora and fauna through regeneration but bringing down the regeneration period to 4 to 5 years.
• The restoration process begins with stabilising the entire site by planting native salt tolerant grasses. It involves the use of growth-promoting bacteria.
• The restoration project was initiated with help from the Department of Biotechnology in 2013.

Agriculture Infrastructure Development Cess

• The Budget 2021-22 has proposed a new levy, Agriculture Infrastructure Development Cess (AIDC) on 29 items.
• The purpose of the new AIDC is to raise funds to finance spending on developing agriculture infrastructure.
• The new cess will be levied on 29 products, such as gold, silver, as well as imported alcohol (excluding beer), imported apple, pulses, palm oil, urea, and petrol/diesel including branded ones.
• The new cess will only offset the reduction in Basic Custom Duty (BCD), Basic Excise Duty (BED) and Special Additional Excise Duty (SAED) on unbranded and branded petrol-diesel.
• Thus it will not raise the tax incidence for consumers.

Cess

• Cess is a special-purpose tax levied over and above basic tax rates.
• Drawing power from Articles 270 and 271 of the Constitution, the Centre collects cess and deposits it in the Consolidated Fund of India.
• The money collected is then transferred to a segregated fund to be used for a specific purposes.
• But, this cess and surcharge money is not part of the divisible pool, from which devolution of Central taxes takes place to the States.