Tiger Reserves in India

About Tiger Reserves:

• Tiger Reserves are protected areas that aim at conserving the habitat to ensure a viable population of the tigers along with their prey base in their habitat.

Declared by: Tigers Reserves are declared by the National Tiger Conservation Authority via Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act,2006 under Project Tiger.

• Project Tiger: It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme of the Government of India launched in 1973.
• It aims for in-situ conservation of wild tigers in designated tiger reserves.
• To declare an area as Tiger Reserve, the state governments can forward their proposals to NTCA.
• The Central Government via NTCA may also advise the state governments to forward a proposal for the creation of Tiger Reserves.

Tigers Reserves in India:

• There are 51 tigers reserves in India.
• These are governed by Project Tiger which is administered by NTCA.
• Bandipur Tiger Reserve in Karnataka is the first tiger reserve in India
• Srivilliputhur- Megamalai Tiger Reserve in Tamil Nadu is the 51st Tiger Reserve in India.
• Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve located in Andhra Pradesh is the largest tiger reserve in India.
• Corbett Tiger Reserve in Uttarakhand has the highest number of tigers.
  • This is followed by Nagarhole tiger reserve(Karnataka) and Bandipur Tiger Reserve(Karnataka).

National Tiger Conservation Authority(NTCA):

• NTCA is a statutory body under the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change.
• It was constituted under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
• It was established in 2005 following the recommendations of the Tiger Task Force.

Objectives of National Tiger Conservation Authority:

• Providing statutory authority to Project Tiger so that compliance with its directives becomes legal.
• Fostering accountability of Center-State in the management of Tiger Reserves.
• Providing for oversight by Parliament.
• Addressing livelihood interests of local people in areas surrounding Tigers Reserves.

St. Petersburg Declaration on Tiger Conservation

• This resolution was adopted In 2010, by the leaders of 13 tiger range countries (TRCs) assembled at an International Tiger Forum in St. Petersburg, Russia.
• Also called the Global Tiger Recovery Program whose overarching goal was to double the number of wild tigers from about 3,200 to more than 7,000 by 2022.
• 13 Tiger range countries are Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Thailand and Vietnam.

Constitutional provisions relating to Eighth Schedule

• The Constitutional provisions relating to the Eighth Schedule occur in Articles 344(1) and 351 of the Constitution.
• Article 344(1) provides for the constitution of a Commission by the President on the expiration of five years from the commencement of the Constitution and thereafter at the expiration of ten years from such commencement, which shall consist of a Chairman and such other members representing the different languages specified in the Eighth Schedule to make recommendations to the President for the progressive use of Hindi for official purposes of the Union.
• Article 351 of the Constitution provides that it shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India and to secure its enrichment by assimilating without interfering with its genius, the forms, style and expressions used in Hindustani and in the other languages of India specified in the Eighth Schedule, and by drawing, wherever necessary or desirable, for its vocabulary, primarily, on Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages.
• It would thus appear that the Eighth Schedule was intended to promote the progressive use of Hindi and for the enrichment and promotion of that language. List of languages in the Eighth Schedule
• The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution consists of the following 22 languages:-

(1) Assamese, (2) Bengali, (3) Gujarati, (4) Hindi, (5) Kannada, (6) Kashmiri, (7) Konkani, (8) Malayalam, (9) Manipuri, (10) Marathi, (11) Nepali, (12) Oriya, (13) Punjabi, (14) Sanskrit, (15) Sindhi, (16) Tamil, (17) Telugu, (18) Urdu (19) Bodo, (20) Santhali, (21) Maithili and (22) Dogri.

• Of these languages, 14 were initially included in the Constitution. Sindhi language was added in 1967.
• Thereafter three more languages viz., Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali were included in 1992.
• Subsequently Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and Santhali were added in 2004.

Demands of languages for inclusion in the Eighth Schedule

At present, there are demands for inclusion of 38 more languages in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution.

These are:- (1) Angika, (2) Banjara, (3) Bazika, (4) Bhojpuri, (5) Bhoti, (6) Bhotia, (7) Bundelkhandi (8) Chhattisgarhi, (9) Dhatki, (10) English, (11) Garhwali (Pahari), (12) Gondi, (13) Gujjar/Gujjari (14) Ho, (15) Kachachhi, (16) Kamtapuri, (17) Karbi, (18) Khasi, (19) Kodava (Coorg), (20) Kok Barak, (21) Kumaoni (Pahari), (22) Kurak, (23) Kurmali, (24) Lepcha, (25) Limbu, (26) Mizo (Lushai), (27) Magahi, (28) Mundari, (29) Nagpuri, (30) Nicobarese, (31) Pahari (Himachali), (32) Pali, (33) Rajasthani, (34) Sambalpuri/Kosali, (35) Shaurseni (Prakrit), (36) Siraiki, (37) Tenyidi and (38) Tulu

Present status on the inclusion of languages in the Eighth Schedule

• “As the evolution of dialects and languages is dynamic, influenced by socio-eco-political developments, it is difficult to fix any criterion for languages, whether to distinguish them from dialects, or for inclusion in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India.
• Thus, both attempts, through the Pahwa (1996) and Sitakant Mohapatra (2003) Committees to evolve such fixed criteria have not borne fruit.
• The Government is conscious of the sentiments and requirements for the inclusion of other languages in the Eighth Schedule and will examine the requests keeping in mind these sentiments, and other considerations such as the evolution of dialects into language, widespread use of a language etc.”