Artificial Intelligence in India

Industrial Revolution 4.0

1. It includes Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, Blockchain AR, VR, IoT, Supercomputing, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, 3D printing.
2. IoT (Internet of Things): is defined by ICT as a dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities.
3. Deep Learning or Hierarchical Learning is part of machine learning methods based on learning data representations. In deep learning, each level learns to transform its input data into a slightly more abstract and composite representation.
4. Applications like speech recognition, facial recognition, bioinformatics and drug discovery, financial fraud detection, AI in healthcare, etc.

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

• The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy.
• AI is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or software perform humanlike tasks.
• It refers to the ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks like thinking, perceiving, learning, problem-solving and decision making. It describes the action of machines accomplishing tasks that have historically required human intelligence. It includes technologies like machine learning, pattern recognition, big data, neural networks, self algorithms etc.

• AI involves complex things such as feeding a particular data into the machine and making it react as per the different situations. It is basically about creating self-learning patterns where the machine can give answers to the never answered questions like a human would ever do.
• There are two subsets under the umbrella term AI: Machine learning and Deep learning.

India and Artificial Intelligence

• G20 Osaka Summit: PM underscored the significance of the Digital Economy & Artificial Intelligence. He emphasised the government's reliance on the 5 ‘I’s that stand for Inclusiveness, Indigenization, Innovation, Investment in infrastructure & International cooperation in developing these two areas.
• According to Global AI Report 2019, India is 9th in terms of the number of AI specialists working in the field. US, China and UK topped.
• CBSE has AI as an elective subject for its 9th Class.
• IIT Hyderabad is the 1st Indian Educational Institute starting B Tech in AI. It is 3rd in the World after Carnegie University and MIT.
• IIIT Hyderabad has also introduced popular executive programmes on AI, Machine Learning and Blockchain.
• Defence, IBM's Blue Project, many startups are now foraying into AI.
• It is estimated that AI will add 957 billion $ to India’s GDP by 2035 boosting India’s annual growth by 1.3% points.

Steps were taken by the Government to promote Artificial Intelligence

• In the 2018-19 Budget, Govt mandated NITI to establish National Program on AI.
• Budget 2018 announced funds for AI, machine learning, robotics and the IoT sector.

NITI Aayog's National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence, 2018

• This strategy was being recommended by the Artificial Intelligence task force headed by V. Kamakoti.
• 5 Core areas for application of AI = Agriculture, Education, Health, Smart cities/ infrastructure; Transport with AI.
• India has the potential to become an AI garage or solution provider for 40% of the World.
• Application of AI = Cancer report, Reroute traffic, Telling Farmers where to store, Dropout.
• It doesn't talk about funding. The institutional structure of CERN is like a multinational lab.
• Challenges = Only 4% of AI professionals trained in Emerging technologies; low H Index (citation) and Data sets.

Kamakoti Committee

• Set up digital data banks, marketplaces and exchanges to ensure the availability of cross-industry information.
• Data ombudsman: to address data-related issues and grievances.
• Ensure availability of funds for R&D
• Setting up National Artificial Intelligence Mission (N-AIM)
• The Commerce and Industry Ministry has also set up task forces to explore the use of AI and Big Data technologies.

In 2019, NITI Aayog circulated the cabinet note to establish a cloud computing platform called AIRAWAT

• AIRAWAT stands for Artificial Intelligence Research, Analytics and Knowledge Assimilation Platform.
• It is a part of the goal of making India a pioneer amongst emerging economies wrt AI and transforming sectors like education, health, agriculture, urbanization and mobility.

National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2015-20

• NITI Aayog has published the National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence wherein it has identified five core areas for the application of Artificial Intelligence.

Application of AI in 5 Core Areas

Healthcare:

1. AI-based Radiomics focuses on the comprehensive quantification of tumour phenotypes.
2. A joint venture between Microsoft and Indian start-up ‘Forus Health’ has developed a portable device named “3Nethra” that can screen for common eye problems as well as complicated conditions like diabetic retinopathy.

Agriculture:

1. AI is being used for soil care, sowing, herbicide optimization, precision farming.
2. Intello Labs, Trithi Robotics are startups in the Agri sector.
3. Coffee Board of India started using AI in activities.
4. Assam Tea growers may take the AI route to recovery.

Education:

1. AI can be used for developing tools for customised learning, interactive and intelligent tutoring systems.
2. For automated teacher posting and transfer systems, using analytics based on demand-supply gaps across schools.

Smart Cities and Infrastructure:

1. Service delivery, crowd management, cyber security, public safety and water and waste management.
2. Bandicoot robots have been developed for sewer cleaning to put an end to manual scavenging.

Smart Mobility and Transportation: AI-based traffic management system including sensors, CCTV cameras, automatic number plate recognition cameras, speed detection cameras, signalised pedestrian crossings.

Significance of Artificial Intelligence for India

• India can become an AI powerhouse.
• A study by Google Neural Network correctly identified cancerous skin lesions more often than Dermatologists did. India's shortage of specialist doctors in rural areas can benefit.
• Compete with the aspirations of the USA, China and Japan.
• If used in Agri, it will bring revolution in Farming practices.
• Use in Renewable Energy. Eg. Delhi based firm Climate Connect predicts the amount that a solar plant will generate every 15 mins. It will help in completing the Solar target of 100 GW by 2022.
• ANYA: Chatbot for patient queries. Information is medically verified. 1st of its kind. For disease awareness.
• Social media sites were told to filter content using AI.

Challenges in Artificial Intelligence

• Norman = Data is fed by a person only. He can be biased. Psychopath AI.
• Lack of enabling data ecosystems.
• The low intensity of AI research.
• Inadequate availability of AI expertise, manpower and skilling opportunities.
• High resource cost and low awareness for adopting AI in business processes.
• Unclear privacy, security and ethical regulations.
• Unattractive Intellectual Property regime to incentivise research and adoption of AI.
• Only 4% of AI professionals trained in Emerging technologies; low H Index (citation) and Data sets.

US India Artificial Intelligence (USIAI) Initiative

• It is an initiative by Indo-U.S. Science and Technology Forum (IUSSTF), a bilateral organization funded by the Department of Science & Technology (DST), the Government of India, and the U.S. Department of States.
• IUSSTF’s USIAI Initiative focuses on AI cooperation in critical areas that are priorities for both countries. USIAI will serve as a platform to discuss opportunities, challenges, and barriers for bilateral AI R&D collaboration, enable AI innovation, help share ideas for developing an AI workforce, and recommend modes and mechanisms for catalyzing partnerships.

Features of USIAI

• The ambitious flagship initiative, USIAI, leverages IUSSTF’s unique ability to bring together key stakeholders from India and the United States to create synergies that address challenges and opportunities at the interface of science, technology, and society.
• Over the next year, IUSSTF will conduct a series of roundtables and workshops to gather input from different stakeholder communities and prepare White Papers that identify technical, research, infrastructure, and workforce opportunities and challenges, and domain-specific opportunities for R&D in healthcare, smart cities, materials, agriculture, energy, and manufacturing.

Benefits of USIAI

• “The AI Initiative is another example of IUSSTF’s critical role in catalyzing collaborations between India and the U.S. in cutting-edge areas of science and technology.
• The U.S.-India AI Initiative will provide an opportunity for key stakeholder groups to share experiences, identify new R&D areas and opportunities that would benefit from synergistic activities, discuss the emerging AI landscape, and address the challenges of developing an AI workforce.

Other Artificial Intelligence Initiatives by India

• Artificial Intelligence is being promoted and implemented in the country through a network of 25 technology hubs working as a triple helix set up under the National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS).

• PM-STIAC identified 9 National S&T Missions: In one of those missions 1 mission is National Mission on Artificial Intelligence:
• By NITI Aayog, Dept of S&T, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Dept of Biotechnology.
• It will address societal needs like healthcare, education, agriculture, smart cities and infrastructure, including smart mobility and transportation.

India State of Forest Report 2019

What is the India State of Forest Report 2019?

• India State of Forest Report 2019 is the 16^th biennial assessment of India’s forests by the Forest Survey of India, an organisation under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
• FSI undertakes the National Forest Inventory to assess the growing stock in forests and TOF (Tree Outside Forest), bamboo resources, and carbon stock and to assess the dependence of the people living in Forest Fringe Villages for fuelwood, fodder, small timber and bamboo.
• In the current India State of Forest Report, a new chapter ‘Forest Types and Biodiversity’ has been added which presents findings of the forest type mapping based on Champion & Seth classification (1968) and the results of the first-ever rapid biodiversity assessment of plant species in the 16 Forest Type Groups.

Imp points to India State of Forest Report 2019

The Total Forest and Tree cover is 24.56% of the geographical area of the country.

• The Total Forest cover is 7,12,249 sq km which is 21.67% of the geographical area of the country.
• The Tree cover is 2.89% of the geographical area of the country.

As compared to the India State of Forest Report 2017 the current assessment shows an increase of

• 0.65% of forest and tree cover put together, at the national level
• 0.56% of forest cover
• 1.29% of tree cover

Change in Recorded forest Area/Green Wash (RFA/GW) as compared to previous assessment of 2017.

• Forest cover within the RFA/GW: a slight decrease of 330 sq km (0.05%)
• Forest cover outside the RFA/GW: there is an increase of 4,306 sq km.

The top five states (UT) in terms of increase in forest cover: Karnataka>Andhra Pradesh>Kerala>Jammu & Kashmir>Himachal Pradesh.

• Forest cover in the hill districts is 40.30% of the total geographical area of these districts. An increase of 544 sq km (0.19%) in 140 hill districts of the country.
• The total forest cover in the tribal districts is 37.54% of the geographical area of these districts.
• Total forest cover in the North-Eastern region is 65.05% of its geographical area. The current assessment shows a decrease of forest cover to the extent of 765 sq km (0.45%) in the region. Except for Assam and Tripura, all the States in the region show a decrease in forest cover.
• Mangrove cover in the country has increased by 1.10% as compared to the previous assessment.
• Wetlands cover 3.83% of the area within the RFA/GW of the country. Amongst the States, Gujarat has the largest area of wetlands within RFA in the country followed by West Bengal.
• Dependence of fuelwood on forests is highest in the State of Maharashtra, whereas, for fodder, small timber and bamboo, dependence is highest in Madhya Pradesh.
• It has been assessed that the annual removal of the small timber by the people living in forest fringe villages is nearly 7% of the average annual yield of forests in the country.

Introduction

• Forest Cover: The forest canopy area is covered on the ground irrespective of the legal status of the land. It includes all three patches which have a canopy density of more than 10% and an area of 1 ha or more in size.
• Canopy Density: It is defined as the proportion of an area in the field/ground, that is covered by the crown of trees.
• Recorded Forest Area (RFA):
  • Forest Area (or recorded forest area) refers to all the geographic areas recorded as forests in government records.
  • Recorded forest areas comprise Reserved Forests (RF) and Protected Forests (PF), which have been constituted under the provisions of the Indian Forest Act, 1927.
  • Besides RFs and PFs, the recorded forest area may include all such areas, which have been recorded as forests under any State Act or local laws or any revenue records.
• TOF (Trees Outside Forest): Trees found outside the recorded forest areas. TOF refers to all trees growing outside RFA irrespective of patch size which could also be larger than 1 ha.
• Tree cover: All patches of trees occurring outside RFA which are of size less than 1 ha including the scattered trees. Tree cover forms an important part of the trees outside forests (TOF). Therefore, tree cover can be considered as a subset of TOF.
• According to the Global Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) done by Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) once every five years, India has 2% of the global forest area, standing at 10^th position among the top ten countries in respect of forest area. Russian Federation tops the list with 20% of the global forest cover.

Chapter 2- Forest Cover of India

• National Forest Policy of India, 1988 envisages a goal of achieving 33% of the geographical area of the country under forest and tree cover.
• The main objectives:
  • to monitor forest cover and changes therein at the National, State and District levels.
  • to generate information on forest cover in different density classes and changes therein.
  • to produce forest cover and other thematic maps derived from it for the whole country.
  • to provide a primary base layer for assessment of different parameters including growing stock, forest carbon etc.
  • to provide information for international reporting.
• Forest cover: Includes all lands having trees of more than one hectare in an area with a tree canopy density of more than 10%, irrespective of ownership, the legal status of the land and species composition of trees.
  • Very Dense Forest: All lands with tree canopy density of 70% and above. The relative composition of forest cover under this category is 3.02%
  • Moderately Dense Forest: All lands with tree canopy density of 40% and more but less than 70%. Forest cover under this category is 9.39%
  • Open Forest: All lands with tree canopy density of 10% and more but less than 40 %. The forest cover of 9.26% falls under this category.
  • Scrub Forest: Lands with canopy density less than 10%. The geographical area under this category is 1.41%.
  • Non-forest: Lands not included in any of the above classes (includes water). The geographical area under the non-forest category is 76.92%.
• Largest forest cover in India: Madhya Pradesh > Arunachal Pradesh > Chhattisgarh > Odisha > Maharashtra
• Forest cover as percentage of total geographical area: Mizoram (85.41%) > Arunachal Pradesh (79.63%) > Meghalaya (76.33%) > Manipur (75.46%) > Nagaland (75.31%).
• There is an overall gain of 3,976 sq km of forest cover in the country as compared with the India State of Forest Report 2017 report.
• States/UTs showing a significant gain in forest cover: Karnataka > Andhra Pradesh > Kerala > J&K
• States showing a loss in forest cover: Manipur > Arunachal Pradesh > Mizoram
• There is an overall increase in forest cover in the tribal districts by 1,181 sq km.
• There are 218 tribal districts in 27 States/UTs as identified by the Government of India under the Integrated Tribal Development Programme.
• Gujarat has the largest area of wetlands within RFA/GW in the country followed by West Bengal. Wetlands within forest areas form important ecosystems.
• Among the smaller States/UTs, Puducherry followed by A&N Islands have large areas of wetlands within RFA/GW.
• In the country as a whole, there are 62,466 wetlands covering 3.83% of the area within the RFA/GW areas of the country.

Chapter 3- Mangrove Cover of India

• Mangroves are a diverse group of salt-tolerant plant communities of tropical and subtropical regions of the world which can survive the limiting factors imposed by lack of oxygen, high salinity and diurnal tidal inundation.
• According to Champion & Seth Classification (1968), Mangroves are included in Type Group-4 Littoral & Swamp Forests
• IMPORTANCE OF MANGROVES
  • Mangroves have a complex root system that is very efficient in dissipating the sea wave energy thus protecting the coastal areas from tsunamis, storm surge and soil erosion. Their protective role has been widely recognized especially after the devastating Tsunami of 2004.
  • Mangrove roots slow down water flows and enhance sediment deposition. Therefore, they act as a zone of land accretion due to the trapping of fine sediments including heavy metal contaminants. They also arrest coastal erosion and seawater pollution.
  • They act as a fertile breeding ground for many fish species and other marine fauna.
  • They act as an important source of livelihood for the coastal communities dependent on the collection of honey, tannins, wax and fishing.
  • Mangroves are important carbon sinks.
• About 40% of the world's Mangrove Cover is found in South East Asia and South Asia.
• The mangrove cover in India is 4,975 sq km, which is 0.15% of the country’s total geographical area.
• Increase in the mangrove cover as compared to 2017 assessment: 54 sq km
• Among the states and UTs, West Bengal has the highest percentage of area under total Mangrove cover followed by Gujarat and Andaman Nicobar Islands.
• Top three states showing Mangrove cover increase: Gujarat > Maharashtra > Odisha

Forest Types & Biodiversity (DR Khullar)

• A total of 16 types have been identified by Champion and Seth to classify the range of forest
  • Moist Tropical Forest:
    • Tropical Wet Evergreen Forest
    • Tropical Semi-Evergreen Forest
    • Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest
    • Littoral and Swamp Forest
  • Dry Tropical Forest
    • Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest
    • Tropical Thorn Forest
    • Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest
  • Montane Subtropical Forest
    • Subtropical Broadleaved Hill Forest
    • Subtropical Pine Forest
    • Subtropical Dry Evergreen Forest
  • Montane Temperate Forest
    • Montane Wet Temperate Forest
    • Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest
    • Himalayan Dry Temperate Forest
  • Subalpine Forest
    • Subalpine Forest
  • Alpine Scrub
    • Moist Alpine Scrub
    • Dry Alpine Scrub

States and UTs with maximum species diversity of;

• Trees: Karnataka,
• Shrubs: Arunachal Pradesh,
• Herbs: Jammu & Kashmir.

State with maximum species richness for Maximum richness of species taking all the three types of plants: Arunachal Pradesh > Tamil Nadu > Karnataka

Forest Fire & Monitoring

National Action Plan on Forest Fires, 2018

• MoEF&CC has come up with the National Action Plan on Forest Fires, 2018 to revamp forest fire management in the country.
• Main objectives
  • informing,
  • enabling and
  • empowering forest fringe communities and
  • incentivizing them to work in tandem with the State Forest Departments (SFDs).
• The plan proposes nine strategies to address the issue, including establishment of a “Centre of Excellence on Forest Fire Management”at FSI.

• A joint study report of MoEF&CC and World Bank titled “Strengthening Forest Fire Management in India” released in June 2018 revealed that in the year 2000, 20 districts, representing 3% of India’s land area and 16% of forest cover accounted for 44% of all fire detections.
• The upgraded version of the Forest Fire Alert System version 3.0 (FAST 3.0) was released on16th January 2019 with a separate activity of monitoring large forest fires.
• Forest Cover of States & UTs under different fire prone classes:
  • Extremely Fire Prone: Mizoram > Tripura
  • Very Highly Fire Prone: Mizoram > Manipur
  • Highly Fire Prone: Nagaland > Manipur
  • Moderately Fire Prone: Punjab > Nagaland
• It is seen that most of the fire prone forest areas are found in the northeastern region and the central part of the country.

Tree Cover of India

• The total tree cover of the country has been estimated to be 95,027 sq km.
• There is an increase of 1,212 sq km in the extent of tree cover as compared to the 2017 assessment.
• State-wise estimates of Tree Cover:
  • Maximum Tree Cover: Maharashtra > Madhya Pradesh > Rajasthan > J&K
  • Maximum Tree Cover as percentage of geographical area: Chandigarh > Delhi > Kerala > Goa
• State-wise estimates of Tree Outside Forest (TOF)
  • Maximum extent of TOF: Maharashtra > Odisha > Karnataka
  • Maximum extent of TOF as a percentage of geographical area: Kerala > Goa > Nagaland.

National Forest Inventory (NFI)

• It is a major forest resource assessment activity carried out by FSI.
• The primary objective is to assess the growing stock of trees, the number of trees, bamboo, soil carbon, the occurrence of NTFP (Non-Timber Forest Products) and invasive species and other parameters depicting the growth & health of the forest.
• The NFI has three components, Forest Inventory, TOF (Rural) Inventory and TOF (Urban) Inventory.

Chapter 8- Bamboo Resources of India

• In India, bamboo grows naturally throughout the country except in the Kashmir region. India is home to about 125 indigenous and 11 exotic species of bamboo from 23 genera.
• Bamboo contributes significantly to the social, economic & ecological development of any region.
• The bamboo bearing area of the country: 16.00 million hectares.
• Increase in the bamboo bearing area: 0.32 million hectares, as compared to ISFR 2017.
• States with maximum bamboo bearing area: Madhya Pradesh > Maharashtra > Arunachal Pradesh > Odisha.
• Maximum occurrence of pure bamboo: Maharashtra > Madhya Pradesh > Chhattisgarh.

Chapter 9- Carbon Stock in India’s Forest

• Total carbon stock in the country's forest: estimated to be 7,124.6 million tonnes.
• There is an increase of 42.6 million tonnes in the carbon stock of the country as compared to the last assessment of 2017.
• State-wise Maximum carbon stock: Arunachal Pradesh > MadhyaPradesh > Chhattisgarh > Maharashtra
• State-wise Maximum per hectare carbon stock: Sikkim > Andaman & Nicobar Islands > Jammu & Kashmir > Himachal Pradesh > Arunachal Pradesh
• Soil organic carbon is the largest pool of forest carbon followed by Above Ground Biomass (AGB), Below Ground Biomass (BGB), Litter and deadwood.

Chapter 10- People & Forests

• As per the Census 2011, nearly 1,70,000 villages are located in the proximity of forest areas and are termed Forest Fringe Villages (FFVs).
• The study conducted by FSI assessed the dependence of the people living in proximity to forests in terms of removal of:
  • Quantity of fuelwood
  • Quantity of fodder
  • Quantity of Small Timber
  • Quantity of bamboo
• Top 3 states in dependence on forests for
  • Fuelwood: Maharashtra > Odisha > Rajasthan
  • Fodder: Madhya Pradesh > Maharashtra > Gujarat
  • Small Timber: Madhya Pradesh > Gujarat > Maharashtra
  • Bamboo: Madhya Pradesh > Chhattisgarh > Gujarat.

State of Forest Report (SFR 2017)

• SFR is a biennial report published by the Forest Survey of India (FSI), which is under the Ministry of Environment.
• The latest report states that India posted a marginal 0.21% rise in the area under forest between 2015 and 2017.
• The document says that India has about 7, 08,273 square km of forest, which is 21.53% of the geographic area of the country.
• The top five States where maximum forest cover has increased are Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha and Telangana.
• India’s northeast showed a decrease in forest cover.
• The five states where forest cover has decreased most are Mizoram, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura and Meghalaya.
• The main reasons for the decrease are shifting cultivation, other biotic pressures, rotational felling, diversion of forest lands for developmental activities, submergence of forest cover, agriculture expansion and natural disasters
• Madhya Pradesh has the largest forest cover in the country in terms of area, followed by Arunachal Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.
• In terms of the percentage of forest cover with respect to the total geographical area, Lakshadweep has the highest forest cover, followed by Mizoram and Andaman and Nicobar Island.
• The survey, which has for the first time assessed water bodies, said that during the last decade, the area under water bodies is increased by 2647 sq. km.

National Forest Policy, 1988

• The policy aims at maintaining environmental stability.
• It looks at conserving the natural heritage of the country by preserving the remaining natural forests.
• Increasing forest/tree cover in the country through massive afforestation and social forestry programmes.
• Creating a massive people’s movement for achieving these objectives and to minimise pressure on existing forests.