DAILY NEWS ANALYSIS

Data indicates an increase in earthquake activity in 2023 was mainly attributed to the activation of the Almora fault.

• Almora Fault – It is located in Western Nepal.
• It is a high angle west-northwest-east-southeast to northwest-southeast trending tectonic plane.
• It separates the inner lesser Himalayas in the north from outer lesser Himalayas in the south.

• Activation of Almora fault- 3 significant earthquakes above 5.8 magnitude occurred in 2023 leading to an increased frequency of earthquakes in 2023.

There have been 97 earthquakes in 2023 of magnitude 3.0 to 3,9 compared to 41 in 2022.

• Agency responsible - The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is responsible for taking precautionary measures and response to earthquake related incidents.

Nepal and the adjoining northern part of India, located near the active faults of the Himalayan region, are highly seismically active areas prone to frequent earthquakes due to collision tectonics, where the Indian plate subducts beneath the Eurasian Plate.

Joint initiative- United Arab Emirates as host of COP28 and the UNEP-led ‘Cool Coalition’. It is the world's first collective focus on energy emissions from the cooling sector.

Passive cooling strategies- It outlines actions such as insulation, natural shading, ventilation and reflective surfaces, higher energy efficiency standards and a rapid phase down of climate-warming hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants.

Aim- It commits the countries to reduce their cooling emissions by at least 68% by 2050.

Outcome- It could reduce the projected 2050 emissions from business-as-usual cooling by around 3.8 billion tons of CO2 equivalent.

Around 63 countries signed up the world’s 1^st ever pledge to drastically cut cooling emissions at the ongoing COP28 climate summit in Dubai.

sources of cooling emissions?

Cooling emissions are essentially emissions generated from refrigerants, used in appliances like ACs and refrigerators, and the energy used for cooling.

• Coolants- They allow the refrigeration process to change the state quickly and absorb and release heat to enable cooling process.
• Chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) - It was most used refrigerant, the increased levels of CFCs in the atmosphere were responsible for abnormally low ozone concentrations in Antarctica.

Montreal Protocol is an agreement signed in 1987 that led to freeze the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances including CFCs.

• Alternatives for CFC- CFCs were largely replaced by two groups of chemicals, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), but they presented a new problem.
• They don’t damage ozone layer but absorb infrared radiation, trapping heat inside the atmosphere rather than letting it escape back into space, generating a greenhouse effect that warms Earth.
• As per Climate and Clean Air Coalition even relatively small amounts of HFCs contribute significantly to near-term warming as greenhouse gases which are hundreds to thousands of times more potent than carbon dioxide (CO2) per unit of mass.
  • HFC-134a, a form of HFC and most commonly used in domestic fridges, has a global warming potential of 3,400 times that of CO2.

• Fossil fuels- Fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas are by far the largest contributor to climate change, accounting for over 75% of greenhouse gas emissions and nearly 90% of all CO2 emissions.

As per report by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the International Energy Agency the number of global cooling devices is expected to jump from 3.6 billion to 9.5 billion by 2050.

What are the benefits of the Global Cooling Pledge?

• Cooling accessibility- Around 3.5 billion more people can enjoy refrigerators, air conditioners or passive cooling by 2050, improving their health and well-being.
• Lower electricity bills- End users can save 1 trillion dollars in 2050 and 17 trillion dollars cumulatively from 2022 to 2050 by using less power for cooling.
• Reduced peak power demand- The power grid can be relieved by cutting peak power requirements by 1.5 to 2 terawatts (TW), which is almost twice the European Union’s current capacity.
• Cut investments- The need for building new power plants can be avoided by saving 4 to 5 trillion dollars in power generation investments.

What lies ahead?

• Kigali amendment- It is an amendment to Montreal Protocol signed by 150 countries in 2016, to reduce HFC consumption by 80% by 2047.
  • If achieved, this could avoid more than 0.4 degree Celsius of global warming by 2100.
• Climate friendly chemicals- The phasing-out of HFCs would promote the use of natural refrigerants such as ammonia, certain hydrocarbons, and CO2 in cooling devices which have lower or zero global warming potential.
• Proper disposal- Most of the HFCs and HCFCs take place at the appliance’s end of life, consumers and authorities need to dispose of them properly.
  • Proper management and reuse of potent refrigerant gases could slash 100 billion gigatons of global CO2 emissions between 2020 and 2050.
• Sustainable buildings- Improving insulation materials and constructing buildings with large openings for better ventilation can help reduce heat inside, this could cool buildings without the use of AC.
• Holistic approach- Sustainable cooling can be affordable if governments take an integrated approach, one that emphasizes passive cooling, mandates energy efficiency and phases out damaging refrigerants while offering targeted financial support to vulnerable populations.

• Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary is a protected area in New Delhi and is a part of the Aravalli Mountain Range.
• It was established in the year 1986.

It is a part of the Sariska-Delhi Wildlife Corridor, which runs from the Sariska Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan to Delhi Ridge.

• Armenia and Azerbaijan agreed recently to exchange prisoners of war and work toward signing a peace treaty.

As part of the deal, Armenia agreed to lift its objections to Azerbaijan hosting next year's international conference on climate change.

• A new study assessed the circulation of the elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus Subtypes (EEHV) responsible for the recent rise in the disease, as well as its pathogenesis.
• Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) is a double-stranded DNA herpesvirus.
• It can cause a fatal hemorrhagic disease in young Asian elephants.

The disease has a mortality rate of up to 85%.

• The Africa Green Industrialisation Initiative (AGII) aims to accelerate and scale up green industries and businesses across Africa.
• The initiative builds upon the existing $4.5 billion Africa green investment from the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

Africa has 40% of the world’s critical minerals necessary for energy transition and has the world’s largest natural carbon sink.

• Geneticists and conservationists have joined forces to re-introduce the Dodo, extinct since the late 17^th century.
• It is an extinct flightless bird that was endemic to the Island of Mauritius.
• Dodos were large birds, approximately 3-feet tall.

Extinction reasons – Climate change and human behaviour.

• China starts up world's 1^st 4^th generation nuclear reactor, Shidaowan recently.
• It uses a high-temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactor with 1,150MW.

4^th generation reactors can operate at higher temperatures than most other reactors, which allows them to generate both electricity and hydrogen.