Punjab, T.N. and Kerala top education index ranking

• Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Kerala have all scored higher than 90% in the Education Ministry’s Performance Grading Index for 2019-20, which was released.
• Gujarat dropped from second to the eighth rank in the index, while Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh are the only States which have seen actual regression in scores over this period.
• The index monitors the progress that the States and Union Territories have made in school education with regard to learning outcomes, access and equity, infrastructure and facilities, and governance and management processes.
• Punjab recorded the highest score of almost 929 out of a possible 1,000, showing a huge jump from 769 last year.
• The State topped the charts in terms of equity, infrastructure and governance, and shared the top spot in the domain of access with Kerala.
• In fact, Punjab overtook the Union Territory of Chandigarh, which topped both previous editions of the index, but has now slid to second place with a score of 912.
• Tamil Nadu also overtook Kerala, with a score of 906, largely driven by improvements in the State’s educational governance and management, as well as in terms of infrastructure and facilities.
• Gujarat, which had the second highest score in the previous edition, dropped to eighth place. It regressed in the key domain of access, which measures the enrolment of students in school and the ability to keep them from dropping out as well as mainstreaming out-of-school students. Its progress in other areas also did not keep pace with other states.
• Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh saw a glaring drop in their scores, pushing both States to an overall performance that was worse than in the previous edition. The new Union Territory of Ladakh was included separately for the first time in this edition and had the lowest score of just 545.

Labour Reforms

• Context: Labour is an important topic of UPSC GS Paper II and Paper III in Mains Examination. Recent Labour Codes are highly important even for Essay.
• Labour is in the Concurrent List in Schedule 7 of the Constitution. Hence, both the Parliament and the state legislatures can enact laws on it.
• Before the new labour codes were passed, there were more than 40 central laws and more than 100 state laws on labour and related matters.
• The Second National Commission on Labour (2002) recommended that the central labour laws should be integrated into groups like: Industrial relations, Wages, Social security, Safety and Welfare and working conditions.
• The Commission suggested simplification of the labour codes for the sake of transparency and uniformity.
• In 2019, the Central Government introduced four bills on labour codes to consolidate 29 central laws. These are:

1. Code on Wages
2. Industrial Relations Code
3. Social Security Code
4. Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code

Code on Wages, 2019

• The Wages Code seeks to regulate wage and bonus payments in all employments where any industry, business, trade or manufacture is carried out.
• This code replaces the following laws:

1. Minimum Wages Act, 1948
2. Payment of Wages Act, 1936
3. Payment of Bonus Act, 1965
4. Equal Remuneration Act, 1976

• The code will apply to all employees.

1. The Central Government will take decisions on wages for employments in mines, railways, oil fields, etc.
2. For all other types, the state governments will make the decisions.

• Wages include salary, allowance or any other monetary component. It does not include bonuses and travelling allowances.
• Floor wage:

1. As per the code, the Central Government will fix the floor wages considering the workers’ living standards. The floor wage may vary depending on the geographical location.
2. The minimum wages decided by the central or state governments should be above the floor wages. In case the existing minimum wages are higher than the floor wages, the central or state governments cannot reduce the minimum wages.

• While fixing the minimum wages, the government should take into account the difficulty level of the work, and the workers’ skill levels also.
• Also, the minimum wage fixed will be reviewed by the government at least every five years.
• Employers cannot employ people on less than the minimum wage.
• The number of working hours will be fixed by the central or state governments. In the case of overtime work, the worker is entitled to overtime compensation which should be at least twice the normal wages.
• The employer can fix the wage period as either daily, weekly, fortnightly, or monthly.
• The employer can deduct wages for the following. However, the deductions should not exceed 50% of the worker’s wages.

1. Fines
2. Absence from duty
3. Accommodation is given by the employer
4. Advances given to the employee

• All employees whose wages do not exceed a specific monthly amount will be entitled to an annual bonus.
• The Code prohibits gender discrimination in wages and recruitment of people for the same work or work of similar nature.
• Work of a similar nature is defined as work for which the skill, effort, experience, and responsibility required are the same.
• Advisory boards

1. Advisory boards will be set up by the central and state governments. These boards will consist of an equal number of employees and employers, state government representatives and independent persons.
2. One-third of the boards will be women members.
3. These boards will advise the governments on minimum wage fixing and increasing employment opportunities for women.

• The Code specifies penalties for offences committed by an employer.

1. Contravention of any provision of the Code
2. Paying less than the minimum wage
3. The maximum punishment is three-month imprisonment along with a fine of Rs. 1 lakh.

Industrial Relations Code, 2020

• The Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946 made it mandatory for employers of industrial establishments with 100 or more workers to define the conditions of employment and rules of conduct for workmen, by way of standing orders/services rules and to inform the workers of the same clearly.
• However, under the new Code, the minimum number of workers employed for an establishment to have standing orders has been raised to 300.
• With the increased threshold, it becomes more flexible and easier to hire and fire thus leading to increased employment according to the government.
• Prior permission of the government is mandated before closure, lay-off, or retrenchment of employees in establishments having more than 300 workers.
• The Code also introduces new conditions for conducting a legal strike.
• Employees are prohibited from going on strike without giving a 60-day notice.
• Employees are also prohibited from going on strike during the pendency of proceedings before a Tribunal or a National Industrial Tribunal.
• They should also not go on strike before 60 days are completed after the tribunal’s proceedings.
• The new Code also proposes the setting up of a re-skilling fund for training retrenched workers with contribution from the employer, of an amount equal to 15 days last drawn by the worker.

Code on Social Security, 2020

• The definition of employees has been widened to include inter-state migrant workers, construction workers, film industry workers and platform workers.
• The gratuity period for working journalists has been reduced from 5 years to 3 years.
• The Code talks about setting up social security funds for unorganized workers, platform workers, and gig workers.
• There is a provision for the central government to decrease or defer the employer’s or employee’s contribution towards the PF or ESI for up to 3 months in the event of a pandemic, national disaster or epidemic.
• The Code proposes the establishment of a National Social Security Board for recommending to the central government the formulation of schemes for the various sections of unorganised, gig and platform workers.

Code on Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions, 2020

• The Code expands the definition of a factory as a premise where at least 20 workers work for a process with power and 40 workers for a process without power.
• The Code removes the manpower limit on hazardous working conditions and makes the application of the Code obligatory for contractors recruiting 50 or more workers (earlier it was 20).
• The Code fixes the daily work hour limit to a maximum of eight hours.
• The Code empowers women to be employed in all kinds of establishments and at night (between 7 PM and 6 AM) subject to their consent and safety.
• To encourage formalisation in employment, the employer is required to issue an appointment letter.
• The Code defines an inter-state migrant worker as someone who has come on his/her own from one state and received employment in another state and earns up to Rs.18000 per month.
• Portability benefits for inter-state migrant workers: They can avail benefits in the destination state as regards ration and benefits of building and other construction worker cess.
• However, the Code has dropped the earlier provision for temporary accommodation for workers near worksites.
• The Code also proposes a Journey Allowance – this is a lump sum fare amount to be paid by the employer for the journey of the worker from his/her native state to the place of employment.
• Many of the provisions of the codes have been termed as anti-worker by trade unions and workers’ organizations. Some experts say that they give more power to the employer especially to hire and fire arbitrarily.