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DAILY NEWS ANALYSIS

Monthly DNA

07 Jan, 2024

38 Min Read

Ministry of Minority Affairs-Year review

GS-I : Indian Society Social Issue

The Ministry was carved out of Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment in 2006.

Objective- To ensure a more focused approach towards issues relating to the notified minority communities - Muslim, Christian, Buddhist, Sikhs, Parsis and Jain.

As per Census 2011, around 19.3% of the population belongs to minorities.

  • Mandate- To formulate, coordinate, evaluate and review the overall policy and planning, the regulatory framework and the development programmes that aim to benefit the minority communities.

Constitutional Safeguards for Linguistic Minorities

The term "minority" is not defined in the Indian Constitution. However, the Constitution recognises religious and linguistic minorities.

  • The Central Government notifies minority communities at the national level under the National Commission for Minorities (NCM) Act, 1992.
  • 6 communities notified as minorities under the Section 2 (c) of NCM Act are Christians, Sikhs, Muslims, Buddhists, Parsis and Jains.
  • Article 29 - Right of any section of the citizens residing in India with a distinct language, script or culture of its own to conserve it.
  • It grants protection to both religious minorities as well as linguistic minorities.
  • The Supreme Court held that the scope of this article includes minorities as well as the majority.
  • Article 30 - All minorities shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
  • The protection under Article 30 is confined only to minorities and does not extend to any section of citizens.
  • Article 347 – If the President is satisfied that a substantial proportion of the population of a State desire the use of any language spoken by them to be recognised by that state, he may direct such language to be officially recognised.
  • Article 350 - It gives the right to submit representation for redressal of grievances to any authority of the Union or a State in any of the languages used in the Union/States.
  • Article 350A - It provides for instruction in the mother tongue at the primary stage of education to children belonging to linguistic minority groups.
  • Article 350B - It provides for a special Officer designated as Commissioner for Linguistic minorities to investigate all matters relating to the safeguards provided for linguistic minorities.

Key Initiatives

Scholarship Schemes

  • The Scholarship Schemes are implemented for the educational empowerment of students belonging to economically weaker section of the 6 notified minority communities.

Scheme

Description

Pre- Matric Scholarship

Availed for education in both private and government schools from class 9 and 10.

Post-Matric Scholarship

Provided to support the education of students studying in Class 11 to PhD.

Merit cum Means Based Scholarship

Targets professional & technical courses at UG & PG levels.

Begum Hazrat Mahal National Scholarship

Provided to recognize, promote and assist girl students belonging to national minorities who cannot continue their education due to lack of financial status.

PM Vikas Scheme

Pradhan Mantri VIrasat Ka Samvardhan Scheme has subsumed 5 existing schemes of the Ministry namely

    • Seekho Aur Kamao (SAK)
    • USTTAD
    • Hamari Dharohar
    • Nai Roshni
    • Nai Manzil

Aim- To cover the life cycle of under privilege segment of minority community and focus on providing livelihood opportunities.

Component

Earlier Schemes

Traditional Training

Hamari Dharohar and USTAAD

Non- Traditional Skilling

Seekho Aur Kamo

Leadership and Entrepreneurship

Nai Roshini

Education

Nai Manzil

Infrastructure Development

Implemented through Hub and Spoke Villages

Seekho Aur Kamao scheme(Learn and Earn)

  • Launch year- 2013
  • Aim- It is placement linked skill development scheme that aims to upgrade the skills of minority youth (14-45 years) in various modern/ traditional skills.

USTTAD scheme

  • The scheme stands for Upgrading the Skills and Training in Traditional Arts/ Crafts for Development.
  • Launch year- 2015
  • About- Targets capacity building and upgrading the traditional skills of master craftsmen/ artisans from the minority communities.
  • Hunar Haat- It has been implemented as a component of the scheme since 2016-17.
  • It is an effective platform for minority artisans, craftpersons and culinary experts to showcase and market their finest handicraft and exquisitely crafted indigenous products.

Hamari Dharohar

  • Launch year-2014
  • Objective- To protect and preserve the rich culture and heritage of the minority communities living in India.
  • To improve livelihoods of minorities, particularly artisans, through skill development, education and leadership training.

Nai Roshini

  • Launch year- 2012
  • About- It is a training programme conducted for women belonging to minority community between the age group of 18 years to 65 years.

Nai Manzil scheme

  • Launch year- 2015
  • Aim- To benefit the youth belonging to 6 notified minority communities of 17-35 years of age, who do not have formal school leaving certificate.

Beneficiary Specification

% of seats

Category under minority community

30%

Girl/Women

5%

Persons With Disability

  • Significance- It provides a combination of formal education (Class VIII or X) and skills to enable beneficiaries seek better employment and livelihood.
  • Integrated Skill Training- It is being provided to the youth in market driven skills.

Pradhan Mantri Jan Vikas Karyakram (PMJVK)

  • Earlier scheme- Multi-sectoral Development Programme
  • Aim- It is a centrally sponsored scheme that seeks to provide better socio-economic infrastructure assets and basic amenities to the notified minorities mainly in the field of education, health & skill development.
  • 33 to 40% of resources under the PMJVK would be specifically allocated for women centric projects.
  • Need- The scheme is designed to address the development deficits of the identified Minority Concentration Areas that were identified on the basis of minority population and socio-economic and basic amenities data of Census 2011.
  • Significance- Ministry of Minority Affairs, in collaboration with National Remote Sensing Centre, ISRO is geo tagging the infrastructure constructed under the scheme.

National Minorities Development and Finance Corporation (NMDFC)

  • Launch year- 1994
  • It is a National Level Apex Body for the benefit of Minorities as defined under the National Commission for Minorities Act 1992.
  • It is a non-profit company under Companies Act 2013.
  • Aim- To promote socio-economic development of backward sections amongst the minority communities through State Channelizing Agencies (SCAs).
  • Preference- Given to the occupational group and women.
  • MInority Loan AccouNting (MILAN) Software is launched by NMDFC to digitize loan accounting processes.

Haj Pilgrimage 2023

  • Hajj refers to the pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia, which every adult Muslim must make at least once in his/her lifetime.
  • The hajj is the 5th of the fundamental Muslim practices and institutions known as the Five Pillars of Islam.
  • Haj pilgrimage for the Indian Pilgrims is conducted either through
    • Haj Committee of India (HCoI), a statutory organization under the Ministry of Minority Affairs or through
    • Haj Group Organisers (HGOs)
  • e-MASIHA- Medical Assistance System for Indian Hajis Abroad is an online OPD System enabled to create and maintain health database of all Indian pilgrims who availed medical facilities during the Haj.
  • The ministry has partnered with State Bank of India (SBI) to make special arrangements to provide Forex facilities to the pilgrims.
  • Haj Policy 2023- Gives the flexibility to the pilgrims to arrange their own foreign currency or take lesser foreign exchange, as per their individual requirements.

Naya Savera

  • Launch year- 2017
  • Aim- To provide free coaching to candidates belonging to minority communities for qualifying in entrance examinations of technical/ medical professional courses and Competitive examinations.
  • The scheme provides financial support for free coaching to notified minority students in selected coaching institutions.

Jiyo Parsi

  • Launch year- 2013-14
  • Objective- To reverse the declining trend of Parsi Population by adopting scientific protocol and structured interventions to stabilize their population in India.

Components

About

Medical

Financial assistance is provided to Parsi Couples for medical treatment under standard medial protocol

Health of Community

Financial assistance is provided to Parsi Couples for child care and assistance of elderly people

Advocacy

Outreach programmes are conducted to generate awareness among the Parsi population

Padho Pardesh

  • About- It is a scheme of interest subsidy to students of minority communities on educational loans for overseas higher studies.
  • Feature - 100% subsidy on the interest rate.

Nai Udaan

  • About- This central sector scheme support students for clearing Prelims conducted by Union Public Service Commission (UPSC), State Public Service Commission (PSC) Staff Selection Commission (SSC) etc.,
  • The selected candidate will get 100% financial support.

Maulana Azad National Academy for Skills (MANAS)

  • It is a skill development architecture aimed at providing an all-India Level training framework.
  • Established- 2014
  • Headquarters- New Delhi
  • Concessional credit is provided for minority community after meeting their skilling needs for expanding their existing businesses and setting up new businesses.

Cyber Gram

  • It is a Multi-sectoral Development Programme (MsDP) in an effort to equip the targeted group with the knowledge of Information and Communication Technology (ICT).
  • Launch year- 2015
  • Coverage- Class VI to Class X belonging to minority community.

Garib Nawaz Employment Scheme

  • Launch year- 2017-18
  • About- The scheme provides short-term job oriented skill development courses to minorities’ youth in order to enable them for skill based employment.
  • Implementation- As per the norms issued by the Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSD&E)).

Prime Minister’s New 15 Point Program

  • Launch year- 2006
  • Aim- To ensure that the underprivileged and weaker sections of centrally notified minority communities have equal opportunities for availing the various government welfare schemes and contribute to the overall socio-economic development of the country.
  • Objectives-
    • Enhancing opportunities for education
    • Ensuring an equitable share for minorities in economic activities and employment
    • Improving the conditions of living of minorities by ensuring an appropriate share for them in infrastructure development schemes
    • Prevention and control of communal disharmony and violence

National Commission for Minorities

  • Statutory body- It is established under National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992.

The first statutory National Commission was set up in 1993.

  • About- It is a forum for appeal, set up by the Government to safeguard the rights and interests of India’s minority communities.

National Commission for Religious and Linguistic Minorities

  • Launch year- 2005
  • Chairman- Ranganath Mishra, former Chief Justice of India
  • Aim- To evaluate different type of factors and issues associated with linguistic and religious minorities in the country and to ensure social, economical and educational uplift.
  • The commission submitted its report in 2007.

Sachar Committee

  • Launch year- 2005
  • Chairman- Rajinder Sachar, former Chief Justice of Delhi High Court.
  • Aim- To study the social, economic and educational condition of Muslims in India.
  • Outcome- The report was submitted in 2006 which suggested solutions for the inclusive development of the Muslins in India.

Durgah Khawaja Saheb Act, 1955

  • It is an act to make provision for the proper administration of the Dargah and the Endowment of the Dargah of Khwaja Moin-ud-din Chishty (Dargah Khwaja Saheb, Ajmer).
  • Mandate of Dargah Committee- To provide service to the public through development of infrastructure as per the provision of Dargah Khwaja Saheb Act 1955 and its Bye Laws of 1958.

Central Waqf Council

  • Statutory body- It was established in 1964 as per the provision given in the Waqf Act, 1954.
  • Composition- The council consists of chairman and members not exceeding 20 in number.
  • Ex-officio chairman- Union Minister in charge of Waqf.
  • Function - Acts as an advisory body to the Central Government on matters concerning the working of the Waqf Boards and Auqaf.

Source:

Supreme Court Judgments in 2023

GS-II : Governance Judiciary

The Supreme Court has delivered several landmark judgments in 2023.

S.No

Name of the Case

Judgement

1

Vivek Narayan Sharma v. Union of India

Upheld the decision taken by the Union Government to demonetise currency notes of Rs. 500 and Rs.1000 denominations and held that it satisfies the test of proportionality.

2

Joseph Shine v Union of India

Armed forces can take action against their officers for adulterous acts.

Joseph Shine v Union of India, 2018 that decriminalised adultery does not prevent court martial proceedings initiated against members of the armed forces for adulterous conduct.

3

Anoop Baranwal v. Union of India

The Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs) will be appointed by the President on the advice of a committee comprising the Prime Minister, the Chief Justice of India (CJI) and the Leader of Opposition (LoP) in the Lok Sabha or the leader of the single largest party in opposition.

4

Subhash Desai versus Principal Secretary, Governor of Maharashtra and Ors

Opened the doors for disqualification proceedings against Maharashtra Chief Minister Eknath Shinde for defection from the Shiv Sena party, and held that the then-Governor Bhagat Singh Koshyari “erred” in calling for a trust vote which triggered the fall of the Uddhav Thackeray-led government in mid-2022.

5

Animal Welfare Board v. Union Of India

Upheld the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Tamil Nadu Amendment) Act of 2017 and Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Conduct of Jallikattu) Rules of 2017, saying that the traditional bull-taming sport ‘Jallikattu’ has been going on in Tamil Nadu for the last century.

6

Revanasiddappa v. Mallikarjun

A child born of a void or voidable marriage can inherit the parent’s share in a joint Hindu family property governed by the Mitakshara law. However, such a child would not be entitled to rights in or to the property of any other person in the family.

7

X v. Union of India

Declined a married woman’s plea to medically terminate her 26-week pregnancy, and it opposed to order doctors to stop the heartbeat of the foetus when medical reports say she will give birth to a viable baby.

8

Supriyo v. Union of India

Non-heterosexual couples cannot claim an unqualified right to marry.

9

Temple of Healing v. Union of India

Issued directions to expedite adoption processes and directed States to conduct drives to identify adoptable children and establish adoption agencies.

10

Re Article 370 of the Constitution of India

Unanimously upheld the power of the President to abrogate Article 370 via an executive order in August 2019, leading to the reorganisation of the State of Jammu and Kashmir into 2 Union Territories and denuding its special privileges under the Constitution.

11

Ritu Chhabaria v.Union of India

Central agencies cannot deny accused persons their right to default bail by filing multiple supplementary chargesheets and seeking renewed custody.

Later, the Supreme Court, in a rather unusual order, directed lower courts to decide pending default bail applications without relying on its own judgment.

Article 141 of the Constitution provides that the law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all courts within India.

12

Shilpa Sailesh v. Varun Sreenivasan

The Supreme Court can exercise its plenary power to do ‘complete justice’ under Article 142(1) of the Constitution to dissolve a marriage on the ground that it had broken down irretrievably.

Source:

Global Nuclear Order and Geopolitics

GS-II : International Relations International issues

The Global Nuclear Order refers to the international system, agreements, norms, and structures that govern and regulate the use, possession, proliferation, and control of nuclear weapons and nuclear energy worldwide.

It encompasses a complex network of treaties, agreements, and norms that have evolved over time to manage the risks associated with nuclear weapons and promote nuclear stability, non-proliferation, disarmament, safety, and peaceful uses of nuclear technology.

About Global Nuclear Order (GNO)

  • After Cuban Crisis: The Global Nuclear Order (GNO) was created after the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. took a lead in this direction.
  • Establishment of Hotline: It led to the establishment of the hotline in 1963 (a bilateral measure), to enable the leaders to communicate directly. The hotline (later upgraded into nuclear risk reduction centers) was followed by arms control negotiations.
  • To Control Proliferation: In 1965, the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. initiated multilateral negotiations in Geneva on a treaty to curb the spread of nuclear weapons.
  • Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT): In 1968, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) opened for signature. However, India had chosen not to sign the NPT, and in 1974, conducted an underground peaceful nuclear explosive, or PNE.
  • The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG): It was founded in response to the Indian nuclear test in May 1974 and first met in November 1975. It observes common guidelines for exporting nuclear and related dual-use materials, equipment, and technologies.
    • The London Club later transformed into the NSG, consisting of 48 countries today.
  • London club – 7 countries (the U.S., U.S.S.R, U.K., Canada, France, Japan, and West Germany) proposed ad hoc export controls to ensure that nuclear technology, transferred for peaceful purposes, not be used for PNEs.
  • Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) – The London Club later transformed into NSG, with 48 countries to observe common guidelines for exporting nuclear and related dual-use materials, equipment, and technologies.

Though the Soviet Union and India enjoyed close relations with the Indo-Soviet Friendship Treaty in 1971, the USSR was committed to upholding the GNO, and a founding member of the London Club.

Significance of the Global Nuclear Order (GNO)

  • Control Nuclear Weapons & its Proliferation: The taboo against nuclear weapons has been held since 1945. It helped to survive 75 years of the nuclear age without blowing itself up.
  • Maintenance of Stability: Arms control negotiations led to parity in strategic capacities creating a sense of arms race stability, and provided crisis management stability.

Key components of the Global Nuclear Order?

The key components of the Global Nuclear Order are as follows:

1. Non-Proliferation- Efforts to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons to additional states.

2. Disarmament- Initiatives aimed at reducing and ultimately eliminating nuclear arsenals globally.

3. Nuclear Material Security- Measures to safeguard nuclear materials, facilities, and technologies from theft, sabotage, or unauthorized access.

4. Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy- Promotion of nuclear technology for peaceful purposes such as electricity generation, medicine, agriculture, and industry.

5. International Agreements and Treaties- Frameworks like the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), and others that establish norms, regulations, and obligations related to nuclear activities.

6. International Organizations and Agencies- Bodies like the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) that oversee nuclear activities, inspections, and promote nuclear safety and security worldwide.

What is the current status of Nuclear Weapons?

According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), the global nuclear arsenal is witnessing the following developments:

1) Modernization and Expansion- The 9 nuclear-armed states, including the United States, Russia, and China, continue to modernize and expand their nuclear arsenals. Other nuclear-armed countries are the UK, France, India, Pakistan, North Korea and Israel.

2) Total Global Inventory- As of January 2023, the total global inventory of warheads is estimated at 12,512, with approximately 9,576 warheads held in military stockpiles for potential use.

3) Dominance of Russia and U.S.- Russia and the United States possess almost 90% of all nuclear weapons, with relatively stable sizes of their respective nuclear arsenals.

4) Arms Control Concerns- The suspension of the strategic stability dialogue and the Treaty on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (New START) has halted discussions for a follow-on treaty.

Changing Geopolitics From Bipolarity to Multipolarity: A New Era in Nuclear Politics

  • Shift from Bipolarity to Multipolarity: The rise of China has introduced a new dimension to nuclear relations of the World.
  • Changes in the U.S.-Russia Treaties: In 2002, the U.S. withdrew from the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty and in 2019, from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty and the only remaining agreement, New START Treaty is also facing uncertainty.

  • New Nuclear Peer Rivals: The U.S. is facing two nuclear peer rivals (Russia and China). Also, the episode of the Ukraine war adds more uncertainty.
  • Shifts in Technology: The 75-year-old nuclear technology on non-proliferation is undergoing shifts.
    • The U.S. showed biasness for Israel, when it went nuclear in the 1960s-70s and again, when China helped Pakistan with its nuclear programme in the 1980s.
    • Recently, the nuclear submarine AUKUS deal (Australia, U.S., U.K.) with Australia, a non-nuclear weapon state, is raising concerns in the NPT community.
  • Changing Perspective:
    • South Korea: During the 1970s, South Korea began to actively consider a nuclear weapons programme, provoked by the U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam. However, later South Korea was persuaded to join the NPT.
      • But recent opinion polls indicate 70% support for developing a national nuclear deterrent.
    • Japan: As a nuclear victim, Japan retains a strong anti-nuclear sentiment but there is a shift too, visible in Japan’s decision to double its defence spending over next five years.

What conventions regulate the Global Nuclear Order?

1) Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), 1968- It was put forward by the USA, UK and USSR. It was signed in 1968 and came into force in 1970. The treaty has 3 pillars:
(a) Non-proliferation- Nuclear Weapon States (NWS) pledge not to transfer nuclear weapons and technology and Non-nuclear Weapon States pledge not to acquire nuclear weapons;
(b) Disarmament- All parties to pursue good-faith negotiations on effective measures to control nuclear arms race, and to general and complete disarmament;
(c) Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy- The Treaty recognizes the right of all Parties to develop nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.
India considers the treaty discriminatory as it creates a club of ‘nuclear haves‘ and a larger group of ‘nuclear have-nots‘ by restricting the legal possession of nuclear weapons to those states that tested them before 1967. India hasn’t signed the treaty.

2) Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)- Seeks to ban all nuclear explosions for both civilian and military purposes. It prohibits nuclear testing, thus preventing further advancement of nuclear weapons capabilities.

3) Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, 2017- It prohibits and makes it illegal to possess, use, produce, transfer, acquire, stockpile or deploy nuclear weapons. States are also prohibited from using or threatening to use nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices. It came into force in 2021.

4) Export Control Groupings- Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) and the Missile Technology Control Regimes (MTCR) are some of the nuclear export control groupings. These ensure that nuclear fuel export doesn’t result in nuclear weapons development.

5) International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Safeguards Agreement- Governs the verification and inspection of nuclear facilities to ensure they are used for peaceful purposes and not for the development of nuclear weapons.

What is India’s position in the Global Nuclear Order?

1) Non-Signatory to NPT- India is not a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), which distinguishes it from many other nuclear-armed nations.

2) Nuclear Weapons Possession- India possesses nuclear weapons and conducted nuclear tests in the past, facing sanctions but later negotiating agreements for civilian nuclear cooperation.

3) Advocate for Global Disarmament- India advocates for global nuclear disarmament while seeking recognition as a responsible nuclear power.

4) Complex Position- India’s stance is complex due to its pursuit of civilian nuclear energy for development and maintaining a nuclear deterrence policy.

5) International Engagement- Despite not being a signatory to the NPT, India engages in international nuclear forums, emphasizing its non-proliferation track record and commitment to global security.

6) Nuclear Disarmament- India supports complete disarmament within a specified timeframe which distinguishes its stance from Nuclear Weapon States (NWS) which have an ambiguous stand regarding timeline for disarmament. India also insists that disarmament must be ‘non-discriminatory’ and pursued ‘on the basis of equality’ i.e., there must be no discriminatory provisions in favor of NWS as is the case with the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).

How GNO has performed?

  • Nuclear taboo – It has been held since 1945 and humanity has survived 75 years of the nuclear age without blowing itself up.
  • Successful non-proliferation – While more than 20 countries were predicted to possess nuclear weapons by the 1970s, (5 in 1968 – the U.S., U.S.S.R., U.K., France, and China), only 4 countries have since gone nuclear, i.e., India, Israel, North Korea, and Pakistan.
  • Strategic stability – It is based on assured 2nd strike capability, guaranteed by the enormous arsenals that both US and Russia had built up.
  • This eliminated any incentive to strike 1st ensuring deterrence stability.
  • Arms control negotiations led to parity in strategic capacities creating a sense of arms race stability, and fail-safe communication links provided crisis management stability.
  • DenuclearisationBelarus, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan were denuclearised that hosted Soviet nuclear weapons and possessed some capabilities.
  • Extension of NPTIn 1995, the NPT, originally concluded for 25 years, was extended into perpetuity.
  • Active role of USA - Between 1977 to 1988, the U.S. actively subverted Taiwan’s nuclear weapons programme as it stepped up a normalisation of ties with China.
  • During the 1970s, South Korea considered a nuclear weapons programme but France withdrew its offer to supply a reprocessing plant to South Korea under U.S. pressure.
  • Limitations – Arms control did not end the US-USSR nuclear race.
    • In fact, their arsenals grew from 28,000 bombs in 1962 to over 65,000 bombs in the early 1980s.

Since the late 1980s, the U.S. and Soviet arsenals have declined sharply, to below 12,000 bombs today mostly due to the end of the Cold War rivalry and the breakup of the U.S.S.R.

What are the issues with the Global Nuclear Order?

The Global Nuclear Order faces several significant challenges and issues:

1) Proliferation- One of the most critical issues is the spread of nuclear weapons to additional countries. This creates concerns about regional stability, as more nuclear-armed states increase the risk of conflict and the potential for catastrophic consequences.
For instance, the AUKUS deal includes providing nuclear submarines to Australia (a non-nuclear state).

2) Arms Control and Disarmament- The existing arms control agreements, such as the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), face challenges in implementation and adherence. Additionally, there’s a lack of progress in further disarmament efforts by nuclear-armed states, which leads to concerns about the global disarmament agenda.

3) Modernization and Technology- Nuclear-armed states continue to modernize their arsenals, developing more advanced and potentially destabilizing technologies. Advancements in missile defense systems, hypersonic weapons, and other emerging technologies contribute to uncertainties in strategic stability.

4) Emerging Threats and Actors- Non-state actors or rogue states acquiring nuclear materials or technology pose significant risks. The potential for cyberattacks targeting nuclear facilities or command systems adds a new dimension of concern.

5) Geopolitical Tensions- Tensions between nuclear-armed states, such as those between the US, China, Russia, and other countries, create instability. Proxy conflicts, territorial disputes, and geopolitical rivalries heighten the risk of nuclear confrontation.
For instance, Russia de-ratifying CTBT; Withdrawal of USA and Russia from bilateral treaties.

6) Safety and Security- Ensuring the safety and security of nuclear materials, facilities, and technologies remains a persistent challenge. Accidental or unauthorized use of nuclear weapons due to technical failures, human error, or terrorist actions is a significant concern.

What are the issues with the Global Nuclear Order in the context of India?

India’s position within the Global Nuclear Order presents specific challenges and concerns:

1) Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) status- India is not a signatory to the NPT, which creates complexities in its relationship with the global nuclear order. India’s nuclear program was developed independently, leading to its status as a nuclear-armed state outside the NPT framework.

2) Nuclear Arsenal Expansion- India continues to expand and modernize its nuclear arsenal. This expansion raises concerns about regional stability, especially given the long-standing tensions with Pakistan and the strategic rivalry with China.

3) Relations with Pakistan- The nuclear dynamics between India and Pakistan pose significant challenges. Both countries possess nuclear weapons, and historical animosities and frequent border disputes elevate the risk of a nuclear conflict, creating instability in South Asia.

4) China Factor- India’s nuclear policy is also shaped by its relations with China. As China continues to modernize its nuclear capabilities, India might feel compelled to bolster its own arsenal, leading to an arms race and heightened tensions in the region.

Maintaining stability in its volatile region, engaging in dialogue with Pakistan and China, and ensuring the safe and responsible management of its nuclear arsenal are crucial steps for India within the Global Nuclear Order. Additionally, India’s active participation in global non-proliferation initiatives and strengthening regional cooperation mechanisms can contribute to stability and security in South Asia.

What should be the way forward?

Creating a just, safe, and improved Global Nuclear Order involves a multifaceted approach that integrates various elements of diplomacy, technology, governance, and international cooperation. Here are some key steps that could contribute to achieving such a vision:

1) Disarmament and Reduction of Nuclear Weapons-
a. Encourage nuclear-armed states to commit to significant and verifiable reductions in their nuclear arsenals through bilateral or multilateral agreements.
b. Support dialogue and negotiations among nuclear-armed states to create a conducive environment for disarmament efforts.

2) Strengthening Non-Proliferation Efforts- Strengthen international efforts to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons technology and materials.

3) Inclusive Dialogue and Multilateral Diplomacy- Encourage open and inclusive dialogue among all stakeholders, including nuclear-armed and non-nuclear-armed states, to address concerns and build trust.

4) Engagement with Emerging Technologies- Monitor and address potential risks associated with emerging technologies, such as cyber threats to nuclear facilities, to ensure a secure nuclear order.

5) Support for New Treaties and Agreements- Advocate for and support initiatives like the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) while engaging nuclear-armed states to participate in discussions toward a world without nuclear weapons.

6) Education and Public Awareness- Foster awareness and education regarding the risks and consequences of nuclear weapons, promoting public support for disarmament and non-proliferation efforts.

Source:

Indian Railways in 2023 – Year Review

GS-III : Economic Issues Railways

The Performance of Indian Railways in 2023 showed significant strides in infrastructure but reveals underwhelming freight loading and financial performance.

How Indian Railways performed in 2023?

  • Near completion of DFC – Dedicated Freight Corridors are nearing completion with more than 200 freight trains already running on the corridors.

Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC)

  • It is one of the largest rail projects to date in India.
  • Aim – To provide a seamless freight transportation between eastern, northern and western India.
  • Executed by – Indian Railways
  • Implemented by – Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India Limited (DFCCIL), a subsidiary of the Indian Railways.
  • Arms
    • Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor (EDFC)
    • Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (WDFC)
  • Route - It passes along the eastern and western arms of the Golden Quadrilateral, the national highway network connecting Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai.
  • Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL) – It is symbolic for connectivity and seamless integration of J&K with India.
  • But its poor progress reflects on IR’s credentials in executing and implementing large projects.
  • Delhi-Srinagar train – The 1st train is expected to run sometime next summer.
  • High-Speed Rail project – It was mooted in 2014 between Mumbai and Ahmedabad, intending to complete it by 2021.
  • But the goal post kept shifting, however, due to non-cooperation between the Centre and Maharashtra governments and is expected to be operational by 2028-29.
  • Vande Bharat– It was success with large-scale deployment from a mere 6 at the year start and with nearly 50 trains at the end.
  • It showed that there is the space for fast and comfortable trains even with higher fare.
  • But some of the trains were deployed on political merit and some run with poor occupancy.
    • Example: Bhopal-Jabalpur and Bhopal-Indore fail to cut travel time.
  • The sleeper version is badly-delayed.
  • Railway tracks – Delay in upgrading the tracks for higher speeds.
    • Work on raising the speed of Delhi-Howrah and Delhi-Mumbai sections to 160 kmph has seen tardy progress.
  • Safety Issues – On safety front, Indian railways has shown improvement in the last 5 years with the closure of all unmanned railway crossings and improvements in track maintenance.
  • However, the Balasore accidentdented IR’s safety record and was followed by at least 4 more accidents with fatalities and injuries.
    • Delhi-Kamakhya Express derailment near Buxar.
    • Fire cases in Patalkot Express near Agra and Delhi-Darbhanga Superfast Express near Etawah.
    • Collision of two trains near Vizianagaram.
  • Financial performance – The rail freight and total revenue is only between 3-4%, leaving no surplus for investments, thus increased reliance on the Centre for the same.
    • In an economy growing nearly 7%, one would expect rail freight and total revenue to expand at a minimum of 10%.
  • Dismal roll-out of IRMS – Indian Railway Management Service at the entry level is the lowest choice among Civil Services aspirants.
  • Only 90 out of 150 vacancies could be filled up, as many candidates likely to qualify choose another service.
  • New Amrit Bharat Trains – 2 Amrit Bharat Trains are to be launched.
  • The Amrit Bharat train is a Linke Hofmann Busch (LHB) push pull train having locos at both ends for better acceleration.
  • It provides improved facilities for rail passengers with a maximum speed limit of 130 kmph.

Indian Railways has launched theme - based Tourist Circuit trains (Bharat Gaurav Trains) to showcase India’s rich cultural heritage and magnificent historical places. 1st Bharat Gaurav Train (Shirdi Yatra) was launched in 2022.

  • Record Amrit Bharat Stations - 1,309 Amrit Bharat Stations have been identified across the nation to modernize passenger amenities and improve accessibility & inclusivity of railway stations.
  • One Station, One Product (OSOP) Outlets - It promotes ‘Vocal for Local’ vision, providing a market for indigenous products and creating additional income opportunities for marginalised sections of society.

Indian Railway has set a target of becoming Net Zero Carbon Emitter by 2030.

What should be focused in 2024?

  • Safety – The shift should be strongly to improving safety of rail travel, including track and signalling upgrades.
  • The progress of installation of Kavach, a unique safety system developed by IR engineers need to paced up.
  • Address Issues – While electrification of rails are promoted for greening railways it is silent on
    • The fate of more than 500 diesel locomotives
    • The need for ‘hydrogen trains’ amidst electrification
    • The requirement for airport-like stations
  • Prevent saturation – The announcement to add 3,000 passenger trains to eliminate waiting lists should consider the saturated capacities into account.
  • Non-political deployment of trains – Vande Bharat should be made after traffic surveys to reduce poor occupancy issues.
  • Future prospects – IR should make efficient use of initiatives like Gati Shaktito improve its loading and revenue performance significantly.

PM Gati Shakti is a National Master Plan for Multimodal Connectivity launched in 2021 to transfer India into a hub of world class infrastructure by providing integrated and seamless connectivity for movement of people, goods and services.

Source: pib

The Kharsawan massacre of 1948

GS-I : Modern History Significant Events

  • The Kharsawan massacre occurred on January 1, 1948 in the town of Kharsawan, which is now part of Jharkhand.
  • The massacre was similar to the Jallianwala Bagh incident in 1919.
  • The massacre occurred during a protest against the merger of Kharsawan with Odisha.

Police opened fire on a crowd of Adivasis, killing hundreds or possibly thousands.

Source:

Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki

GS-I : Physical Geography Volcanic Activity

  • Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki is a mountain in Indonesia.
  • It is part of the Lewotobi twin volcano, which is located in the southeastern part of Flores Island.
  • The Lewotobi twin volcano is made up of the Lewotobi Laki-Laki (male) and Lewotobi Perempuan (female) stratovolcanoes, with summit craters less than 2 km apart.

Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki in Indonesia has erupted several times recently.

Source:

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