14 routes identified for private trains by Southern Railway

• The Indian Railway has planned to offer 14 routes of 16 sets of trains in the Southern Railway for which Request for Quotations (RFQs) was issued on Wednesday after giving in-principle approval for public private partnership (PPP).
• A senior official of the Southern Railway said that the PPP mode, similar to the opening of the airways for private operators, would see Indian railways competing with private train operators.
• Though the number of train sets have been fixed at 16, the number of trains to be operated on private routes would be decided later, he added.

New Routes

• The eight routes originating from Chennai are Coimbatore, Kanniyakumari, Madurai, Tiruchi, Tirunelveli, Mumbai, Mangaluru, and New Delhi.
• Similarly, two routes passing through Chennai would be the Puducherry-Secunderabad and Kochuveli-Guwahati.
• The two routes to be privatised outside Chennai division are Tirunelveli-Coimbatore and Kanniyakumari-Ernakulam.
• Two trains with Chennai as destination and to be operated by Jaipur and Howrah clusters are in the route map. In the Jaipur cluster, a private train from Jodhpur to Chennai and in the Howrah cluster, a private train from Howrah to Chennai would be operated.
• The railway official said though the routes would be privatised, the trains would be operated by the loco pilots and guards of the Indian Railways.

Unions oppose decision

• Railway employees’ unions have flayed the Centre for having invited bids from private players to operate 105 trains.
• Southern Railway Mazdoor Union accused the Centre of misusing the COVID-19 lockdown to promote its privatisation policy.
• “Since we cannot mobilise people for major protests under the lockdown conditions, the Centre is going ahead with its anti-people policies,” according to SRMU Madurai divisional secretary, J.M. Rafi.
• Already Indian Railway has asked to close down economically unviable branch lines and also to convert hundreds of long-distance passenger trains into express trains.
• Dakshin Railway Employees’ Union Madurai divisional secretary, R. Sankaranarayanan, said that operation of private trains would lead to manifold increase in passenger fare. Besides, the private players would not entertain concessions for senior citizens, differently abled persons, students and others.
• He added that three lakh posts lying vacant in Indian Railways would never be filled.
• He alleged that the newly-introduced rail-hostesses in Delhi-Lucknow Tejas Express that was handed over to a private player were not paid their salaries at all.
• But, instead the Government was trying to sell the profit-making sectors of the railway system, which would indirectly further weaken the economy of Indian Railways.

Privatisation of Indian Railways

• After privatisation of the Tejas Express (to be run by the IRCTC), the government is currently in the process of forming a task force to draw a blueprint for handing over operations of as many as 150 trains and a total of 50 railway stations to private operators.
• The Bibek Debroy committee recommended that the rail industry needs to be liberalized by allowing the entry of private operators to provide services.

Need for the Privatisation of Railways

• Low Quality of Service, Catering and Punctuality: Indian Railways deserves the credit for serving the largest democracy in the world, but it faces criticism, particularly in case of aspects like service, catering, and punctuality.
• Low Internal Revenue: The problem of cross-subsidization has severely affected the internal revenue generation of the Indian Railways.
  • Cross subsidization: Money earned through freight traffic is diverted to meet the shortfalls in passenger revenue, and thus the development of freight traffic infrastructure suffers.
• Increasing Number of Accidents: Repeated railway accidents have further raised questions on government ownership of railways.

Therefore, for long privatisation of railways has been projected as a possible solution to these issues.

Advantages of Privatisation of Railways

• Improved Infrastructure: Privatisation will lead to better infrastructure which in turn would result in improved amenities for travelers.
  • Currently, Indian Railways is marred by mismanagement in the form of stinking washrooms, lack of water supply and dirty platforms, it is expected that a private company will ensure better amenities.
• Normalization of prices due to the competition: Improvement in quality of services has to be matched up by a rise in charges paid by the travelers.
• However, the issue of price rise will be solved when private players are allowed to enter the sector since the move would foster competition and hence lead to overall betterment in the quality of services.
• Improved Security: Private participation can lead to better accountability and monitoring, which can keep a check on rising accidents in railways.
• Better Technological Innovation: Private participation can lead to the infusion of modern technology and capacity building of Indian railways.

Disadvantages of Privatisation of Indian Railways

• Limited Coverage: An advantage of Indian Railways being government-owned is that it provides nation-wide connectivity irrespective of profit.

• Privatisation of railways would mean the railways will become a profit-making enterprise, this would lead to the elimination of railways routes that are less popular.
• Thus, the privatisation of railways can have a negative impact on connectivity and further increase the rural-urban divide.

• Lesser Inclusive: Hike in fares can render the railways out of reach for lower-income groups.
• Issue of Accountability: The privatisation of Indian Railways is not easy, as it covers every part of India and runs for 24×7 hours.
  • The whole railway system cannot be handled by a single party or coordination will be very difficult if area wise given to private parties.
• Impact on the Economy: Indian Railways is the backbone of India, it provides low fare transportation to agricultural and industrial trade.
  • Therefore, privatisation of Indian railways shall definitely affect the Indian economy at large.
  • It is difficult to privatize a portion of the railways’ operations as it is strongly vertically integrated.
  • Vertical integration of railways means ownership and maintenance of the rail and associated infrastructure, all is vested under the Ministry of Railways.

Note: In Britain, the railways are privatized but there is no much effectiveness, so Britain is again planning to re-nationalize the railways.

Way Forward

• The Tejas Express that will be run by IRCTC, is a kind of Pseudo-privatisation.
• Since IRCTC is a subsidiary of the Indian Railways.
• Hence, there is not much real privatisation there, to begin with.
• Therefore, real privatisation will happen when full-fledged private firms bid for various tasks.
• Privatisation of railways operations will require a new institutional framework where infrastructure will remain as a government's monopoly while there would be a market of service providers.
• It is important to modernize the railways, so measures must be taken to reimburse the social costs speedily so that resources of the railways is better allocated and facilities are upgraded from time to time.
• Core Railways functions can be Corporatizied rather than privatized.
  • Corporatization refers to the restructuring or transformation of a state-owned asset or organization into a corporation. These organizations typically have a board of directors, management, and shareholders.
  • However, unlike publicly traded companies, the government is the company's only shareholder, and the shares in the company are not publicly traded.
• The peripheral function of railways (cleanliness, ticket disposal, traveler’s amenities), must be privatized.

Important Recommendations of the Bibek Debroy Committee

• Transition to commercial accounting: The process of accounting in Indian Railways is very complicated.
  • The financial statements of Indian Railways need to be re-drawn, consistent with principles and norms nationally and internationally accepted.
• The non-core function of railways must be privatized: These activities include running hospitals and schools, catering, real estate development, including housing, construction and maintenance of infrastructure, manufacturing locomotives, coaches, wagons and their parts.
• Expansion of Indian Railways Manufacturing Company: According to Debroy, wagons are already produced by the private sector. Coaches and locomotives could follow. Unless they are freed from 59 their constraints, the existing production units will be unable to face this competition.
• Encouraging private entry: Private entry into running both freight and passenger trains in competition with Indian railways should be allowed and private participation.
• Independent regulator: Shift regulatory responsibility from the government to an independent regulator as the private sector will only come in if there is fair and open access to railway infrastructure.

Covaxin

Part of: GS-III- S&T (PT-MAINS-PERSONALITY TEST)

The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) has granted approval to Bharat Biotech to conduct human clinical trials for ‘Covaxin’, making it the first indigenous Covid-19 vaccine candidate to receive this approval.

• Covaxin has been developed by the company Bharat Biotech in collaboration with the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). It is an inactivated vaccine manufactured in the company’s Bio-Safety Level 3 (BSL-3) High Containment facility located in Hyderabad (Telangana).
• The permission was granted after the company submitted results from pre-clinical studies of the vaccine that demonstrated its safety and immune response. Phase I and II clinical trials will start across India in July 2020.

ImpPoints

• Clinical trials in humans are classified into three phases: phase I, phase II and phase III and in certain countries formal regulatory approval is required to undertake any of these studies.
• The phase I clinical studies carry out initial testing of a vaccine in small numbers (e.g. 20) of healthy adults, to test the properties of a vaccine, its tolerability, and, if appropriate, clinical laboratory and pharmacological parameters. Phase I studies are primarily concerned with safety.
• Phase II studies involve larger numbers of subjects and are intended to provide preliminary information about a vaccine’s ability to produce its desired effect (usually immunogenicity) in the target population and its general safety.
• Extensive phase III trials are required to fully assess the protective efficacy and safety of a vaccine. The phase III clinical trial is the pivotal study on which the decision on whether to grant the licence is based and sufficient data have to be obtained to demonstrate that a new product is safe and effective for the purpose intended.
• An application for market authorization may be submitted to the National Regulatory Authority (NRA) on the basis of the data from phase III testing and if approved, the vaccine then becomes commercially available in that particular country.
  • The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) under Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare is the National Regulatory Authority (NRA) of India.
• According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), out of 200 Covid-19 vaccine candidates, 15 have entered clinical trials.
  • AstraZeneca is the world’s leading Covid-19 vaccine candidate and has reached the final stage in terms of development. It is being developed by researchers at the University Of Oxford (UK).
  • US Firm Moderna’s vaccine (MRNA-1273) will go into phase III clinical trials in July.

Rules applicable in the Contiguous Zone

• Within the contiguous zone, a State has the right to both prevent and punish infringement of fiscal, immigration, sanitary, and customs laws within its territory and territorial sea.
• Unlike the territorial sea, the contiguous zone only gives jurisdiction to a State on the ocean's surface and floor.
• Contiguous Zone is 24 nautical miles from the main coastline.

Recently the UNCLOS’s Permanent Arbitration Council has handed over the jurisdiction of Italian Marines in the Enrica Lexie case of shooting Kerala fishermen in India’s Contiguous Zone to the Italy government.