Assistance to Disabled Persons (ADIP) Camp

GS-Paper-1 Social Issue (Mains-essay)

Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment has virtually inaugurated an Assistance to Disabled Persons Camp for free distribution of assistive aids and devices to Divyangjan or Divyang. These are Hindi word meaning the ‘one with a divine body’. The Prime Minister decided that persons with disabilities should no longer be referred to as disabled persons or viklang (someone with non-functional body parts).

Facts:

The camp was organized by the **Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India (ALIMCO), Kanpur. ALIMCO is a not-for-profit Central Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) established in 1972 and it works under the aegis of the Department of Empowerment of Person with Disability (DEPwD).

Assistance to Disabled Persons Scheme: It is in operation since 1981.

Definition: The scheme follows the definitions of various types of disabilities as given in the Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) (PWD) Act 1995.

PWD Act was replaced by the Right of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016.

Objective: To assist the needy disabled persons in procuring durable, sophisticated and scientifically manufactured, modern, standard aids and appliances that can promote their physical, social and psychological rehabilitation by reducing the effects of disabilities and enhance their economic potential.

Grants: Grants-in-aid are released to various implementing agencies (Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India, National Institutes, Composite Regional Centres, District Disability Rehabilitation Centres, State Handicapped Development Corporations, NGOs, etc.) for purchase and distribution of aids and assistive devices.

Assitence: Aids/appliances which do not cost more than Rs. 10,000 are covered under the Scheme for single disability. However, in some cases the limit would be raised to Rs.12,000. In the case of multiple disabilities, the limit will apply to individual items separately in case more than one aid/appliance is required.

Full cost of aid/appliance is provided if the income is up to Rs. 15,000 per month and 50% of the cost of aid/appliance is provided if the income is between Rs. 15,001 to Rs. 20,000 per month.

Government Initiatives:

Right of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016: "Person with disability" means a person with long term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which, in interaction with barriers, hinders his full and effective participation in society equally with others.

Accessible India Campaign: Creation of Accessible Environment for PwDs: A nation-wide flagship campaign for achieving universal accessibility that will enable PwDs to gain access for equal opportunity and live independently and participate fully in all aspects of life in an inclusive society.

DeenDayal Disabled Rehabilitation Scheme: Under the scheme, financial assistance is provided to NGOs for providing various services to PwDs, like special schools, vocational training centres, community-based rehabilitation, pre-school and early intervention etc.

National Fellowship for Students with Disabilities: It aims to increase opportunities for students with disabilities for pursuing higher education and grants 200 fellowships per year to students with disability.

Unique Disability Identification Project: It aims to create a national database for PwDs and issuing Unique Disability Identity (UDID) Card along with disability certificate. Once the project covers all persons with disabilities, UDID Cards will be made mandatory for availing various government benefits.

Assistance to Disabled Persons for Purchase/fitting of Aids and Appliances: It aims at helping the disabled persons by bringing suitable, durable, scientifically-manufactured, modern, standard aids and appliances within their reach.

International Day of Persons with Disabilities: It is celebrated worldwide on 3^rd December and was proclaimed in 1992 by United Nations General Assembly resolution 47/3. It aims to promote the rights and well-being of persons with disabilities in all spheres of society and development and to increase awareness of the situation of persons with disabilities in every aspect of political, social, economic and cultural life.

Initiatives for Mentral Health: National Mental Health Programme, which was launched in 1982 to improve the status of mental health in India.

KIRAN: Mental Health Rehabilitation Helpline for addressing mental health issues, coordinated by the National Institute for the Empowerment of Persons with Multiple Disabilities (NIEPMD), Tamil Nadu and National Institute of Mental Health Rehabilitation (NIMHR), Madhya Pradesh.

Super infections

Researchers at Sweden’s Karolinska institute have tried to answer why influenza infections lead to an increased risk of bacterial pneumonia. They have described findings leading to so-called “superinfections”.

They cite the example of Spanish flu, which was an influenza pandemic that swept across the world in 1918–20. Unlike many other pandemics, the Spanish flu hit young healthy adults, due to the superinfections caused by bacteria, in particular pneumococci.

Researchers looked at the mechanisms behind this increased susceptibility. They found that different nutrients and antioxidants leak from the blood. This creates an environment in the lungs that favours the growth of bacteria.

The bacteria adapt to the inflammatory environment by increasing the production of HtrA enzyme. HtrA weakens the immune system and promotes bacterial growth in the influenza-infected airways. The results of the research could be used to find new therapies for double infections between the influenza virus and pneumococcal bacteria.

Arunachal Kiwi

Arunachal Kiwi got organic certification for Kiwi under Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North East Region (MOVCD-NER). [MOVCD-NER is a scheme for the north-eastern states by the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare under the Central government.]

Arunachal Pradesh is the first in the country to get this certification for Kiwis. These kiwis have grown Ziro Valley located in the Lower Subansiri district in Arunachal. An agricultural practice/product is considered organic when there are no chemical fertilisers or pesticides involved in its cultivation process. Such certifications can be obtained after a scientific assessment done by the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA).

Zebrafish Gene-Heart regeneration

Scientists at Pune-based Agharkar Research Institute have identified Zebrafish’s genes that can promote heart regeneration. They have sought to decode the heart regeneration processes, which can illuminate strategies to improve human cardiac regeneration.

Zebrafish is a tiny freshwater fish found in tropical and subtropical regions. It is native to South Asia’s Indo-Gangetic plains, where they are mostly found in the paddy fields and even in stagnant water and streams. It can regenerate almost all its organs, including the brain, heart, eye, and spinal cord within a short time period.

Its unique characteristics lie in its transparency during its embryonic stages, allowing observing all organs. This is why the zebrafish is used as a model organism.

Peacock soft-shelled turtle

Peacock soft-shelled turtle - vulnerable species have been rescued from a fish market in Assam’s Silchar. Scientific Name: Nilssonia hurum.

Features:
They have a large head, downturned snout with a low and oval carapace of dark olive green to nearly black, sometimes with a yellow rim.

The head and limbs are olive-green; the forehead has dark reticulations and large yellow or orange patches or spots, especially behind the eyes and across the snout.

Males possess relatively longer and thicker tails than females.

Habitat: India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. In India, it is widespread in the northern and central parts of the Indian subcontinent. These are found in rivers, streams, lakes and ponds with mud or sand bottoms.

Threats: The species is heavily exploited for its meat and calipee (the outer cartilaginous rim of the shell). Threats in the River Ganga to the species are those generic for all large river turtles, including reduction of fish stock, as a result of overfishing, pollution, increase in river traffic, and sand mining, among others.

• • Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I
  • IUCN Red List Vulnerable
  • CITES: Appendix I

The World AIDS Day

GS-Paper-3 Health (PT-MAINS-IV)

HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It is the virus that leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS, if not treated. Unlike some other viruses, the human body can’t get rid of HIV completely, even with treatment.

**Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a lentivirus, which is a sub-classification of the retrovirus. It causes the HIV infection which over time leads to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).

• AIDS is a deadly condition in which the affected person’s immune system fails, leading to the spread of life-threatening infections and cancers in his body.
• HIV demolishes a particular type of WBC (White Blood Cells) and the T-helper cells. This virus also makes copies of itself inside these cells. T-helper cells are also known as CD4 cells.

• The average survival period for a person affected with HIV without treatment is nine to eleven years, subject to the subtype of HIV.
• HIV infection can occur by the transference of blood, breast milk, vaginal fluid, semen, or pre-ejaculate.
• HIV occurs as both free virus particles and as a virus inside the infected immune cells within the above-mentioned bodily fluids.
• A weak immune system makes a person prone to opportunistic infections and cancer.
• It becomes difficult for a person infected with this virus to recover from even a minor injury or sickness. By receiving treatment, a severe form of HIV can be prevented.

Types of HIV

Some FACTS

Transmission: HIV is transmitted from person to person through bodily fluids including blood, semen, vaginal secretions, anal fluids and breast milk.

**To transmit HIV, bodily fluids must contain enough of the virus. A person with ‘Undetectable HIV’ cannot transfer HIV to another person even after transfer of fluids. ‘Undetectable HIV’ is when the amount of HIV in the body is so low that a blood test cannot detect it. Treatment can make this possible. But regular monitoring of the same through blood tests is also required.

Symptoms

Around 80% of people infected with HIV develop a set of symptoms known as Acute Retroviral Syndrome, around 2-6 weeks after the virus enters into body. The early symptoms include fever, chills, joint pains, muscle aches, sore throat, sweats particularly at night, enlarged glands, a red rash, tiredness, weakness, unintentional weight loss and thrush. A person can carry HIV even without experiencing any symptoms for a long time. During this time, the virus continues to develop and causes immune system and organ damage.

Treatment-Strategies

Anti-Retroviral Therapy:

• It is a combination of daily medications that stop the virus from reproducing.
• The therapy helps in protecting CD4 cells thus keeping the immune system strong enough to fight off the disease.
• It, besides reducing the risk of transmission of HIV, also helps in stopping its progression to AIDS (a spectrum of conditions caused by infection due to HIV).

Stem Cell Transplant:

• Under this, an infected person is treated with stem cell transplant from donors carrying a genetic mutation that prevents expression of an HIV receptor CCR5.
• CCR5 is the most commonly used receptor by HIV-1. People who have mutated copies of CCR5 are resistant to HIV-1 virus strain.
• It has been reported that till now, only two people have been cured of HIV by experts using this method of treatment. The first person is Timothy Ray Brown (Berlin Patient) who was cured in 2007 and the second is known as London Patient, who just got cured of HIV. The difference in the treatment of both patients is that the Berlin Patient was given two transplants and he underwent total body irradiation while the London Patient received just one transplant and also less intensive chemotherapy. Researchers find this method very complicated, expensive and risky.

UNAIDS

• Established in 1996, UNAIDS has been leading and inspiring global, regional, national and local leadership, innovation and partnership to consign HIV to history.
• It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
• It places people living with HIV and people affected by the virus at the decision-making table and at the centre of designing, delivering and monitoring the AIDS response.
• It charts paths for countries and communities to get on the fast-track to end AIDS and is a bold advocate for addressing the legal and policy barriers to the AIDS response.
• Also, it is leading the global effort to end AIDS as a public health threat by 2030 as part of the Sustainable Development Goal-3 (SDG-3).
• SDG-3 deals with ensuring healthy lives and promoting wellbeing for all at all ages (including universal access to HIV prevention services, sexual and reproductive health services and drug dependence treatment and harm reduction services).

National AIDS Control Programme (NACP)

The National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), launched in 1992, is being implemented as a comprehensive programme for prevention and control of HIV/ AIDS in India. Over time, the focus has shifted from raising awareness to behaviour change, from a national response to a more decentralized response and to increasing involvement of NGOs and networks of People living with HIV (PLHIV).

The NACP I started in 1992 was implemented with an objective of slowing down the spread of HIV infections so as to reduce morbidity, mortality and impact of AIDS in the country.

In November 1999, the second National AIDS Control Project (NACP II) was launched to reduce the spread of HIV infection in India, and (ii) to increase India’s capacity to respond to HIV/AIDS on a long-term basis.

NACP III was launched in July 2007 with the goal of Halting and Reversing the Epidemic over its five-year period.

NACP IV, launched in 2012, aims to accelerate the process of reversal and further strengthen the epidemic response in India through a cautious and well defined integration process over the next five years.

NACP - IV - Objectives

• Reduce new infections by 50% (2007 Baseline of NACP III)
• Provide comprehensive care and support to all persons living with HIV/AIDS and treatment services for all those who require it.

Key strategies

• Intensifying and consolidating prevention services, with a focus on HIgh Risk Groups (HRGs) and vulnerable population.
• Increasing access and promoting comprehensive care, support and treatment
• Expanding IEC services for (a) general population and (b) high risk groups with a focus on behaviour change and demand generation.
• Building capacities at national, state, district and facility levels
• Strengthening Strategic Information Management System

**Key priorities under NACP IV

• Preventing new infections by sustaining the reach of current interventions and effectively addressing emerging epidemics
• Prevention of Parent to Child transmission
• Focusing on IEC strategies for behaviour change in HRG, awareness among general population and demand generation for HIV services
• Providing comprehensive care, support and treatment to eligible PLHIV
• Reducing stigma and discrimination through Greater involvement of PLHA (GIPA)
• De-centralizing rollout of services including technical support
• Ensuring effective use of strategic information at all levels of programme
• Building capacities of NGO and civil society partners especially in states with emerging epidemics
• Integrating HIV services with health systems in a phased manner
• Mainstreaming of HIV/ AIDS activities with all key central/state level Ministries/ departments will be given a high priority and resources of the respective departments will be leveraged. Social protection and insurance mechanisms for PLHIV will be strengthened.

Package of services provided under NACP IV

Prevention Services

• Targeted Interventions for High Risk Groups and Bridge Population (Female Sex Workers (FSW), Men who have Sex with Men (MSM), Transgenders/Hijras, Injecting Drug Users (IDU), Truckers & Migrants)
• Needle-Syringe Exchange Programme (NSEP) and Opioid Substitution Therapy (OST) for IDUs
• Prevention Interventions for Migrant population at source, transit and destination
• Link Worker Scheme (LWS) for HRGs and vulnerable population in rural areas
• Prevention & Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections/Reproductive Tract Infections (STI/RTI)
• Blood Safety
• HIV Counseling & Testing Services 8. Prevention of Parent to Child Transmission
• Condom promotion
• Information, Education & Communication (IEC) & Behaviour Change Communication (BCC).
• Social Mobilization, Youth Interventions and Adolescent Education Programme
• Mainstreaming HIV/AIDS response
• Work Place Interventions

Care, Support & Treatment Services

• Laboratory services for CD4 Testing and other investigations
• Free First line & second line Anti-Retroviral Treatment (ART) through ART centres and Link ART Centres (LACs), Centres of Excellence (COE) & ART plus Centres.
• Pediatric ART for children
• Early Infant Diagnosis for HIV exposed infants and children below 18 months
• HIV-TB Coordination (Cross- referral, detection and treatment of co-infections)
• Treatment of Opportunistic Infections
• Drop-in Centres for PLHIV networks

New Initiatives under NACP IV

• Differential strategies for districts based on data triangulation with due weightage to vulnerabilities
• Scale up of programmes to target key vulnerabilities
  • Scale up of Opioid Substitution Therapy (OST) for IDUs
  • Scale up and strengthening of Migrant Interventions at Source, Transit & Destinations including roll out of Migrant Tracking System for effective outreach
  • Establishment and scale up of interventions for Transgenders (TGs) by bringing in community participation and focused strategies to address their vulnerabilities
  • Employer-Led Model for addressing vulnerabilities among migrant labour e. Female Condom Programme
• Scale up of Multi-Drug Regimen for Prevention of Parent to Child Transmission (PPTCT) in keeping with international protocols
• Social protection for marginalised populations through mainstreaming and earmarking budgets for HIV among concerned government departments
• Establishment of Metro Blood Banks and Plasma Fractionation Centre
• Launch of Third Line ART and scale up of first and second Line ART
• Demand promotion strategies specially using mid-media, e.g., National Folk Media Campaign & Red Ribbon Express and buses (in convergence with the National Health Mission)

HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control) Act

The Government of India enacted the HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control) Act under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in the year 2017 and was in force in 2018. The State and Central Government are responsible for the following measures:

• Preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS
• Providing ART (Anti-Retroviral Therapy) for infected patients
• Providing awareness about HIV & AIDS
• Conducting educational programmes about AIDS & HIV
• Prohibiting discrimination of infected patients
• Providing HIV treatment and counselling services under the state care facilities

The Act lists various grounds on which discrimination against HIV positive persons and those living with them is prohibited.

HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control) Act maintain that without the consent of the person, no one can conduct any HIV tests or treatment related to HIV. Also, the person won’t be under any compulsion to disclose his/her HIV status except when required by the Court. Informed consent for an HIV test will not be required in case of screening by any licensed blood bank, a court order, medical research, and epidemiological purposes where the HIV test is anonymous and not meant to determine the HIV status of a person. Establishments keeping records of information of HIV positive persons shall adopt data protection measures. The requirement for HIV testing as a prerequisite for obtaining employment or accessing health care or education is also prohibited.

In the case of violation of the act, the party disclosing information on a person with HIV or advocating hatred against them will be punished with a fine of one lakh rupees or imprisonment ranging from 3 months to 2 years.

Ombudsman Appointment under HIV and AIDS Bill

• An ombudsman will be appointed by each state government to inquire into complaints related to the violation of the Act and the provision of health care services.
• The Ombudsman shall submit a report to the state government every six months stating the number and nature of complaints received, the actions taken and orders passed.