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DAILY NEWS ANALYSIS

Monthly DNA

01 Jan, 2024

58 Min Read

Year End Review – Environment

GS-III : Biodiversity & Environment Biodiversity & Environment

MoEFCC is the nodal agency for planning, co-ordination and overseeing the implementation of India’s environmental and forestry policies and programmes.

Updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)

  • The updated NDCs seeks to enhance India’s contributions towards achievement of the strengthening of global response to the threat of climate change, as agreed under the Paris Agreement.
  • It would safeguard India’s future development needs based on the principles of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

About

First NDC in 2015

Updated NDC

Emission intensity of its GDP

To reduce 33-35% from 2005 levels

To reduce 45% by 2030 from 2005 levels

Non fossil fuel based energy

40%

To achieve 50% by 2030

These two targets have been achieved well ahead of the time.

    • The cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources is 43.81% of the total cumulative electric power installed capacity.
    • The emission intensity of its GDP has been reduced by 33% between 2005 and 2019.

Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes (MISHTI)

  • It was launched in 2022 after India joined Mangrove Alliance for Climate(MAC) at COP27 in Egypt.
  • Aim- To comprehensively explore the possible area for development of mangroves covering approximately 540 sq. kms. spreading across 11 States and 2 Union Territories.
  • Tenure- 5 years
  • Feature- Sharing of best practices on plantation techniques, conservation measures, management practices and resources mobilization through Public Private Partnership (PPP).

Spearheaded by the UAE in partnership with Indonesia, MAC was launched at the COP27 Summit in Egypt to scale up and accelerate the conservation and restoration of the mangrove forests.

Mangrove Alliance for Climate (MAC):

  • The alliance will raise awareness about the role of mangroves as a "nature-based solution to climate change".
  • The alliance will be amplified at the G20 Summit that will be held between November 15 and 16, 2022 in Bali under the presidency of Indonesia.
  • The MAC seeks to scale up, and accelerate conservation, restoration and growing plantation efforts of mangrove ecosystems for the benefit of communities globally, and recognize the importance of these ecosystems for climate change mitigation and adaptation.

Mangroves:

  • A mangrove is a shrub or a small tree that grows along the coastlines and has roots in salty sediments, often underwater. They also grow in swamps.
  • Mangrove forests can survive extreme weather conditions and require low oxygen levels to survive.
  • The mangroves cannot survive freezing temperatures and thus are found mainly in tropical and subtropical latitudes.
  • UNESCO celebrates July 26 as the International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystem to raise awareness about mangrove ecosystems and to promote their conservation.
  • According to MAC, Mangrove forests can store ten times more carbon per hectare than terrestrial forests. Also, they can store carbon up to 400 per cent faster than land-based tropical rainforests.
  • According to Global Mangrove Alliance (GMA), when the mangroves are cut, the carbon stored in these plants gets released into the air. So, preserving them to keep the carbon emissions levels low is necessary.
  • Once the plants die, they take the stored carbon into the soil. This is called "Blue Carbon".
  • Moreover, Mangrove forests act as natural barriers against rising tides and storms. Each year, they prevent property damages of over $65 billion.

Mangroves in India:

  • India contributes to nearly half of the total mangrove cover in South Asia.
  • According to the Forest Survey report 2021 released in January, mangroves cover in the country is 4,992 square km, which is 0.15 per cent of the country's total geographical area. Since 2019, the cover has risen by only 17 sq km.
  • West Bengal has the highest percentage of mangrove cover in India, mainly because it has Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world. It is followed by Gujarat and Andaman, and Nicobar islands.
  • Other states that have mangrove cover are Maharashtra, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Goa and Kerala.

Green Credit Program

  • It is an initiative within the LiFE movement that was launched by India on the side-lines of COP 28.
  • It is an innovative market based mechanism designed to incentivise environmental actions.
  • Green Credit Rules 2023 has been notified in 2023 under Environment Protection Act 1986.
  • It puts in a mechanism to encourage voluntary environmental positive actions resulting in issuance of green credits.
  • It is independent of the carbon credit under Carbon Credit Trading Scheme2023.

Green Credits Initiative?

  • In a landmark announcement at the COP28 (1st December 2023), the Indian PM launched the 'Green Credit Initiative,' a pathbreaking program aimed at reshaping global environmental policies.
  • He also launched the official portal of the Green Credit Initiative at COP28.

Features of Green Credits Initiative:

  • This initiative involves creating an inventory of degraded wastelands, which can be utilised for planting by individuals and organisations.
  • Participants undertaking environmentally positive actions will receive tradable green credits.
  • The entire process, from registration to plantation, verification, and issuance of green credits, will be digitised.
  • The portal will collect ideas, knowledge, and experiences related to tree planting and environmental conservation.
  • This platform aims to influence global policies, practices, and the demand for green credits.
  • The Green Credits Initiative mirrors the Green Credit Programme launched by the Union government in October, 2023.

About Green Credit Programme:

  • To take ahead the 'LiFE' - 'Lifestyle for Environment' movement announced by the Prime Minister in 2021, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change introduced Green Credit Programme (GCP) in 2023.
  • GCP is an innovative market-based mechanism designed to incentivize voluntary environmental actions across diverse sectors, by various stakeholders like individuals, communities, private sector industries, and companies.
  • The GCP's governance framework is supported by an inter-ministerial Steering Committee.
    • The Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) serves as the GCP Administrator, responsible for program implementation, management, monitoring, and operation.
  • The GCP will cover 8 types of activities:
    • Tree plantation which is meant to promote activities for increasing the green cover across the country.
    • Water management is meant to promote water conservation, water harvesting, and water use efficiency or water savings, including treatment and reuse of wastewater.
    • Sustainable agriculture is meant to promote natural and regenerative agricultural practices and land restoration to improve productivity, soil health, and nutritional value of food produced.
    • Waste management is meant to promote circularity, sustainable and improved practices for waste management, including collection, segregation, and environmentally sound management.
    • Air pollution reduction is meant to promote measures for reducing air pollution and other pollution abatement activities.
    • Mangrove conservation and restoration, which is meant to promote measures for conservation and restoration of mangroves.
  • In its initial phase, the GCP focuses on two key activities:
    • Water conservation and
    • Afforestation
  • Draft methodologies for awarding Green Credits have been developed and will be notified for stakeholder consultation.
  • The Green Credit Registry and trading platform, being developed by ICFRE along with experts, would facilitate the registration and thereafter, the buying and selling of Green Credits.

Ecomark Scheme

  • It is a voluntary certification scheme for environment friendly products and services in India.
  • The Central Pollution Control Board administers the scheme in partnership with Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), which is the national body for standards and certification.
  • Products accredited under this scheme will adhere to specific environmental criteria, ensuring minimal environmental impact.

Mission LiFE (Lifestyle For Environment)

  • It is a public movement to mobilize individuals to become 'Pro-Planet People' introduced by India at COP 26 in Glasgow.
  • An India-led global mass movement to nudge individual and community action to protect and preserve the environment.

It is an environment conscious lifestyle with the motto “Mindful and Deliberate Utilisation, instead of Mindless and Destructive Consumption”.

Phases- Each phase requires a fundamental shift in our approach towards sustainability.

    • Change in Demand
    • Change in Supply
    • Change in Policy

India Cooling Action seeks to:

  • reduce cooling demand across sectors by 20% to 25% by 2037-38,
  • reduce refrigerant demand by 25% to 30% by 2037-38,
  • Reduce cooling energy requirements by 25% to 40% by 2037-38,
  • recognize “cooling and related areas” as a thrust area of research under national S&T Programme,
  • training and certification of 100,000 servicing sector technicians by 2022-23, synergizing with Skill India Mission.

The following benefits would accrue to the society over and above the environmental benefits:

  • Thermal comfort for all – provision for cooling for EWS and LIG housing,
  • Sustainable cooling – low GHG emissions related to cooling,
  • Doubling Farmers Income – better cold chain infrastructure – better value of produce to farmers, less wastage of produce,
  • Robust R&D on alternative cooling technologies – to provide push to innovation in cooling sector.

50 years of Project Tiger

  • Launch year- 1973
  • Objective - Conservation of tiger and ensures the preservation of their natural habitat.
  • It is one of the most successful species conservation programmes in the world, it has 53 tiger reserves spread over 75,000 km.
  • National Tiger Conservation Authority- It was created under Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 which strengthens the tiger conservation in the country.

International Big Cat Alliance

  • It is a mega international event launched to commemorate 50 years of Project Tiger.
  • It is launched for conservation of 7 big cats - Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Cheetah, Jaguar and Puma.
  • It will reach out to “range” countries that are home to the 7big cats to strengthen efforts to conserve these denizens in the wild.
  • It will facilitate the mobilization of financial and technical resources to support the entire ecosystem linked to big cats.

International Big Cat Alliance

India has proposed to launch a mega global alliance under its leadership to protect big cats.

  • The proposed International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) will work towards the protection and conservation of the 7 major big cats.
  • The 7 major big cats included are tiger, lion, leopard, snow leopard, puma, jaguar and cheetah.

Members - Membership to the alliance will be open to 97 “range” countries, as well as other interested nations, organisations, etc.

Focus - IBCA will focus on the rehabilitation and conservation of the seven big cats namely tigers, lions, leopards, snow leopards, pumas, jaguars and cheetahs.

  • It provides a platform for spreading information on standardised practices, capacity building, resource pooling, research and development, awareness generation on big cat conservation.

Funding - For the first 5 years, IBCA will be supported by India’s “total grant assistance” of $100 million.

  • After that the IBCA is expected to sustain itself through membership fees, and contributions from bilateral and multilateral institutions and the private sector.

Big cats in India - India is the only country in the world to have tigers, lions, leopards, snow leopards and cheetahs in the wild.India has all the big cats, except the pumas and jaguars.

Similar Initiative - CITES Big Cat Task Force

CITES Big Cat Task Force

CITES COP19 has proposed a tentative budget of $150,000 for the Task Force which will be secured by external funding from the United States.

  • The 19th Conference of Parties (COP19) to CITES adopted the decision on a Big Cat Task Force from the previous COP (CoP18-Geneva, 2019) with a few amendments.
  • The Task Force is a forum to discuss challenges that affect enforcement and implementation of laws regarding illegal trade in big cats.
  • Participation of these Parties in the Task Force could facilitate and promote exchanges concerning possible best practices and solutions.

Functions of Big Cats Task Force

  • Discuss enforcement and implementation issues related to the illegal trade in specimens of big cats.
  • Exchange intelligence and other information (like status, scale, and dynamics) on the illegal trade in big cats, especially those listed in the CITES appendix.
  • Share information about techniques and tools for identifying big cat specimens in trade, and identify needs and knowledge gaps.
  • Develop strategies and make recommendations to improve international cooperation regarding the enforcement of CITES concerning illegal trade in specimens of big cats.

Membership of the Task Force

  • Parties most affected by illegal trade in big cats which include 44 countries across the world.
  • Representatives from the International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime (ICCWC) partner organizations.
  • Other Parties and organizations and experts who could contribute.
  • Species of priority concern of Big Cats Task Force
    • Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)
    • Clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa)
    • Lion (Panthera leo)
    • Jaguar (Panthera onca)
    • Leopard (Panthera pardus)
    • Tiger (Panthera tigris)
    • Snow leopard (Panthera uncia)

Indira Parayavaran Bhawan

  • It houses the building of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
  • It is India’s first on site net zero building built by adoption of solar passive design and energy efficient building material.
  • It has been designed as the highest green rated building, i.e., GRIHA 5-Star and LEED India Platinum

India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2021

  • Released by- Forest Survey of India (FSI)
  • Publication- Biennial (Every 2 years)
  • Significance- The report for the 1st time provides the forest cover in tiger reserve areas, tiger corridors and Gir forests that houses the Asiatic lion.
  • Increase in forest cover has been observed in open forest followed by very dense forest.
  • The North East region reported the biggest losses in forest cover.

Aspects

Top 3 States

Area-wise largest forest cover

Madhya Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh and Chhattisgarh

Forest cover as % of total geographical area

Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Meghalaya

Increase in forest cover

Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Odisha

The Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has released the India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2021.

What is the India State of Forest Report?

  • It is an assessment of India’s forest and tree cover
  • It is published every 2 years by the Forest Survey of India under the MoEFCC.
  • The first survey was published in 1987. ISFR 2021 is the 17th.
  • Data is computed through wall-to-wall mapping of India’s forest cover through remote sensing techniques.
  • ISFR is used in planning and formulation of policies in forest management as well as forestry and agro forestry sectors.

What are the key findings?

Total forest and tree cover of the country is 80.9 million hectare, which is 24.62% of the geographical area of the country.

Increase in forest cover

  • The forest and tree cover continues to increase over the past two years.
  • India’s forest cover -

o 21.7% in 2020

o 21.6% in 2019.

  • The states with highest increase in forest cover is in order - Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha.
  • Tree cover has increased by 721 sq km.
  • Mangroves have increased by 17 sq km.
  • Bamboo forests have grown from 13,882 million culms (stems) in 2019 to 53,336 million culms in 2021.
  • The total carbon stock in country’s forests is estimated at 7,204 million tonnes, an increase of 79.4 million tonnes since 2019.

Decrease in forest cover

  • Five states in the Northeast - Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland have shown loss in forest cover.
  • 35% of the forest cover is prone to forest fires.

How the growth varies across different kinds of forests?

TYPE OF FOREST

CANOPY DENSITY

Change

Very dense forests (protected and reserve forests)

Over 70%

increased by 500 sq km.

Moderately dense forests. (natural forests)

40-70%

declined by about 1600 sq km

Open forest

10-40%

increased by about 2600 sq km

Scrub area (not categorised as forests)

Less than 10%

increased by 5,320 sq km

  • Inference - Natural forests has degraded to less dense open forests.
  • Complete degradation of forests where scrubs has increased.

What explains the decline in the North eastern states?

  • Forested areas of Mizoram is 84.5% of its total geographical area.
  • For Arunachal Pradesh it is 79.3%.
  • The two states have respectively lost 1.03% and 0.39% of their forest cover
  • Manipur has lost 1.48 %, Meghalaya 0.43%, and Nagaland 1.88%.
  • The decline is due to

o a spate of natural calamities, particularly landslides and heavy rains

o anthropogenic activities such as shifting agriculture, pressure of developmental activities and felling of trees.

What is the concern?

  • North eastern states are repositories of great biodiversity.
  • Declining forests will in turn increase the impact of landslides
  • Impact water catchment in the region
  • Challenges due to different ownership pattern - community ownership and protected tribal land.

What else does the report cover?

  • ISFR 2021 has some new features.
  • For the first time forest cover in tiger reserves, tiger corridors and the Gir forest which houses the Asiatic lion has been assessed
  • Between 2011-2021 forest cover in

o tiger corridors has increased by 37.15 sq km (0.32%),

o tiger reserves has decreased by 22.6 sq km (0.04%).

  • Forest cover has increased in 20 tiger reserves in these 10 years, and decreased in 32.
  • Buxa, Anamalai and Indravati reserves have shown an increase in forest cover while the highest losses have been found in Kawal, Bhadra and the Sunderbans reserves.
  • Pakke Tiger Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh has the highest forest cover ( nearly 97%).

What will be the impact due to climate change?

  • By 2030, 45% of forests will experience the impact.
  • Vulnerable Forests - except Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Nagaland all states will be highly vulnerable climate hot spots.
  • Ladakh (forest cover 0.1-0.2%) is likely to be the most affected.
  • Shifting Trends Of Vegetation Types - India’s forests are already showing shifting trends of vegetation types, Sikkim has shown a shift in its vegetation pattern for 124 endemic species.
  • Forest Fire Hotspots detected by the SNPP_VIIRS sensor -

o In 2019-20 - 1.2 lakh

o In 2020-21 - 3.4 lakh.

  • The highest numbers of fires were detected in Odisha, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.

PARIVESH 2.0

  • It is a Pro Active and Responsive facilitation by Interactive and Virtuous Environmental Single window Hub.
  • It is a single window integrated system for Environment, Forest, Wild Life and Coastal Regulation Zone Clearance Process.
  • The updated version leverages on emerging technology such as GIS, Advance Data Analytics, etc. for providing faster decisions on green clearances.
  • The PARIVESH Portal and Gati Shakti Portal are seamlessly integrated through Map service.

Ramsar Sites

  • Aim - To preserve the ecological character of their wetlands of international importance.
  • Pillars-
    • Wise use of wetlands
    • International Cooperation
    • Wetlands of International Importance - Designation and Management
  • The convention dose not directly bind on the nation, but countries formulate policies based on it.
  • Categories- The Ramsar sites are grouped into 3 categories.
    • Marine and Coastal wetlands
    • Inland wetlands
    • Human-made wetlands
  • India ratified the Ramsar Convention in 1982.
  • Recently, India added 10 wetlands to the List of Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Sites) within the framework of Ramsar Convention.
  • This takes the total number of Ramsar Sites in India to 75, the 2nd largest network of Ramsar sites in Asia.

As of March 2024, there are 80 Ramsar Sites in India.

List of Ramsar sites in India

S.No.

Ramsar Sites in India

State – Location

1

Ashtamudi Wetland

Kerala

2

Beas Conservation Reserve

Punjab

3

Bhitarkanika Mangroves

Odisha

4

Bhoj Wetlands

Madhya Pradesh

5

Chandra Taal

Himachal Pradesh

6

Chilika Lake

Odisha

7

Deepor Beel

Assam

8

East Kolkata Wetlands

West Bengal

9

Harike Wetlands

Punjab

10

Hokera Wetland

Jammu & Kashmir

11

Kanjli Wetland

Punjab

12

Keoladeo National Park

Rajasthan

13

Keshopur-Miani Community Reserve

Punjab

14

Kolleru lake

Andhra Pradesh

15

Loktak lake

Manipur

16

Nalsarovar Bird sanctuary

Gujarat

17

Nandur Madhameshwar

Maharashtra

18

Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary

Punjab

19

Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary

Uttar Pradesh

20

Parvati Arga Bird Sanctuary

Uttar Pradesh

21

Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary

Tamil Nadu

22

Pong Dam lake

Himachal Pradesh

23

Renuka lake

Himachal Pradesh

24

Ropar Wetland

Punjab

25

Rudrasagar Lake

Tripura

26

Saman Bird Sanctuary

Uttar Pradesh

27

Samaspur Bird Sanctuary

Uttar Pradesh

28

Sambhar lake

Rajasthan

29

Sandi Bird Sanctuary

Uttar Pradesh

30

Sarsai Nawar Jheel

Uttar Pradesh

31

Sasthamkotta lake

Kerala

32

Surinsar-Mansar lakes

Jammu & Kashmir

33

Tsomoriri

Ladakh

34

Upper Ganga river

Uttar Pradesh

35

Vembanad Kol Wetland

Kerala

36

Wular lake

Jammu & Kashmir

37

Sunderban Wetland

West Bengal

38

Asan Barrage (Asan Conservation Reserve)

Uttarakhand

39

Kanwar Taal or Kabartaal Lake (Kabartal Wetland)

Bihar, Begusarai

40

Sur Sarovar Lake

Uttar Pradesh, Agra district

41

Lonar Lake

Maharashtra, Buldhana district

42

Tso Kar Wetland Complex

Ladakh, Leh district

43

Sultanpur National Park

Gurugram, Haryana

44

Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary

Jhajjar, Haryana

45

Thol Lake Wildlife Sanctuary

Mehsana, Gujarat

46

Wadhwana Wetland

Vadodara, Gujarat

47

Haiderpur Wetland

Uttar Pradesh

48

Khijadia Wildlife Sanctuary

Gujarat

49

Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary

Uttar Pradesh

50

Karikili Bird Sanctuary

Tamil Nadu

51

Pallikaranai Marsh Reserve Forest

Tamil Nadu

52

Pichavaram Mangrove

Tamil Nadu

53

Sakhya Sagar

Madhya Pradesh

54

Pala Wetland in Mizoram

Mizoram

55

Koothankulam Bird Sanctuary

Tamil Nadu

56

Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve

Tamil Nadu

57

Vembannur Wetland Complex

Tamil Nadu

58

Vellode Bird Sanctuary

Tamil Nadu

59

Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary

Tamil Nadu

60

Udhayamarthandapuram Bird Sanctuary

Tamil Nadu

61

Satkosia Gorge

Odisha

62

Nanda Lake

Goa

63

Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary

Karnataka

64

Sirpur Wetland

Madhya Pradesh

65

Tampara Lake

Odisha

66

Hirakud Reservoir

Odisha

67

Ansupa Lake

Odisha

68

Yashwant Sagar

Madhya Pradesh

69

Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary

Tamil Nadu

70

Suchindram Theroor Wetland Complex

Tamil Nadu

71

Vaduvur Bird Sanctuary

Tamil Nadu

72

Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary

Tamil Nadu

73

Thane Creek

Maharashtra

74

Hygam Wetland Conservation Reserve

Jammu and Kashmir

75

Shallbugh Wetland Conservation Reserve

Jammu and Kashmir

76

Ankasamudra Bird Conservation Reserve

Karnataka

77

Aghanashini Estuary

Karnataka

78

Magadi Kere Conservation Reserve

Karnataka

79

Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary

Tamil Nadu

80

Longwood Shola Reserve Forest

Tamil Nadu

IPBES

  • IPBES is an independent intergovernmental body established to strengthen the science-policy interface for biodiversity and ecosystem services for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, long-term human well-being, and sustainable development.
  • It was established in Panama City (US), in April 2012.
  • It is not a United Nations body.

Ramsar Convention is a convention on wetlands that was signed in 1971 in the Iranian city of Ramsar. The negotiations for the convention started in the 1960s by the different countries and NGOs for the protection of wetland habitats of migratory waterbirds. Finally, it came into force in 1975.

February 2 is celebrated as International Wetlands Day as the Ramsar Convention was signed on February 2, 1971.

The Ramsar Convention works with the collaboration of the following organizations:

  1. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
  2. Birdlife International.
  3. International Water Management Institute (IWMI).
  4. Wetlands International.
  5. Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT)
  6. WWF International

Under the “three pillars” of the Convention, the Contracting Parties commit to:

  1. work towards the wise use of all their wetlands;
  2. designate suitable wetlands for the list of Wetlands of International Importance (the “Ramsar List”) and ensure their effective management;
  3. cooperate internationally on transboundary wetlands, shared wetland systems, and shared species.

List of wetlands recently added to the Ramsar Sites

Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuary

Tamil Nadu

Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve

Vembannur Wetland Complex

Vellode Bird Sanctuary

Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary

Udhayamarthandapuram Bird Sanctuary

Nanda Lake

Goa

Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary

Karnataka

Sirpur Wetland

Madhya Pradesh

Satkosia Gorge

Odisha

Keoladeo National Park (in Rajasthan) and Chilika lake (in Odisha) were the 1st two sites to be placed on the Ramsar list by India.

Amrit Dharohar Yojana has been launched for conservation of Ramsar sites through community participation.

Government Initiatives for Wetland Conservation

  • National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems- To assist States in preparing and implementing the integrated management plans for Ramsar sites and other priority wetlands.
  • Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017 – Accords legal protection to Ramsar sites.
  • Sahbhagita Guidelines - Outlines an “all of society” approach and governance framework for wetlands conservation.

Ramsar Sites in India

  • The Ramsar convention entered into force in India on 1 February 1982.
  • All wetlands, irrespective of their location, size, ownership, biodiversity, or ecosystem services values, can be notified under the Wetlands Rules 2017, except river channels, paddy fields, human-made waterbodies specifically constructed for drinking water, aquaculture, salt production, recreation, irrigation purposes, wetlands falling within areas covered under the Indian Forest Act, 1927, Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2011.
  • India has over 7 lakh wetlands, covering 4.5% of the country’s area, yet none of the wetlands has been notified under domestic laws.
  • Wetlands are regulated under the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017.

Forest (Conservation) Amendment) Act, 2023

  • It amends the Forest Conservation Act, 1980 which provides for the conservation of forest land.
  • It is amended to achieve the country’s national as well as international commitments of NDCs, carbon neutrality, eliminate the ambiguities and bring clarity about the applicability of the Act.
  • It will promote the plantation in non-forest land, enhance the productivity of the forests.

Blue flag beaches

  • The Blue Flag certificateis given by the Foundation for Environment Education in Denmark (FEE) for beaches, marinas, and sustainable boating tourism operators.
  • Mission- To promote sustainability in the tourism sector, through environmental education, environmental protection and other sustainable development practices.
  • To receive the certificate, the beaches must comply with all the 33 criteria as mandated by the FEE.

National Clean Air Program

  • Launch year - 2019
  • Aim- To improve air quality in 131 cities (non-attainment cities and Million Plus Cities) in 24 States/UTs by engaging all stakeholders.
  • Non-attainment cities- They are the cities which did not meet the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for 2011-15 under the National Air Quality Monitoring Program (NAMP).
  • Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan- More than 100 cities are monitored for air quality with an intent and plan to improve the air quality through holistic approach.
  • The programme envisages to achieve reductions up to 40% or achievement of NAAQS for PM 10 by 2025-26.

Mission Circular Economy

  • Purpose- To create new business models and employment opportunities, thereby integrating the informal sector.
  • It will result in moving away from mindless consumption to mindful utilisation and will help achieve the vision of Mission LiFE.
  • Efforts - Mission Circular Economy is emphasised through
    • Plastic Waste Management Rules
    • e-Waste Management Rules
    • Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules
    • Metals Recycling Policy, etc.
  • To expedite the transition of the country from a linear to a circular economy, 11 committees have been formed for 11 focus areas such as scrap metal, Li-ion batteries, electronic wastes, etc.
  • The Indian Railways has set a target of becoming net zero carbon emitter by 2030.
  • Regulations on market based Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) principle have been notified for 4 categories of wastes - plastic packaging waste, battery waste, e-waste and waste tyre.

Cheetah Reintroduction in India

  • Project Cheetah- It is India’s relocation programme, the first intercontinental reintroduction of a wild, large carnivore species.
  • The project is to bring in 5-10 animals every year, over the next decade, until a self-sustaining population of cheetahs is established.
  • In India, the cheetah was found from Jaipur and Lucknow in the north to Mysore in the south, and from Kathiawar in the west to Deogarh in the east.
  • The cheetah was officially declared extinct by the Indian government in 1952.
  • A plan to reintroduce cheetahs in India was endorsed in 2009 but it was shot down by the Supreme Court in 2013.
  • The idea was revived in 2017, and the SC cleared the move in 2020 on an experimental basis.
  • Kuno-Palpur National Park, Madhya Pradesh was found to be ready to receive the cheetah immediately, as it had already been prepared for the translocation of Asiatic Lion.
  • Need for reintroduction- The main objective is
    • To restore India’s historic evolutionary balance
    • To develop a cheetah metapopulation that will help in the global conservation of the animal
    • As it is a flagship species, the conservation of the cheetah will revive grassland-forests habitat

G20 INDIA PRESIDENCY 2023

  • G20 framework on Land Degradation- To accelerate actions on achieving the G20goal of reducing degraded land by 50% by 2040, through enhancing the G20 Global Initiative for Reducing Land Degradation (GIRLD).
  • G20 Resource Efficiency and Circular Economy Industry Coalition- To foster global partnerships among key industries for enhancing technological cooperation, exchange of ideas and mobilizing de-risked finance.

Initiatives to promote circular bio economy

  • Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation (SATAT)- It was launched in 2018 to set up Compressed Bio-Gas (CBG) production plants and make CBG available in the market for use as a green fuel.
  • GOBARdhan- It aims to transform “Waste to Wealth” using a “Whole of Government” approach, the main focus is to keep villages clean, increase the income of rural households, and generate energy and organic manure from cattle waste.
  • Ethanol Blended Petrol program- It is a biofuel initiative with the target of 20% blending of petrol by 2025.
  • GIR-GIP- Gandhinagar Implementation Roadmap and Gandhinagar Information Platform (GIR-GIP) emanated from G20 deliberations to tackle restoration of forest fire and mining degraded lands.

The Global Land Initiative, also known as the G20 Global Land Initiative, is an initiative to prevent, stop, and reverse land degradation. The initiative's goal is to reduce degraded land by 50% by 2040. In November 2020, G20 leaders launched the initiative, which is implemented through the Initiative Coordination Office (ICO) under the UNCCD's oversight. The ICO is guided by the Initiative Steering Committee, which consists of G20 members, the UNCCD's Secretariats, FAO, UNEP, non-member countries, and other institutions that contribute to the ICO's work.

  • Green Development Pact- It envisages a green development pact that endorses high-level principles on lifestyle
    • Chennai principles- For a sustainable resilient blue economy
    • Deccan principles- For food security and nutrition
  • Chennai High-Level Principles for a Sustainable and Resilient Blue/Ocean-based Economy- It stresses on a sustainable ocean-based economy, strengthening international cooperation to tackle shared maritimechallenges, and enhancing ocean finance.

The Gandhinagar Implementation Roadmap (GIR) and the Gandhinagar Information Platform (GIP)

  • The Gandhinagar Implementation Roadmap (GIR) and the Gandhinagar Information Platform (GIP) are centred around the restoration of landscapes of forest fire impacted areas and mining affected areas, in order to reinforce the G20 Global Land Initiative (GLI) implementation.
  • This does not preclude global action across other ecosystems based on the Kunming Montreal GBF and other relevant initiatives and frameworks such as the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its SDGs, the Paris Agreement, the UNCCD Strategic Framework, the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030, as well as national priorities

Objective and Ambition of the Gandhinagar Implementation Roadmap

The roadmap seeks to enhance, on a voluntary basis, mutual collaboration among participating countries to accelerate ecological/ecosystem restoration of the identified landscapes. The initiative has 2 key objectives:

  1. Enhance focus on ecological/ecosystem restoration of land by reinforcing the capacity of habitats to sustain the diversity of their species in particular the keystone/ indicator/ umbrella species, in accordance with the respective priorities as determined by scientific evidence
  2. Accelerate action on the identified landscapes by operationalizing the Roadmap’s tangible pillars of work to help achieve the objectives under the Kunming Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and other relevant frameworks and initiatives including the G20 voluntary target of restoration of 50% degraded land by 2040. Under this roadmap the participating countries on a voluntary basis shall share progress, knowledge, and best practices to enhance ecological/ecosystem restoration of landscapes through the Gandhinagar Information Platform.

Ambition Participating countries, on a voluntary basis resolve to:

  1. a) Bring all forest fire degraded lands under effective restoration by 2030 (over a 2011-2020 reference period as envisaged in CBD COP Decision 15/5) and enable their ecological/ecosystem restoration by 2040, on a voluntary basis.
  2. b) [Bring all mining-impacted land areas under effective restoration by 2030 (over a 2011-2020 reference period as envisaged in CBD COP Decision 15/5) as per country’s plan and circumstances and enable their ecological/ecosystem restoration by 2040, on a voluntary basis.

Gandhinagar Information Platform – An enabler for implementation of the GIR Overall Objective of the Gandhinagar Information Platform The platform shall display progress on the voluntary ambitions of the GIR and act as an information sharing hub for policies, best practices and actions. The platform will also foster collaboration between the nodal institutions/experts/organization while showcasing traditional and indigenous knowledge on ecological/ecosystem restoration of the identified landscapes and adopting a solutions approach to enable affordable, replicable and flexible solutions for the improvement of global restoration efforts. Initiative scope and activities

The GIP will enable the operationalization of the GIR in the following ways –

  1. Engage stakeholders – The Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education (ICFRE) and Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM), will coordinate with nodal institutions/experts/organizations for the collation of data, best practices and information received from participating countries as well as be responsible for the design, development and maintenance of the GIP.
  2. Enable collaboration on a voluntary basis – The best practices, policies and success stories shared on the GIP shall enable cross-learning as well as for ecological/ecosystem restoration.
  3. Innovation through traditions – Highlight traditional knowledge and role of other partners and stakeholders (e.g., Indigenous Peoples, Local Communities and others as appropriate) for the ecological/ecosystem restoration.
  4. Access to and sharing of information across a network of experts, researchers and civil society organizations invited by participating countries for capacity building activities

Source:

UAPA - Designated Terrorist

GS-III : Internal security Terrorism

Gangster Goldy Brar, the mastermind behind the murder of Punjabi singer Sidhu Moosewala, was declared a designated terrorist by the Centre under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA).

UAPA

The UAPA aims to prevent unlawful activities and terrorist activities in the country.

Terrorist Act - Any act committed with intent to threaten or likely to threaten the unity, integrity, security, economic security, sovereignty of India or any section of the people in India or in any foreign country.

2019 Bill - Originally only covering organizations that engage in terrorism, the Act was amended in 2019 to allow the government to designate individuals as terrorists too.

  • The 2019 Bill sought to empower the central government to designate an individual a terrorist if they are found committing, preparing for, promoting, or involved in an act of terror.
  • A similar provision already existed in Part 4 and 6 of the legislation for organisations that can be designated as a terrorist organisation.
  • The 2019 amendment did not clarify the standard of proof required to establish that an individual is involved, or is likely to be involved, in terrorist activities.

The designation of an individual as a global terrorist by the United Nations is associated with sanctions including travel bans, freezing of assets and an embargo against procuring arms, however, the 2019 amendment did not provide any such detail.

Appeal - Under the amendment, the central government set up a review committee comprising a chairperson (a retired or sitting judge of a High Court) and three other members.

  • The review committee will be empowered to order the government to delete the name of the individual from the schedule that lists terrorists, if it considers the order to be flawed.
  • Apart from these two avenues, the individual can also move the courts challenging the government’s order.

Satinderjit Singh, popularly known as Goldy Brar has become the 56th person to be named an individual terrorist under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967.

Individual Terrorists

  • The central government may designate an individual as a terrorist through a notification in the official gazette, and add his name to the Fourth Schedule to the UAPA.
  • The government is not required to give an individual an opportunity to be heard before such a designation.

An individual who is convicted in a terror case is legally referred to as a terrorist, while those suspected of being involved in terrorist activities are referred to as terror accused.

Source:

National Maritime Domain Awareness Centre (NMDAC)

GS-III : Internal security Internal security

India is poised to establish a National Maritime Domain Awareness Centre (NMDAC) in response to emerging threats in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).

NMDAC

  • The Indian Navy’s Information Management and Analysis Centre (IMAC) in Gurugram, is on track to upgrade into the National Maritime Domain Awareness Centre in about three years.

Objective - The primary objective of the NMDAC is to meticulously gather, analyze, and provide actionable intelligence to address maritime challenges.

  • The center will maintain vigilant oversight of the expanding Chinese naval activities within the IOR.
  • Once operational, the NDMA Centre will house people from 15 agencies under seven Ministries enabling exchange of maritime information in real-time across the board.
  • The involved ministries include petroleum, defense, fisheries, shipping, among others.

BEL - Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL), a defense public sector undertaking, is entrusted with the responsibility of providing all the requisite hardware and software necessary for the NMDAC.

IMAC

  • IMAC is the nodal agency for maritime information and monitoring and was set up after the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks.
  • Approved by the Defence Acquisition Council in 2012, the IMAC became operational in 2014 and is located in Gurugram.
  • IMAC serves as the nodal center of the National Command, Control, and Intelligence (NC3I) Network, and the Information Fusion Centre-Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) in 2018.
  • Both function as hubs for maritime domain awareness for domestic and international information sharing.
  • NC3I - It is the nodal centre of the National Command Control Communication and Intelligence System (NC3I).
  • It is spearheaded by the Indian Navy.
  • NC3I was established to link the operational Centres and lower echelons of Navy and Coast Guard spread across the country’s coastline including the island territories.
  • The NC3I, , links 51 stations, comprising 20 Navy and 31 Coast Guard stations, providing a comprehensive, real-time depiction of the approximately 7,500-km long coastline.

IFC-IOR - In the case of the IFC-IOR, the center presently has 12 International Liaison Officers, with plans to increase this number to 40 by 2025-26.

  • Additionally, the IFC-IOR has established agreements with 25 countries and 1 international maritime construct concerning the sharing of white shipping information.

Functions of the IMAC -

    1. Tracks vessels on the high seas
    2. Gets data from the coastal radars
    3. White shipping agreements
    4. Automatic Identification Systems (AIS) transponders fitted on merchant ships
    5. Air and traffic management
    6. Global shipping databases management

Indian Ocean Region (IOR)

  • The Indian Ocean Region (IOR) is a vital maritime area spanning over 36 littoral and island countries.
  • The region is strategically important due to its significant trade routes, natural resources, and geopolitical importance.
  • It is home to some of the world’s busiest sea-lanes, including the Straits of Hormuz and Malacca, which serve as a conduit for international trade.
  • Major portion of the world population and comparatively younger population resides in this region.

Source:

Turtles and status

GS-III : Biodiversity & Environment Animals

Sea Turtle

  • These are large, air-breathing reptiles that live in tropical and subtropical seas all over the world.
  • Their shells are made up of an upper section (carapace) and a lower section (plastron).
  • Hard scales or scutes cover all but the leatherback, and the number and arrangement of these scutes can be used to identify the species.
  • The upper shell, or carapace, of each sea turtle species, varies in length, color, shape, and scale arrangement.
  • Green Sea Turtle, Hawksbill Sea Turtle, Loggerhead Sea Turtle, Olive Ridley Sea Turtle, Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtle, Leatherback Sea Turtle, and Flatback Sea Turtle are the seven sea turtle species.
  • In Indian waters, there are five species (Leatherback, Loggerhead, Hawksbill, Green and Olive Ridley).
  • Though sea turtles are protected in India under the Indian Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, consumption of turtle meat and eggs is prohibited by all except indigenous tribal communities in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, including the Onges and Shompen.

Turtles in India

  • Leatherback turtle (Dermicherlus coriacea)
  • Hawksbill turtle (Eritmocheilus imbricate)
  • Loggerhead turtle (Caretta)
  • Green turtle (Chelonia mydas)
  • Olive Ridley turtle (Lepidocheilus olivaceae)

Need to protect Sea Turtles

What is the need to protect Sea Turtles?

  • Sea turtles are incredible and beautiful creatures, but few people realize how large they can grow.
  • Some can grow to be three meters long and weigh up to 750 kilograms, and many have stunningly beautiful shells.
  • However, this is where the problem for many turtle species lies: they are being poached for their shells to the point of extinction.
  • This, along with the frequent destruction of their natural habitats, is why sea turtle conservation is so critical.
  • In light of this, the importance of turtle conservation efforts cannot be overstated, because if we want to ensure the future of these marine animals, we must act now.
  • The Kemp Ridley is the most endangered sea turtle species, with numbers plummeting dramatically since the 1940s, when 100,000 were filmed nesting in one location.
  • Almost all sea turtle species are now endangered, with three of the seven remaining species critically endangered.

Sea Turtle Project

What is the Sea Turtle Project?

  • Every winter, a significant proportion of the world's Olive Ridley Turtle population migrates to Indian coastal waters to nest, primarily along the eastern coast.
  • With the goal of conserving olive ridley turtles and other endangered marine turtles, the Ministry of Environment and Forests launched the Sea Turtle Conservation Project in November 1999 in collaboration with UNDP, with the Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun serving as the implementing agency.
  • The project is being carried out in ten coastal states of the country, with a particular emphasis on the state of Orissa.
  • This project establishes guidelines for development activities in the area, with the goal of securing turtle breeding areas and protecting them from other types of disruptions.
  • Furthermore, it provides funds for project development and monitoring. The satellite method is used to examine the nesting area of Olive Ridley Turtles.
  • The project assisted in the preparation of the following:
    • an inventory map of sea turtle breeding sites,
    • identification of nesting and breeding habitats along the shoreline, and migratory routes taken by sea turtles,
    • development of guidelines to safeguard and minimize turtle mortality,
    • development of national and international cooperative and collaborative action for sea turtle conservation,
    • development of guideline plans for tourism in sea turtle areas, and
    • development of infrastructure and habitat.
  • One of the significant achievements has been the demonstration of the use of Satellite Telemetry to locate the migratory route of Olive Ridley Turtles in the sea, as well as sensitising fishermen and the State Government to the use of Turtle Exclusion Devices (TED) in fishing trawlers to reduce turtle mortality in fishing nets.

Olive Ridley Turtles

At least 8 Olive Ridley turtles wash ashore dead along Chennai’s southern coast.

  • Scientific Name - Lepidochelys olivacea
  • The Olive ridley turtles are the smallest and most abundant of all sea turtles found in the world.
  • It gets its name from its olive colored carapace (shell), which is heart-shaped and rounded.
  • Habitat - Olive ridleys are globally distributed in the tropical regions of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans.
  • Feeding - The olive ridley is omnivorous (feeds on a wide variety of food items, including algae, lobster, crabs, tunicates, and mollusks).
  • Nesting - The coast of Odisha is the largest mass nesting site for the Olive-ridley, followed by the coasts of Mexico and Costa Rica.
  • In the Indian Ocean, 3 arribada beaches occur in Odisha, India (Gahirmatha, Devi River mouth, and Rushikulya).
  • The sex of hatchlings is determined by the temperature of the sand.

The mass nesting event is known as an arribada, meaning “arrival by sea” in Spanish. It is found only in the genus Lepidochelys which includes the Kemp's ridley and olive ridley sea turtles

  • Threats
    1. Bycatch in fishing gear
    2. Direct harvest of turtles and eggs
    3. Loss and degradation of nesting habitat
    4. Predation of eggs and hatchlings
    5. Vessel strikes
    6. Ocean pollution/marine debris
    7. Climate change

Efforts To Protect Sea Turtles in India

  • The Indian Constitution makes provision for the responsibility of animal conservation. There are also laws that protect biodiversity as a whole, such as the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 and the Biodiversity Act of 2002. However, there are some projects in India that are specifically for sea turtles.
  • Sea Turtle Project: The sea turtle project began in 1999 at the Indian Institute of Wildlife, Dehradun, with the collaboration of UNDP (United Nations Development Program) and India's Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change.
  • This project establishes guidelines for development activities in the area, with the goal of securing turtle breeding areas and protecting them from other types of disruptions.
  • National Sea Turtle Action Plan: It includes recommendations for promoting the inter-regional project and establishing coordination between the Central Government, State Governments, and Civil Society.
  • The goal of this action plan is to increase collective participation and identify critical turtle conservation sites in the Indian subcontinent. It will identify all of the factors and activities that endanger sea turtles.
  • Other efforts include
  • The Government of Odisha initiated the sea turtle conservation scheme in Bhitarkanika Sanctuary in 1975.
  • In 2002, an organization called Sahyadri Nisarg Mitra launched the Turtle Conservation Scheme, which releases some newborn turtles every year by hosting the Konkan Turtle Festival.

World Sea Turtle Day

  • It is observed every year on June 16th, with the goal of saving this aquatic species from extinction. It emphasizes the importance of sea turtles in the marine ecosystem.
  • Sea turtles are keystone species in the ocean. Their existence is vital to the environment and has an impact on other species.
  • If these species are removed, the natural habitat will suffer, affecting other wildlife and fauna in a different way.
  • It commemorates and coincides with the birthday of Dr. Archie Carr, the Father of Sea Turtle Biology and the founder of the Sea Turtle Conservancy.

Source:

National Cooperative Dairy Federation of India (NCDFI)

GS-II : Governance Institutions

  • National Cooperative Dairy Federation of India (NCDFI) was registered on 1970 under the Bombay Cooperative Societies Act (VII of 1925).
  • Headquarters - New Delhi.
  • NCDFI is an apex body of cooperative dairies.

Members - NCDFI members include federal dairy cooperatives of states and union territories.

Source:

Tehreek-e-Hurriyat

GS-II : Government policies and interventions Government Schemes & Programmes

  • The Ministry of Home Affairs has officially declared ‘Tehreek-e-Hurriyat (TeH)' as an 'unlawful association' for the next 5 years under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act.

Tehreek-e-Hurriyat Jammu Wa Kashmir is a separatist political party in Jammu and Kashmir, India founded by Syed Ali Shah Geelani.

Source:

Guinness World Record in Gujarat

GS-I : Art and Culture Awards & Honours

  • Gujarat set a Guinness World Record recently after more than 50,000 people performed 'Surya Namaskar' simultaneously at 108 venues.

Surya Namaskar or sun salutation is an ancient Yogic practice of paying respect to the rising sun and comprises different postures or Asanas.

Source:

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